北盘江外来鱼种尼罗罗非鱼的年龄与生长特征研究

为了研究北盘江流域外来鱼种尼罗罗非鱼的年龄与生长特征,对北盘江光照库区月亮田新码头、蕫箐库区与马马崖库区、龙滩库区白层码头的尼罗罗非鱼356尾(成功鉴定310尾)进行鱼龄、体长、体重测定,并分析鱼鳞年轮特征及体长与鳞径、体长与体重的关系。结果:北盘江尼罗罗非鱼鳞片年轮为疏密型,规律性强,环纹清晰易辨,轮径测量方便,鉴定效果较好;体长与体重关系为:W=8×10~(-5)L~(2.862 7)(r~2=0.986 8,n=310);体长与鳞径关系线性函数拟合度最高,表达式为L=52.54R+37.877;体长、体重的Von Bertalanfy生长方程分别为:L_t=548.83~([1-e-0.192(t+0.988)]),W_t=5 562.61~([1-e-0.192(t+0.988)]2.862 7);1～3年龄鱼的体长、体重相对增长率明显大于此后各龄鱼,在2年龄阶段体长生长优势更为明显,4年龄以后体重增长减缓。     

不同比色法测定青海湖裸鲤不同组织器官中酶活性及其相关性分析

正青海裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)是隶属鲤科裂腹鱼亚科裸鲤属,其生长速度缓慢,繁殖率低,是青海湖唯一的经济鱼类[1],具有耐盐碱、耐高寒、抗缺氧等优良特性,极为适合在青海湖及其周边水域生存,是一个天然优良的基因库。其优良特性对高海拔、高盐碱水系鱼类的杂交改良具有重要意义。祁玥等[2]研究了青海湖裸鲤水环境。陈大庆等[3]根据青海湖裸鲤年龄计算生长率,分析其生长特性。谭生魁[4]     

青海湖裸鲤体重和体尺性状的剖分与相关回归分析

对51条青海湖裸鲤体重、体尺性状剖分测定及应用SAS(6.12版)系统软件进行相关回归分析,结果表明:Y1(体重)与X1(头重)、X2(鳍重)、X3(躯尾重)、X4(肠容物重)相关系数极显著,其最优回归方程式:总方程:Y1=-2.24390+0.99898X3+1.30604X4(R2=0.9210p0.0001),♀:Y1=1.93002+0.88362X3+1.24584X4(R2=0.9198P0.0001),♂:Y1=8.97641+1.20310X3(R2=0.9956p0.0001)。Y2(体长)与X5(头长)、X6(躯干长)、X7(尾长)相关系数极显著,其最优回归方程式:♀:Y2=3.62909+2.25776X5+1.10367X7(R2=0.8150p0.0032),♂:Y2=0.97145+0.95331X6(R2=0.9534p0.0077)。     

青海湖裸鲤和鲤鱼胰脏和肠管淀粉酶活性的研究

采用碘———淀粉比色法对青海湖裸鲤和鲤鱼胰脏及肠管淀粉酶的活性进行了定量分析。结果表明:青海湖裸鲤胰脏及肠管淀粉酶活性随体重的增加呈现下降趋势(P>0.05);青海湖裸鲤后肠淀粉酶活性明显高于前肠淀粉酶活性(P<0.01);青海湖裸鲤胰脏及肠道的淀粉酶活性均高于鲤鱼的淀粉酶活性(P>0.05)。     

青海湖裸鲤肠道消化酶活性的研究

青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii),又名湟鱼,属鲤科(Gyprinidae),裂腹鱼亚科(Schizothoraci-nae),裸鲤属(Gymnocypris),是高原特化的裂腹鱼中的裸鲤属分布在青海湖的唯一鱼种,也是青海湖地区重要的经济鱼类,属国家二类保护珍贵鱼类。由于青海湖特殊的高原地理环境,湖中盛产     

波尔山羊生长模型及体尺体重相关分析

用Gompertz、Bertalanffy及Logistic模型拟合4～39月龄的澳洲波尔山羊生长模型.结果表明:Logistic模型拟合效果最好(R2>O.98),公母羊生长模型分别为:w=51.59X(1十6.15×e-1.82)-1和W=52.56×(1+7.15×e2.08)-1.波尔山羊的体重与胸围呈极显著相关(P0.05).利用胸围和体高,估算体重的回归方程为:y=0.279Bug+0.893Bxw-19.28.     

青海湖裸鲤受精卵四种脱粘方法破膜前的发育对比

青海湖裸鲤[Gymnocyprsprzewalskii(Kessler)]、属鲤形目(Cypriniformes)、鲤科(Cyprinidae)、裂腹鱼亚科(Schizothoracinae)、裸鲤属(GymnocyprisGunther)。青海湖裸鲤是青海湖中唯一的水生经济动物,俗称"湟鱼",湟鱼在咸水和淡水均能生长,每年4～7月行溯河产卵,卵为圆球形,淡黄色或黄色,卵膜透明,沉性卵微粘性,成熟卵径为1.8～2.4mm。青海湖裸鲤的人工繁殖是直接从青海湖、沙流河、黑马河、泉吉河采捕性腺成熟、体质健壮、体色鲜艳、鳍鳞完整,无伤、无病的雌、雄鱼,进行体外受精,而受精卵的人工脱粘是受精卵后期良好发育的必要前提。     

青海湖裸鲤洄游排卵、受精高峰期的繁殖特征

<正>青海湖裸鲤[Gymnocyprsprzewalskii(Kessler)]、属鲤形目(Cypriniformes)、鲤科(Cyprinidae)、裂腹鱼亚科(Schizothoracinae)、裸鲤属(Gymnocypris Gunther)。青海湖裸鲤是青海湖中唯一的水生经济动物,俗称"湟鱼",湟鱼在咸水和淡水均能生长,属冷水性鱼类,食性为杂食性,每年4～8月溯河产卵,主要溯河为:布哈河、沙流河、泉吉河、黑马河、哈尔盖河,洄游排卵受精高峰期为6月20～7月10日,此时在洄游群体中雄鱼与雌鱼性成熟比将达到最高,排卵受精也将达到高峰期,是自然条件下资源量补充的     

油菜秸瘤胃降解特性的研究

研究以3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的锦江黄牛为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法对油菜秸的瘤胃降解特性进行研究。结果表明,油菜秸干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF),含量分别为89.00%、81.84%、6.45%、51.51%和33.88%;各营养成分瘤胃动态降解率为dp(DM)=27.60+23.32×(1-e~(-0.09t)),dp(OM)=24.41+24.70×(1-e~(-0.09t)),dp(CP)=33.05+54.29×(1-e~(-0.13t)),dp(NDF)=7.18+19.63×(1-e~(-0.03t)),dp(ADF)=5.30+12.80×(1-e~(-0.01t));瘤胃有效降解率为DM46.83%、OM44.78%、CP80.28%、NDF19.19%和ADF11.82%。     

乳熟期扁穗雀麦饲用营养价值及其山羊瘤胃降解特性研究

试验旨在对乳熟期扁穗雀麦的营养成分进行检测分析、评价,并通过瘤胃瘘管山羊动物模型进行山羊瘤胃降解特性的研究,为乳熟期扁穗雀麦在反刍动物中的应用提供基础和理论参考。以常规检测方法对乳熟期扁穗雀麦的营养成分以及氨基酸组成进行测定,并以3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的波杂山羊为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法对乳熟期扁穗雀麦的瘤胃降解特性进行研究。研究结果表明:(1)营养成分方面:乳熟期扁穗雀麦的干物质(DM)、灰分(Ash)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量分别为95.20%、8.53%、11.74%、66.48%、44.38%;(2)氨基酸组成方面:乳熟期扁穗雀麦氨基酸总量占粗蛋白质含量的55.45%,含有的必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的39.48%,必需氨基酸中苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸和缬氨酸的含量相对较高,分别达0.40%、0.47%和0.45%,其次是赖氨酸0.26%、苏氨酸0.25%和精氨酸0.24%;(3)山羊瘤胃降解特性方面:乳熟期扁穗雀麦干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、有机物(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)以及酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)随时间的延续,各营养成分降解率呈逐渐升高的趋势,且各时间点降解率差异显著(P0.05),各营养成分随时间的降解率分别可拟合出y=38.589x~(0.2671)、y=2.946 6x+54.905、y=35.45x~(0.297 2)、y=-0.541 4x~2+9.738x+15.092、y=-0.108 7x~2+5.253 5x+24.797的方程;各营养成分瘤胃动态降解率分别为dp (DM)=38.69+29.43(1-e~(-0.02t))、dp (CP)=57.49+24.793(1-e~(-0.01t))、dp(OM)=35.57+31.91(1-e~(-0.02t))、dp(NDF)=24.06+39.02(1-e~(-0.02t))、dp(ADF)=29.63+35.82(1-e~(-0.01t)),各营养成分间山羊瘤胃有效降解率差异显著(P0.05),分别为DM 51.65%、CP64.89%、OM 49.11%、NDF 40.04%、ADF 40.97%。乳熟期扁穗雀麦具有丰富的营养价值及较好的消化吸收性,是有较高饲用价值的禾本科牧草,应加大开发应用力度。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -