黄土高原气候变迁、植被演替与土壤干层的形成

2 .5Ma B.P.以来 ,受地球轨道要素周期性变化和青藏高原阶段性强烈隆升的影响 ,黄土高原地区气候存在着干期与湿润交替出现的现象 ,但总的趋势是向干旱化方向演化。黄土高原第四纪以来草本植物一直较为繁茂 ,木本植物仅在少数几个时期处于优势地位。现代黄土高原人工林草植被普遍存在着土壤干层问题。土壤干层的形成是气候干旱化过程中必然出现的现象 ,它是导致植被演替的直接原因之一。人工植被激发并强化了土壤干层的形成。土壤干层的形成是气候干旱化和人工植被选择不当两个方面综合作用的结果 ,但有望通过有关人工措施使其危害得到缓解     

植被类型对生长季黄土区土壤含水量的影响

黄土区植被稀少且干旱缺水,土壤干层是该区林草植被过度耗水导致水分负平衡的一种特殊水文现象。本试验对比了岢岚县的2种植被类型在4-10月的0-600 cm深度土壤水分状况,并得出以下结论:土壤含水量的变化范围为撂荒地>油松-小叶杨混交林,分别为8.65%-18.25%,8.21%-14.60%;油松-小叶杨混交林在570-600 cm、撂荒地在0-20 cm深度处均出现中度干层,不存在轻度干层及重度干层;平均土壤含水量大小同样为撂荒地>油松-小叶杨混交林,分别为(14.85±3.53)%,(11.55±2.72)%;土壤含水量与土壤深度的曲线拟合呈线性关系,相关方程为y=0.024x+12.426,总体上土壤含水量随土壤深度呈现增加趋势;土壤含水量与采样月份、植被类型、土壤深度均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。     

黄土高原的植被演替研究现状及发展趋势

从地质、历史时期黄土高原植被演替研究和现存植被的群落演替及群落结构特征 演化研究两方面论述了黄土高原的植被演替研究现状及发展趋势,认为黄土高原植被演替研 究对黄土高原的生态建设尤其是退耕还林还草工程建设具有重要意义,建议基于黄土高原的 植被演替规律进行仿自然植被林草建设。     

沙棘与不同类型植被配置下土壤微生物、养分特征及相关性研究

为探讨黄土高原区露天煤矿沙棘混合配置下土壤生化特性及其与土壤肥力的关系,本文以准格尔旗黑岱沟露天煤矿人工复垦区为例,对沙棘灌丛、沙棘+3种不同类型植被配置及对照区的土壤微生物及土壤养分因子进行了测定和分析。结果表明:不同植被配置下土壤微生物数量均表现出差异性.土壤养分含量大致顺序为:沙棘+羊草>沙棘>杨树+柳树+沙棘>杨+沙棘;土壤微生物数量、土壤养分含量之间某些因子呈显著相关关系,可作为评价土壤肥力的指标。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区土壤水分生长季动态分析

土壤水分是半干旱地区植被生长的重要水分来源,尤其是深层土壤水分对黄土高原人工植被恢复起着至关重要的作用,阐明深层土壤水分的季节动态对揭示人类活动影响下的植被与水分的相互作用关系、维持黄土高原植被恢复的可持续性有重要的科学意义。文中基于半干旱黄土丘陵区8种典型植被0-1.8m土壤水分动态监测和0-5m深度土壤水分季节比较,研究发现:1)植被类型对土壤水分及其剖面分布具有显著影响,且不同植被土壤水分季节变化均随深度增加而减弱;2)生长季中不同植被土壤水分都呈现出先减少再增加的变化,不同植被在不同生长阶段中降雨对土壤水分的补充有所不同;3)人工植被深层土壤水分没有显著的季节变化,表明人工植被深层土壤水分已难以受到当季降水补充,维持植被生长的功能可能在逐渐减弱,黄土高原现阶段植被恢复需要平衡维持植被生长与土壤水分可持续利用。     

西安临潼人工林土壤干化与恢复研究

通过野外调查和室内测定,本文研究了西安临潼人工林下0-6m土壤含水量和土壤干层的变化。结果表明,临潼14龄杨树林和16龄梧桐树林下150-350cm之间土层的含水量分别为8.7%和9.0%。按土壤干层划分标准(含水量<10%),这已属于发育弱的土壤干层,说明西安地区人工林下有土壤干层存在。而在丰水年中,杨树林和梧桐树林下原有的土壤干层带水分含量增加到21.6%和21.7%,土壤干层消失,说明在降水量增加的条件下,西安地区发育弱的土壤干层可以得到恢复,人工林能够正常生长。由此推断,西安及其降水量与其类似的其他地区可以种植一些高大乔木或果树经济林。在土壤干层发育严重的黄土高原北部地区不适于广泛造林,可以优先考虑发展疏林和森林草原植被。     

荒漠化土壤对人工植被恢复工程的响应

人工植被恢复是荒漠化土壤逆转的主要途径,通过对青海省沙珠玉治沙站人工植被恢复工程下荒漠化土壤逆转过程中土体构型、土壤质地、元素组成和理化性质的分析,研究了荒漠化土壤对人工植被恢复工程的响应.结果表明,人工植被恢复工程对荒漠化土壤具有很好的改良作用,受人工植被影响,土体构型逐渐复杂,出露地表的母质层逐渐被淋溶层和淀积层覆...     

黄土高原人工草地的土壤水分动态及水土保持效益研究

通过９年观测，黄土高原人工草地土壤水分的季节性变化可划分为三个阶段，在此基础上模拟不同人工草地土壤水分的变化规律；随着牧草生育期的延长至第９年，人工草地土壤水分恢复程度逐渐减弱；沙打旺生存能力极强，能够高效地利用深层土壤贮水；用数学模型可以模拟不同人工草地的水土流失，将植被因子引入水土流失方程，可以定量描述对水土流失的影响；反映植被、土壤等因子与水土流失关系的复合因子Ａ￣１值，基本上代表不同人工草地水土流失状况。     

延安地区土壤水分生态与植被建设

半干旱半湿润的延安黄土高原地区是我国水土流失严重和植被建设的重点地区之一,90年代以来以造林为主的植被建设效果并不理想。以果园地为研究重点的延安不同地区和不同立地条件下存在土壤水分状况的空间差异和普遍的土壤干化现象,土壤水分的总体亏缺是延安地区土壤干层出现的客观依据。延安地区土壤水分状况表明,延安南部和中部地区可以进行合理的人工造林,而北部地区应以灌草植被恢复为主,而地形破碎的梁峁地在造林过程中必需运用水平阶等集水造林技术。     

黄土坡面土壤性质随退耕时间的动态变化研究

退耕还林还草是控制水土流失和防治土壤退化的关键措施,黄土高原退耕还林还草从试验到推广已有几十年历史。该文通过对黄土高原地区退耕区的实地调查,测定不同地区不同退耕年限植被恢复区表层土壤的理化性质,分析黄土坡面土壤理化性质随退耕时间的动态变化规律。结果表明:随着退耕植被恢复时间的增长,土壤物理结构将日趋改善,土壤养分含量水平将逐渐的提高,并主要集中在植被恢复10~20年期间,20年后,尤其是30年后,土壤理化性质较为稳定,而且,植被维护的好坏往往影响其稳定性。同时,水热条件较好的安塞地区土壤理化性质随退耕时间的改善程度更明显,而水热条件较差的皇甫川流域土壤理化性质随植被类型和植被恢复程度的影响更为显著。结果可为退耕的环境影响评价预测以及土地利用的调控提供科学依据。     

Seasonal dynamics of soil water content in the typical vegetation and its response to precipitation in a semi-arid area of Chinese Loess Plateau

Soil water content is a key limiting factor for vegetation growth in the semi-arid area of Chinese Loess Plateau and precipitation is the main source of soil water content in this area. To further understand the impact of vegetation types and environmental factors such as precipitation on soil water content, we continuously monitored the seasonal dynamics in soil water content in four plots (natural grassland, Caragana korshinskii, Armeniaca sibirica and Pinus tabulaeformis) in Chinese Loess Plateau. The results show that the amplitude of soil water content fluctuation decreases with an increase in soil depth, showing obvious seasonal variations. Soil water content of artificial vegetation was found to be significantly lower than that of natural grassland, and most precipitation events have difficulty replenishing soil water content below a depth of 40 cm. Spring and autumn are the key seasons for replenishment of soil water by precipitation. Changes in soil water content are affected by precipitation, vegetation types, soil evaporation and other factors. The interception effect of vegetation on precipitation and the demand for water consumption by transpiration are the key factors affecting the efficiency of soil water replenishment by precipitation in this area. Due to artificial vegetation plantation in this area, soil will face a water deficit crisis in the future.     

黄土高原土壤水分与植被生产力的关系

土壤水分生态条件的恶化愈来愈成为黄土高原植被建设和生态环境建设的限制因素，我们在对黄土高原土壤水分生态因素分析的基础上，探讨了黄土高原土壤水分的季节性变化、土壤剖面水分变化、区域水分变异规律，分析了土壤水分与植被生产力间的相互关系，并提出了改善黄土高原土壤水分生态环境、提高植被生产力的调控技术。     

关于黄土高原退耕还林(草)问题

论述了退耕还林 (草 )是黄土高原水土保持、生态环境建设中一项战略性措施 ,分析了在满足农村人口粮食的基本需求情况下 ,退耕坡地仍有很大潜力 ,以及从自然环境特点、历史时期植被分布来看 ,黄土高原广大地区种树种草是可行的 ;并提出了退耕还林 (草 )必须重视的有关问题     

Revegetation with artificial plants improves topsoil hydrological properties but intensifies deep-soil drying in northern Loess Plateau,China

Knowledge about the effects of vegetation types on soil properties and on water dynamics in the soil profile is critical for revegetation strategies in water-scarce regions, especially the choice of vegetation type and human management measures. We focused on the analysis of the effects of vegetation type on soil hydrological properties and soil moisture variation in the 0–400 cm soil layer based on a long-term(2004―2016) experimental data in the northern Loess Plateau region, China. Soil bulk density(BD), saturated soil hydraulic conductivity(Ks), field capacity(FC) and soil organic carbon(SOC) in 2016, as well as the volumetric soil moisture content during 2004–2016, were measured in four vegetation types, i.e., shrubland(korshinsk peashrub), artificial grassland(alfalfa), fallow land and cropland(millet or potato). Compared with cropland, revegetation with peashrub and alfalfa significantly decreased BD and increased Ks, FC, and SOC in the 0–40 cm soil layer, and fallow land significantly increased FC and SOC in the 0–10 cm soil layer. Soil water storage(SWS) significantly declined in shrubland and grassland in the 40–400 cm soil layer, causing severe soil drought in the deep soil layers. The study suggested that converting cropland to grassland(alfalfa) and shrubland(peashrub) improved soil-hydrological properties, but worsened water conditions in the deep soil profile. However, natural restoration did not intensify deep-soil drying. The results imply that natural restoration could be better than revegetation with peashrub and alfalfa in terms of good soil hydrological processes in the semi-arid Loess Plateau region.     

红砂植被盖度对土壤不同形态碳、氮及细菌多样性的影响

以自然恢复的红砂群落为研究对象,探讨黄土高原红砂植被不同盖度对土壤不同形态碳、氮及细菌多样性的影响,为该地区的人工生态恢复措施提供理论支撑.在兰州市南北两山植被恢复技术研究与示范基地,按照5级盖度分类法设置红砂植被盖度梯度,重点对土壤养分碳氮、微生物量碳氮和细菌多样性开展研究.结果表明:随着植被恢复,土壤有机碳 (SOC)和全氮(TN)、土壤微生物碳 (MBC)和微生物氮(MBN)逐渐提高,并且增加比较快 ,但是当总盖度达到48.73%之后,增加比较缓慢,而且增加的差异不显著.相同的植被盖度对土壤有机碳、全氮和土壤微生物碳、氮的影响趋于一致.土壤细菌多样性随植被盖度有所增加,在植被盖度达到48.73%后多样性维持在彼此接近的水平,尽管微生物多样性群落结构有差异 .在植被稀疏、物种多样性较低的干旱坡地,红砂植被盖度增加明显改善了土壤生态功能, 但是片面追求植被盖度的增加,对土壤特性改善有限.     

Soil hydraulic conductivity as affected by vegetation restoration age on the Loess Plateau,China

The Loess Plateau of China has experienced extensive vegetation restoration in the past several decades,which leads to great changes in soil properties such as soil bulk,porosity,and organic matter with the vegetation restoration age.And these soil properties have great effect on the soil infiltration and soil hydraulic conductivity.However,the potential changes in soil hydraulic conductivity caused by vegetation restoration age have not been well understood.This study was conducted to investigate the changes in soil hydraulic conductivity under five grasslands with different vegetation restoration ages(3,10,18,28 and 37 years)compared to a slope farmland,and further to identify the factors responsible for these changes on the Loess Plateau of China.At each site,accumulative infiltration amount and soil hydraulic conductivity were determined using a disc permeameter with a water supply pressure of –20 mm.Soil properties were measured for analyzing their potential factors influencing soil hydraulic conductivity.The results showed that the soil bulk had no significant changes over the initial 20 years of restoration(P0.05);the total porosity,capillary porosity and field capacity decreased significantly in the grass land with 28 and 37 restoration ages compared to the slope farmland;accumulative infiltration amount and soil hydraulic conductivity were significantly enhanced after 18 years of vegetation restoration.However,accumulative infiltration amount and soil hydraulic conductivity fluctuated over the initial 10 years of restoration.The increase in soil hydraulic conductivity with vegetation restoration was closely related to the changes in soil texture and structure.Soil sand and clay contents were the most influential factors on soil hydraulic conductivity,followed by bulk density,soil porosity,root density and crust thickness.The Pearson correlation coefficients indicated that the soil hydraulic conductivity was affected by multiply factors.These results are helpful to understand the changes in hydrological and erosion processes response to vegetation succession on the Loess Plateau.     

Response of soil water dynamics to precipitation years under different vegetation types on the northern Loess Plateau,China

Implementation of the Grain-for-Green project has led to rapid land cover changes and resulted in a significantly increased vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau of China during the past few decades. The main objective of this study was to examine the responses of soil water dynamics under four typical vegetation types against precipitation years. Soil water contents(SWCs) were measured in 0–4.0 m profiles on a hillslope under the four vegetation types of shrub, pasture, natural fallow and crop in a re-vegetated catchment area from April to October in normal(2010), dry(2011), wet(2014) and extremely wet(2013) years. The results indicated that precipitation and vegetation types jointly controlled the soil water temporal dynamics and profile characteristics in the study region. SWCs in 0–4.0 m profiles of the four vegetation types were ranked from high to low as cropfallowpastureshrub and this pattern displayed a temporal stability over the four years. In the extremely wet year, SWC changes occurred in the 0–2.0 m layer under shrub and pasture while the changes further extended to the depth of 4.0-m deep layers under fallow and crop. In the other three years, SWCs changes mainly occurred in the 0–1.0 m layer and kept relatively stable in the layers deeper than 1.0 m for all the four vegetation types. The interannual variation in soil depth of SWCs was about 0–2.0 m for shrub and pasture, about 0–3.4 m for fallow and about 0–4.0 m for crop, respectively. The dried soil layers formed at the depths of 1.0, 0.6, 1.6 and 0.7 m under shrub, and 1.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 0.9 m under pasture, respectively in 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2014. The infiltrated rainwater mostly stayed in the 0–1.0 m layer and hardly supplied to soil depth 1.0 m in normal, dry and wet years. Even in the extremely wet year of 2013, rainwater recharge depth did not exceed 2.0 m under shrub and pasture. This implied that soil desiccation was difficult to remove in normal, dry and wet years, and soil desiccation could be removed in 1.0–2.0 m soil layers even in the extremely wet year under shrub and pasture. The results indicated that the natural fallow was the best vegetation type for achieving sustainable utilization of soil water and preventing soil desiccation.