Selection of type A and type B strains for improving symbiotic effectiveness on non-Rj and Rj4 genotype soybean varieties

The selection of effective rhizobia for higher efficiency nitrogen fixation is one of the most important steps for inoculant production. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to select the most effective type A and type B strains for specific Rj-gene harboring soybean varieties and to test the symbiotic effectiveness of selected strains on different Rj-gene harboring soybean varieties. Screening experiments using the specific soybean varieties were done with a completely randomized design and three replications in this study. Evaluation of the effective Myanmar Bradyrhizobium strains for plant growth, nodulation and N₂ fixation were studied in pot experiments using sterilized vermiculite in the Phytotron (controlled-environmental condition). Then, a pot experiment was conducted using Futsukaichi soil in the screen house (natural environmental condition). The N₂ fixation ability of soybean was evaluated by acetylene reduction activity (ARA) and the relative ureide index method. In the first screening experiment, type A and type B strains with higher nitrogen fixation and proper nodulation on their respective soybean cultivars were selected for the next screening. In the second screening, Bradyrhizobium elkanii AHY3-1 (type A), Bradyrhizobium japonicum SAY3-7 (type A), B. elkanii BLY3-8 (type B) and B. japonicum SAY3-10 (type B) isolates, which showed higher nitrogen fixation and nodulation in Yezin-3 (Rj₄) and Yezin-6 (non-Rj), were selected for the next experiment. In the third screening experiment, SAY3-7 and BLY3-8, which had higher nitrogen fixing potential and proper nodulation, were selected as effective isolates. These two isolates were compatible with non-Rj and Rj₄ soybean varieties for nodulation and nitrogen fixation. Based on the results of the screening experiment, these two strains were tested for their symbiotic efficacy in Futsukaichi soil. This study shows that inoculation treatment of SAY3-7 and BLY3-8 significantly increased plant growth, nodulation, and N₂ fixation at the V6, R3.5 and R8 stages in Yezin-3 (Rj₄) and/or Yezin-6 (non-Rj), and the seed yield at R8 stage, in Yezin-3 (Rj₄) and Yezin-6 (non-Rj) soybean varieties compared with the control treatment. It can be concluded that SAY3-7 and BLY3-8 are suitable for inoculant production because of their higher nitrogen fixation ability, proper nodulation and better productivity of Myanmar soybean cultivars.     

Nitrogen fixation capacity and nodule occupancy by Bradyrhizobium japonicum and B. elkanii strains

 In a previous study soybean Bradyrhizobium strains, used in Brazilian studies and inoculants over the last 30 years, and strains adapted to the Brazilian Cerrados, a region frequently submitted to environmental and nutritional stresses, were analyzed for 32 morphological and physiological parameters in vivo and in vitro. A cluster analysis allowed the subdivision of these strains into species Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium elkanii and a mixed genotype. In this study, the bacteria were analyzed for nodulation, N₂ fixation capacity, nodule occupancy and the ability to increase yield. The goal was to find a relationship between the strain groups and the symbiotic performance. Two strains of Brazilian B. japonicum showed higher rates of N₂ fixation and nodule efficiency (mg of N mg^–1 of nodules) under axenic conditions. These strains also showed greater yield increases in field experiments when compared to B. elkanii strains. However, no differences were detected between B. japonicum and B. elkanii strains when comparing nodule occupancy capacity. The adapted strains belonging to the serogroup B. elkanii SEMIA 566, most clustered in a mixed genotype, were more competitive than the parental strain, and some showed a higher capacity of N₂ fixation. Some of the adapted strains, such as S-370 and S-372, have shown similar N₂ fixation rates and nodulation competitiveness to two Brazilian strains of B. japonicum. This similarity demonstrates the possibility of enhancing N₂ fixing ability, after local adaptation, even within B. elkanii species. Differences in the DNA profiles were also detected between the parental SEMIA 566 and the adapted strains by analyses with the ERIC and REP-PCR techniques. Consequently, genetic, morphological and physiological changes can be a result of adaptation of rhizobia to the soil. This variability can be used to select strains capable of increasing the contribution of N₂ fixation to soybean nutrition. Received: 28 May 1997     

Field performance of three Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains with two soybean (Glycine max. L.) cultivars

Summary A field experiment was condutced in a clay loam soil to study the performance of three Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains; USDA 110, USDA 138 and TAL 379, in relation to their N₂-fixing potential and competitiveness on two soybean cultivars (Clark and Calland). Inoculation of soybean cultivars with these strains, either singly or in combination, induced significant increases in plant dry weight, N₂ fixation and seed yields. However, no significant differences were found between the rhizobial strains and/or their mixtures in N₂ fixation and increased seed yield for both cultivars. The two soybean cultivars gave similar responses to inoculation. No significant differences in seed yield were observed between Clark and Calland cultivars. The interaction between inoculant strain and soybean cultivar was not significant. The competition between strains for nodulation was assessed. Strain USDA 110 was the most competitive, followed by USDA 138. Strain TAL 379 was always less competitive on both cultivars. The incidence of double-strain occupancy of nodules varied from 8% to 40%.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from soil during soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merrill] crop phenological stages and stubbles decomposition period

The purpose of this study was to evaluate, during the phenological stages of inoculated soybean crop [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], the effect of different N fertilization levels and inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum on N₂O emissions from the soil. Gas emissions were evaluated at field conditions by the static-chamber method. Nitrogen fertilization increased N₂O emissions significantly (P < 0.05). The variable that best explained cumulative N₂O emissions during the whole soybean growing season was the soil nitrate level (r ² = 0.1899; P = 0.0231). Soil moisture presented a greater control on N₂O emissions between the grain-filling period and the crop commercial maturity (r ² = 0.5361; P < 0.0001), which coincided with a positive balance of the available soil N, as a consequence of the decrease in crop requirements and root and nodular decomposition. Only soil soluble carbon (r ² = 0.29; P = 0.019) and moisture (r ² = 0.24; P = 0.039) were correlated with N₂O emissions during the residue decomposition period. The relationship between soil variables and N₂O emissions depended on crop phenological or stubbles decomposition stages.     

Rhizobiophage effects on nodulation,nitrogen fixation,and yield of field-grown soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.)

Summary Previous laboratory and greenhouse studies have shown that phages significantly reduce soil populations of homologous rhizobia. Reductions in nodulation and N₂ fixation have also been observed. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of a phage specific ofBradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 117 on nodulation, nodule occupancy, N₂ fixation and soybean growth and yield under field conditions. The phage was inoculated in combination withB. japonicum USDA 117 and/orB. japonicum USDA 110 (resistant strain) into a rhizobia-free sandy loam soil and planted toGlycine max (L.) Merr. Williams. When the phage was applied to soil inoculated withB. japonicum USDA 117 alone, significant reductions in nodule weight and number, shoot weight, foliar N, nitrogenase activity, and seed index were observed. When, however, the soil also contained the non-homologous strain,B. japonicum USDA 110, no significant effects on any of these parameters were found. Nodule occupancy by competing strains ofB. japonicum USDA 110 and USDA 117 was also affected by the phage. In soil which did not contain the phage, 46% and 44% of the identified nodules were occupied by USDA 110 and 117, respectively. When the phage was present in the soil, nodule occupancy byB. japonicum USDA 117 was reduced to 23%, while occupancy byB. japonicum USDA 110 was increased to 71%. These results suggest that nodulation by selected strains of rhizobia can be restricted and nodulation by more effective, inoculated strains can be increased through the introduction of a homologous phage to soils.     

Response of Soybean to dual Inoculation with Rhizobium japonicum and Phosphate dissolving Bacteria

A field experiment in silty clay soil was carried out to evaluate the effect of dual inoculation with Rhizobium japonicum and phosphate dissolving bacteria (PDB) on nitrogen and phosphorus uptakes as well as seed yield of soybean. Seed inoculation with PDB before planting did not induce marked enrichment of PDB counts in the rhizosphere. Inoculation with R. japonicum alone increased the dry weight, N-uptake and seed yield significantly. Further significant increases in P-uptake and seed yield were recorded by inoculation with rhizobia and fertilization with superphosphate. However, the inoculation with PDB in combination with R. japonicum in the presence of rock phosphate or superphosphate did not show significant increases in dry weight, N and P uptakes or seed yield as compared with the treatments inoculated with rhizobia alone.     

土壤中大豆根瘤菌之间竞争结瘤的研究——Ⅲ.接种菌量对大豆生长的影响

本文研究了大豆根瘸菌PRC005的接菌量对大豆生长的影响.田间试验结果表明:接菌量在播种后40天和60天没有显著增加根瘤数、根瘤干重、地上部植株干重和植株含氮量.施氮肥处理和较高接菌量处理之间的大豆种子产量差异不显著,与不接菌对照处理相比,施氮肥和较高接菌量两个处理的种子产量显著增加.施氮肥处理没有使植株含氮量增加,并且还妨碍了大豆的结瘸作用.室内盆栽试验结果表明:只有当接菌量高于土著菌数1200倍时,才能显著地提高大豆的结瘤数和植株干重.     

Overcoming the Stressful Effects of Salinity and Acidity on Soybean Nodulation and Yields Using Signal Molecule Genistein Under Field Conditions

Soil stresses such as salinity and acidity may adversely affect nitrogen (N)₂-fixation. The hypothesis of this study is that soil salinity and acidity inhibit soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] nodulation and N₂-fixation due to, at least in part, disruption of the signal exchange process. The objectives were: 1) to determine the effects of stressful soil salinity and acidity on the signal exchange processes between soybean and Bradyrhizobium japonicum, and 2) to determine whether or not the addition of signal molecule genistein to B. japonicum can overcome at least part of the inhibition of nodulation, caused by stressful soil salinity and acidity. Salt (sodium chloride) and sulfur (S) were applied. Genistein (0, 5, and 20μ M) was tested. Genistein addition could partially overcome the salt and acidity stresses by increasing soybean yields up to 21% and 23%, respectively. These novel findings may be very useful for planting soybean under salinity and acidity stresses.     

Variation in nodulation and N2 fixation by the Gliricidia sepium/Rhizobium spp. symbiosis in a calcareous soil

Summary Variation in nodulation and N₂ fixation by the Gliricidia sepium/Rhizobium spp. symbiosis was studied in two greenhouse experiments. The first included 25 provenances of G. sepium inoculated with a mixture of three strains of Rhizobium spp. N₂ fixation was measured using the ¹⁵N isotope dilution method 12 weeks after planting. On average, G. sepium derived 45% of its total N from atmospheric N₂. Significant differences in fixation were observed between provenances. The percentage of N derived from atmospheric N₂ ranged from 26 to 68% (equivalent to 18–62 mg N plant^-1) and was correlated with total N in the plant (r=0.70; P=0.05). The second experiment included six strains of Rhizobium spp. and two methods of inoculation and the plants were harvested 14,35 and 53 weeks after planting. In the first harvest significant differences were found between the number of nodules and the percentage and amount of N₂ fixed. There was also a significant correlation between the number of nodules and the amount of N₂ fixed (r=0.92; P=0.05). In the final harvest no correlation was observed, although there were significant differences between the number of nodules and the percentage of N derived from the atmosphere. The amount of N₂ fixed increased with time (from an average of 27% at the first harvest to 58% at the final harvest) and was influenced by the Rhizobium spp. strain and the method of inoculation. It ranged from 36% for Rhizobium sp. strain SP 14 to 71% for Rhizobium SP 44 at the last harvest. Values for the percentage of atmosphere derived N₂ obtained by soil inoculation were slightly higher than those obtained by seed inoculation.     

Genetic variability of soybean bradyrhizobia populations under different soil managements

Due to their ecologic and economic importance, bradyrhizobia have been extensively studied in recent years. Since 1992, Bradyrhizobium elkanii SEMIA 587 and SEMIA 5019 and Bradyrhizobium japonicum SEMIA 5079 and SEMIA 5080 have been widely used in most Brazilian soybean fields. The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic variability of bradyrhizobial isolates recovered from soils under rhizobial inoculation and different soil managements. Only 25% of the isolates demonstrated high similarities to the original strains, and a strong correlation was obtained between the bradyrhizobial genetic variability and soil management. A high level of genetic diversity was observed both within isolates (H = 5.46) as well as among the different soil practices. Soil under no-tillage presented a higher bradyrhizobia diversity compared with bradyrhizobia isolated from soil under conventional tillage. Serological characterization also indicated that B. elkanii strains SEMIA 587 and SEMIA 5019 were more competitive and presented a higher nodular occupancy capacity than strains belonging to B. japonicum species in Southern Brazilian soils.     

Early nitrogen fixation and utilization in albizia lebbeck,leucaena leucocephala,and gliricidia sepium using nitrogen (15n) labelling

Abstract

High nitrogen (N₂)‐fixing potential is a desirable characteristic for any candidate hedgerow tree. Thus a study was conducted to evaluate Albizia lebbeck as a N₂‐fixing tree in comparison to Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala currently used in alley cropping. Nitrogen fixation and utilization were assessed in a screenhouse at four months after planting by the ¹⁵N dilution technique using Senna siamea as the non N₂‐fixing reference. A. lebbeck accumulated significantly more N than L. leucocephala, but G. sepium was intermediate. This superiority in N yield was mainly due to its abundant nodule dry weight production which accounted for up to 10.8% of its total N. This was equivalent to 2.5 and 6 fold that of Gliricidia and Leucaena nodules, respectively. A. lebbeck had bigger but significantly (P<0.05) lower number of nodules per plant than G. sepium, but it did not differ from Leucaena. Albizia was the best N₂ fixer with 44% Ndfa equivalent to 533 mg N per plant. G. sepium followed with 28% Ndfa and L. leucocephala with 18% Ndfa corresponding to 321 and 191 mg N fixed, respectively. However, the relatively higher N₂ fixation in Albizia was not translated into higher N or dry matter yields. As A. lebbeck fixed more N, it depended less on soil N (49.8%) than did Leucaena (72.5% Ndfs) and Gliricidia (63.9% Ndfs) and less on fertilizer N as well. Thus A. lebbeck appears to be a potential hedgerow species for alley cropping purpose.     

Effect of soil physical properties on soybean nodulation and N2 fixation at the early growth stage in heavy soil field in Hachirougata Polder,Japan

We studied the effect of the soil physical properties on soybean nodulation and N₂ fixation in the heavy soil of an upland field (UF) and an upland field converted from a paddy field (UCPF) in the Hachirougata polder, Japan. Seeds of the soybean cultivar Ryuho were sown in each field with or without inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum A1017. The soybean plants were sampled at 35 (V3) and 65 (Rl) d after sowing (DAS), and then nodulation and the percentage of N derived from N₂ fixation in the xylem sap were determined. The soil physical properties were different between UF and UCPF, especially the air permeability and soil water regime. Nodule growth was restricted in UCPF irrespective of rhizobial inoculation, though rhizobial infection was not inhibited by the unfavorable soil physical conditions. Soybean plant growth was closely related to the nodule mass and N₂ fixation activity, and the inoculation of a superior rhizobium strain was effective only at 35 DAS. These results indicate that soybean nodulation and N₂ fixation was considerably affected by the physical properties of heavy soil, and that it is important to maintain the N₂ fixation activity and inoculate the soybean plants with a superior rhizobium strain at a later growth stage in order to increase soybean production in heavy soil fields.     

不同供氮水平下玉米大豆间作体系干物质积累和氮素吸收动态模拟

玉米/大豆间作具有一定的养分利用优势,但是不同供氮水平对玉米/大豆间作体系干物质累积和氮素吸收的调控作用不同。本试验采用田间裂区设计,运用Logistic模型分析,模拟了4个氮水平下玉米/大豆间作作物干物质积累和氮素吸收的动态变化。结果表明,玉米、大豆干物质累积和氮素吸收动态符合Logistic模型,相关系数R²均在0.9以上。在N0（不施氮肥）、N1（180 kg·hm^-2）、N2（240 kg·hm^-2）和N3（300 kg·hm^-2）供氮水平时,间作玉米最大生长速率（I_max-B）分别比单作提高34.2%、46.7%、25.9%和25.1%,而相应的供氮水平下,大豆的I_max-B分别降低27.7%、30.3%、16.5%和23.7%,但整个间作系统的I_max-B平均增加32.1%;玉米和大豆干物质的其他模拟参数与I_max-B规律一致。氮素吸收动态与干物质积累表现出同步的变化特点,在N1水平下,单位面积间作玉米的氮素最大吸收量（K_-N）、最大吸收速率（I_max-N）和瞬时吸收速率（r-N）比相应单作分别提高18.4%、48.9%和25.8%,而间作大豆的K_-N、I_max-N和r-N值比单作处理分别降低15.9%、29.9%和16.69%,整个间作系统氮素分别提高0.4%、13.7%和7.8%;施氮水平对大豆r-N无显著性影响。间作显著地提高了氮素当量比（LER_N>1）,其中N0水平下LER_N值最高,随着施氮量的增加,LER_N有下降趋势。在本试验条件下,N2供氮水平下玉米/大豆间作体系干物质积累量和氮素吸收量最高,间作优势最明显。     

Accumulation of specific flavonoids in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) as a function of the early tripartite symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner) Jordan

This study is the first report assessing the effect of soil inoculation on the signalling interaction of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and soybean plants throughout the early stages of colonisation that lead to the tripartite symbiosis. In a study using soil disturbance to produce contrasting indigenous AMF treatments, the flavonoids daidzein, genistein and coumestrol were identified as possible signals for regulating the establishment of the tripartite symbiosis. However, it was unclear whether soil disturbance induced changes in flavonoid root accumulation other than through changing the potential for AMF colonization. In this study, soil treatments comprising all possible combinations of AMF and B. japonicum were established to test whether (1) modifications in root flavonoid accumulation depend on the potential for AMF colonization, and (2) synthesis and accumulation of flavonoids in the roots change over time as a function of the early plant-microbial interactions that lead to the tripartite symbiosis. The study was comprised of two phases. First, maize was grown over 3-week periods to promote the development of the AM fungus Glomus clarum. Second, the interaction between soybean, G. clarum and B. japonicum was evaluated at 6, 10, 14 and 40 days after plant emergence. Root colonization by G. clarum had a positive effect on nodulation 14 days after emergence, producing, 30% more nodules which were 40% heavier than those on roots solely inoculated with B. japonicum. The tripartite symbiosis resulted in 23% more N₂ being fixed than did the simpler symbiosis between soybean and B. japonicum. The presence of both symbionts changed accumulation of flavonoids in roots. Daidzein and coumestrol increased with plant growth. However, development of the tripartite symbiosis caused a decrease in coumestrol; accumulation of daidzein, the most abundant flavonoid, was reduced in the presence of AMF.     

Effects of co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum SAY3-7 and Streptomyces griseoflavus P4 on plant growth,nodulation, nitrogen fixation,nutrient uptake,and yield of soybean in a field condition

ABSTRACT

Co-inoculation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria with plant growth-promoting bacteria has become more popular than single inoculation of rhizobia or plant-growth-promoting bacteria because of the synergy of these bacteria in increasing soybean yield and nitrogen fixation. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Bradyrhizobium japonicum SAY3-7 and Streptomyces griseoflavus P4 co-inoculation on plant growth, nodulation, nitrogen fixation, nutrient uptake, and seed yield of the ‘Yezin-6’ soybean cultivar. Nitrogen fixation was measured using the acetylene reduction assay and ureide methods. Uptake of major nutrients [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)] was also measured. This study showed that single inoculation of SAY3-7 significantly increased shoot biomass; nodulation; Relative Ureide Index (RUI %), percent nitrogen derived from N fixation (% Ndfa); N, P, K, Ca, and Mg uptakes; during the later growth stages (R3.5 and R5.5), compared with control. These observations indicate that SAY3-7 is an effective N-fixing bacterium for the plant growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation with an ability to compete with native bradyrhizobia. Co-inoculation of SAY3-7 and P4 significantly improved nodule number; nodule dry weight; shoot and root biomass; N fixation; N, P, K, Ca, and Mg uptake; at various growth stages and seed yield in ‘Yezin-6’ soybean cultivar compared with the control, but not the single inoculation treatments. Significant differences in plant growth, nodulation, N fixation, nutrient uptake, and yield between co-inoculation and control, not between single inoculation and control, suggest that there is a synergetic effect due to co-inoculation of SAY3-7 and P4. Therefore, we conclude that Myanmar Bradyrhizobium strain SAY3-7 and P4 will be useful as effective inoculants in biofertilizer production in the future.     

Repeated sequence RSα is diagnostic for Bradyhizobium japonicum and Bradyrhizobium elkanii

The genome of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and B. elkanii contains multiple copies of the repeated DNA sequence RSα. A collection of 18 B. japonicum, 4 B. elkanii and 72 other bacterial strains was screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a pair of primers specific for RSα. Only strains of B. japonicum and B. elkanii gave the predicted amplification product. Restriction analysis of PCR products obtained from different strains of B. japonicum showed that the RSα sequence was generally conserved. The usefulness of RSα as a specific probe for Bradyrhizobium strains capable of nodulating soybean was also demonstrated. Received: 11 May 1995     

Occurrence and nature of mixed infections in nodules of field-grown soybeans (Glycine max)

Summary Mixed infections of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains in early and late nodules of four soybean cultivars were studied in a field soil. Nodule occupants were identified by immunofluorescence using serogroup specific antibodies prepared against B. japonicum strains USDA 110, USDA 123, and USDA 138. Double infection was determined directly by combined examination of the same microscopic field by fluorescence and phase contrast microscopy. Double strain occupancy was observed consistently, and its occurrence did not differ substantially in pouch, soil pot, and field experiments, ranging in incidence from 12% to 32%. No significant differences in the incidence or nature of double infection could be attributed to cultivar, seed inoculation, or plant maturity. Strains reactive to strain USDA 123-fluorescent antibody were dominant in both singly and doubly infected nodules irrespective of cultivar, plant age, or seed inoculation with strain USDA 110.Paper no. 15092 in the Scientific Journal Series of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Paul     

Involvement of Bradyrhizobium japonicum denitrification in symbiotic nitrogen fixation by soybean plants subjected to flooding

Denitrification by Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids contributes to nitric oxide (NO) production within soybean nodules in response to flooding conditions. However, the physiological relevance of NO production by denitrification in B. japonicum-Glycine max symbiosis is still unclear. In this work, soybean plants were inoculated with B. japonicum strains lacking the nirK or norC genes which encode the copper-containing nitrite reductase and the c-type nitric oxide reductase enzymes, respectively. 14 days flooding increased nodule number of plants inoculated with the WT and norC strains, but not of plants inoculated with the nirK mutant. However, nodule dry weight was not affected by 14 days flooding regardless of the strain used for inoculation. Supporting this observation, individual nodule growth was significantly higher in plants inoculated with nirK than those inoculated with WT or norC after 14 days flooding. Nodule functioning was strongly inhibited by flooding since leghemoglobin content of the nodules induced by any of the strains was significantly decreased after 7 or 14 days flooding compared to control plants. However, this effect was more relevant in nodules of plants inoculated with the WT or norC mutant than in those inoculated with the nirK mutant. Nitrogen fixation was also estimated by analyzing nitrogen content derived from biological nitrogen fixation in shoots, using the ¹⁵N isotope dilution technique. By using this approach, we observed that the negative effect of 14 days flooding on nitrogen fixation was more pronounced in plants inoculated with the norC mutant. However, nitrogen fixation of plants inoculated with nirK showed the highest tolerance to 14 days flooding. These findings allowed us to demonstrate the previously proposed hypothesis which suggests that NO formed by copper-containing nitrite reductase in soybean nodules, in response to flooding, has a negative effect on nitrogenase activity. We propose that inoculation of soybeans with a B. japonicum nirK mutant, which does not produce NO from nitrate, increases the tolerance of symbiotic nitrogen fixation to flooding.     

新开垦土壤上构建玉米/蚕豆-根瘤菌高效固氮模式

为了在新开垦土壤上构建高效种植模式,本文采用温室盆栽和大田试验相结合的方法,选用4种根瘤菌接种方式(保水剂拌种、清水拌种、三叶期灌根和种子丸衣化)接种4种不同蚕豆根瘤菌(NM353、CCBAU、G254和QH258),分析接菌后新开垦土壤上玉米/蚕豆间作体系的生产潜力、地上部氮素吸收和结瘤特性以及生物固氮等方面的优势,拟为该体系筛选出高效的根瘤菌及其接种技术。结果表明:接种NM353后,玉米/蚕豆间作体系中蚕豆籽粒产量比单作平均增加152.84%,而玉米保持相对稳产;以保水剂拌种的方式接种NM353的间作蚕豆地上部氮素积累量最高,蚕豆结瘤数、瘤重、固氮比例和固氮量均高于本试验中其他3种方式接种的根瘤菌。在盛花期和盛花鼓粒期,接种NM353蚕豆的固氮比例比接种CCBAU的分别高19.1%和11.1%,在各个生育时期两者固氮量之间差异均达显著水平;接种NM353与接种其他菌种间固氮量和固氮比例差异更显著。因此,在新开垦土壤上,用保水剂拌种的方式对间作蚕豆接种NM353根瘤菌,构建玉米/蚕豆-根瘤菌高效固氮体系,为新开垦土壤合理开发利用的可持续发展模式。