大豆叶片叶绿素含量与光谱的特征分析

用Unispec光谱分析仪和SPAD叶绿素仪测定了2个品种从初花期到成熟期的反射光谱和叶绿素含量.用SPAD叶绿素仪测定结果表明:每个时期均为合交98-1667的叶绿素含量高于合丰55号;用Unispec光谱分析仪测定结果显示:合丰55号大豆的光谱反射率高于合交98-1667,并且发现在可见光510 nm～610 nm处有一个叶绿素反射吸收峰,此吸收峰是大豆叶片上特有的一个特征值.数据统计分析表明:叶片叶绿素含量与光谱植被指数mSR705、mND705,和PSSRc具有极显著相关性.说明可以通过测量叶片光谱的方法来监测大豆叶片叶绿素含量.     

夏玉米冠层反射光谱与植株水分状况的关系

通过不同夏玉米品种生育期内冠层叶片含水率与不同波段组成的比值指数(RVI)和归一化植被指数(NDVI)进行线性、指数、对数、幂函数以及多项式回归分析,研究不同品种夏玉米的冠层叶片和植株水分状况与反射光谱之间的相关关系。结果表明,冠层叶片和植株含水率与460～670nm范围内波段反射率均成负相关,与730～1260nm范围内波段反射率均成正相关。其中冠层叶片含水率与460、500、600、650、670nm范围内波段反射率均呈显著相关,而植株含水率与460、500、600、650、670、780、800、850、900、950、1050nm范围内波段反射率相关性也较高。冠层叶片含水率与归一化植被指数(NDVI)相关性均达到极显著水平,与比值指数(RVI)相关性中只有RVI(950,550)、RVI(850,730)、RVI(800,730)和RVI(780,730)4个波段呈极显著正相关。RVI与叶片含水率相关性以RVI(850,730)最优,NDVI与叶片含水率相关性以NDVI(1050,550)最优。植株含水率也与RVI和NDVI呈正相关,相关性均较好,但NDVI优于RVI。RVI与植株含水率相关性以RVI(800,500)最优,决定系数为0.8490;NDVI与植株含水率相关性以NDVI(780,650)最优,决定系数为0.8645。     

大豆叶面积指数的高光谱估算模型研究

通过测试大豆4个生育阶段350～2500nm波段的冠层高光谱数据,用近红外波段760nm-850nm及红光波段650nm-670nm的2个范围内的波段反射率,组成了高光谱比值植被指数（RVI）和800nm和670nm2个波段反射率组成修改型二次土壤调节植被指数（MSAVI2）;基于RVI和MSAVI2植被指数,建立了大豆叶面积指数（LAI）的6种单变量线性与非线性函数模型,经检验均达到1％极显著水平。其中,以RVI所构建洲的幂函数、MSAVI2所构建LAI的指数函数、对数函数估测模型的相关系数相对较高;用MSAVI2所构建的LAI精度较高的对数函数模型反演大豆叶面积指数,实测LAI与估测LAI呈极显著线性相关（R=0．9098^＊＊,n=46）,模型方程的估算精度达84．9％,实测值与估算值的RMSE=0．2420,平均相对误差为0．1510。表明采用高光谱植被指数,能够实时、无损、动态、定量提取大豆叶面积指数,为设计理想的大豆群体和大豆遥感估产提供了科学的依据。     

光谱诊断马铃薯叶片氮素敏感波段的研究

利用Unispec-SC光谱仪测定马铃薯叶片光谱反射率,寻找马铃薯叶片氮含量的敏感波段并计算相应的植被指数。结果表明:在可见光波段范围内,550 nm和580 nm 2个波段的光谱反射率与氮含量的相关性较好;在近红外区域,820 nm、900 nm和1 005 nm 3个波段与氮含量的相关性达到了显著水平。利用上述波段计算植被指数,在1 005 nm和580 nm组合的波段,植被指数与氮含量相关性最好并且以DVI的相关系数最高,r=-0.8994,达到了显著水平。     

不同施氮水平下大豆反射光谱预测叶片氮含量模型

通过分析不同施氮水平下大豆叶片氮含量与叶片光谱反射率之间的关系,确立了大豆叶片氮含量的敏感波段及预测方程.结果表明:在 530、550、890和930 nm 4个波段的光谱反射率与大豆叶片氮含量的相关性达显著或极显著水平.通过4种植被指数的比较,NDVI的R2最大,RMSE最小.筛选得到回归方程:Y= -323.214×NDVI2 (890,530)+469.9307×NDVI (890,530)-165.021,该模型适用于不同生育期大豆叶片氮含量的预测.     

光谱仪与SPAD测定马铃薯叶绿素含量的比较

通过Unispec-SC光谱仪和SPAD-502叶绿素计两种方法测定马铃薯叶片叶绿素相对含量的比较,结果表明:马铃薯在310～730 nm波段选取510 nm、650 nm和680 nm 3个波段的光谱反射率,在730～1130 nm波段,选取820 nm和940 nm 2个波段的光谱反应率,它们与叶绿素含量的相关性呈显著水平。在940 nm和510 nm组合的波段计算的植被指数与叶绿素相关性最好,并且以NDVI的相关系数最高,r=-0.9546,达到了极显著水平。Unispec-SC光谱仪比SPAD-502叶绿素计预测结果更为准确。     

不同氮肥水平下大豆叶片光谱反射率与叶绿素含量的相关性研究

用Unispec光谱分析仪和SPAD-502叶绿素仪测定不同生育时期不同氮肥水平大豆叶片光谱反射率及叶绿素含量,并分析了光谱植被指数与叶绿素含量的相关性。结果表明:不施氮肥处理光谱反射率高于施氮处理,随着施氮量的增加,大豆叶片光谱反射率下降,并初步断定结荚期是大豆氮素光谱营养诊断的敏感时期;随着氮肥水平的提高叶绿素含量增加;整个生育时期,除鼓粒期不施氮处理外其它处理的植被指数mND705与叶绿素含量均呈极显著正相关;在花期和结荚期,各处理的mSR705与叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关,PSSRc与叶绿素含量呈极显著负相关。     

基于冠层高光谱植被指数的水稻产量预测模型研究

及时、准确、快速的进行粮食产量预测预报对指导农业生产和国家制定粮食政策有重大意义。以不同水稻品种和施氮水平为试验因素，进行两因素裂区设计试验，在水稻拔节期、孕穗期和抽穗期测定其冠层光谱反射率，通过筛选出与产量相关性最高的最佳波段组合，计算最优波段组合组成的12种植被指数，并建立了基于单植被指数和多植被指数组合的水稻产量预测模型。结果表明，孕穗期，在401～723 nm波段范围内水稻冠层原始光谱反射率与产量呈显著负相关关系；各植被指数与产量的相关性达到极显著水平。基于单植被指数构建的水稻产量预测模型，以孕穗期线性模型精度最高(R²=0.436,RMSE=874.57 kg/hm²)，最佳植被指数为重归一化植被指数(RDVI)，模型表达式为y=7.7E+05×RDVI₍(455,456))+1.1E+04；基于逐步回归构建的多植被指数产量预测模型同样以孕穗期表现最佳(R²=0.443,RMSE=861.81 kg/hm²)，最优植被指数为比值植被指数(RVI)、土壤调节型植被指数(...     

蚜虫胁迫下两种栽培模式大豆生理指标及光谱特征分析

在垄三栽培和窄行密植栽培中,利用植物光谱仪测定受害叶片的光谱反射率变化。结果表明,大豆蚜虫危害程度可以在大豆叶片的光谱中得到响应,且近红外区比可见光区更明显。大豆植株受蚜虫危害后,其株高、SPAD、叶面积和地上部干重均有所下降。不同时期两种栽培模式下受大豆蚜虫危害的植株与正常植株相比,其株高和叶面积差异都达到了显著水平。SPAD值表现略有不同,垄三栽培模式下,受虫害植株与正常植株间差异显著;密植栽培模式下,正常植株的SPAD值极显著高于受虫害植株。地上部干物重在垄三栽培模式下,正常植株与虫害植株不存在显著差异;密植模式下,虫害植株干物重显著低于正常植株。     

基于高光谱遥感的水稻冠层吸收光合有效辐射的估算研究

 利用高光谱遥感数据,对光谱反射率、一阶微分光谱及二阶微分光谱与吸收光合有效辐射（APAR）进行相关分析,并利用反射率、微分光谱、植被指数法研究了水稻冠层APAR的估算效果。结果表明,高光谱反射率、一阶微分光谱及二阶微分光谱的最优波段与APAR的相关性均极显著,一阶微分光谱能够更好的估算APAR,它与APAR在769 nm处的拟合决定系数为05218;5种植被指数所选的最优波段组合拟合方程的决定系数在0.67以上,其中以复归一化差值植被指数（758, 781）估算效果最好,决定系数达0.7585。     

有机肥化肥配施的双季晚稻群体冠层光谱特征研究

以不同施肥模式为基础,分析了晚稻群体冠层光谱反射率、一阶微分光谱和归一化光谱特征,并对叶片氮含量、氮积累量、产量、叶面积指数和叶干物质积累进行了相关性分析,构建了以高光谱特征参数为自变量的水稻氮素营养诊断模型。结果表明,叶片氮素含量与665 nm处冠层光谱反射率呈极显著相关性(p0.001),与554 nm和672 nm处的一阶微分光谱也呈极显著相关性(p0.001);以λr构建的指数函数y=684.91e0.028x,决定系数(R2)为0.90、(SDr-SDb)/(SDr+SDb)构建的指数函数y=0.66e0.11x,决定系数(R2)为0.88,均能很好地诊断在有机肥和无机肥配施模式下的水稻氮素营养。     

Analysis of Common Canopy Reflectance Spectra for Indicating Leaf Nitrogen Concentrations in Wheat and Rice

Abstract

Non-destructive monitoring and diagnosis of plant nitrogen (N) concentration are of significant importance for precise N management and productivity forecasting in field crops. The present study was conducted to identify the common spectra wavebands and canopy reflectance spectral parameters for indicating leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC, mg N g-¹ DW) and to determine quantitative relationships of LNC to canopy reflectance spectra in both rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Ground-based canopy spectral reflectance and LNC were measured with seven field experiments consisting of seven different wheat cultivars and five different rice cultivars and varied N fertilization levels across three growing seasons for wheat and four growing seasons for rice. All possible ratio vegetation indices (RVI), difference vegetation indices (DVI), and normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI) of key wavebands from the MSR16 radiometer were calculated. The results showed that LNC of wheat and rice increased with increasing N fertilization rates. Canopy reflectance, however, was a more complicated relationship under different N application rates. In the near infrared portion of the spectrum (760?1220 nm), canopy spectral reflectance increased with increasing N supply, whereas in the visible region (460?710 nm), canopy reflectance decreased with increasing N supply. For both rice and wheat, LNC was best estimated at 610, 660 and 680 nm. Among all possible RVI, DVI and NDVI of key bands from the MSR16 radiometer, NDVI(1220, 610) and RVI(1220, 610) were most highly correlated to LNC in both wheat and rice. In addition, the correlations of NDVI(1220, 610) and RVI(1220, 610) to LNC were found to be higher than those of individual wavebands at 610, 660 and 680 nm in both wheat and rice. Thus LNC in both wheat and rice could be indicated with common wavebands and vegetation indices, but separate regression equations are necessary for precisely describing the dynamic change patterns of LNC in wheat and rice. When independent data were fit to the derived equations, the root mean square error (RMSE) values for the predicted LNC with NDVI(1220, 610) and RVI(1220, 610) relative to the observed values were 10.50% and 10.52% in wheat, and 13.04% and 12.61% in rice, respectively, indicating a good fit. These results should improve the knowledge on non-destructive monitoring of leaf N status in cereal crops.     

Analysis of hyperspectral reflectance data for monitoring growth and development of lesquerella

Seed oil from lesquerella (Lesquerella fendleri (Gray) Wats.) is currently being developed as a biorenewable petroleum substitute, but several issues related to crop management and breeding must be resolved before the crop will be commercially viable. Due particularly to the prominent yellow flowers exhibited by lesquerella canopies, remote sensing may be a useful tool for monitoring and managing the crop. In this study, we used a hand-held spectroradiometer to measure spectral reflectance over lesquerella canopies in 512 narrow wavebands from 268 to 1095 nm over two growing seasons at Maricopa, Arizona. Biomass samples were also regularly collected and processed to obtain aboveground dry weight, flower counts, and silique counts. Partial least squares regression was used to develop predictive models for estimating the three lesquerella biophysical variables from canopy spectral reflectance. For model fitting and model testing, the root mean squared prediction errors between measured and modeled aboveground dry weight, flower counts, and silique counts were 2.1 and 2.3 Mg ha⁻¹, 251 and 304 flowers, and 1018 and 1019 siliques, respectively. Analysis of partial least squares regression coefficients and loadings highlighted the most sensitive spectral wavebands for estimating each biophysical variable. For example, the flower count model heavily emphasized the reflectance of yellow light at 583 nm, and contrasted that with reflectance in the blue (483 nm) and at the red edge (721 nm). Because of the indeterminate nature of lesquerella flowering patterns, remote sensing methods that monitor flowering progression may aid management decisions related to the timing of irrigations, desiccant application, and crop harvest.     

氮肥配置对空育131物质生产与产量的影响

以不同氮肥配置栽培的水稻空育131为材料,测定其干物质生产和产量等的变化。结果表明,供试品种在不同氮肥配置下的群体生长发育情况不同,氮肥在基蘖肥、调节肥、穗肥、粒肥中的比例以75:20:5对空育131的群体茎数动态、叶片氮含量、叶面积及地上干物重有促进作用而明显提高产量。     

臭氧胁迫对不同敏感型水稻干物质积累与分配的影响

【目的】研究臭氧胁迫对不同敏感型水稻物质生产与分配的影响,为耐性水稻品种的选育提供参考。【方法】利用自然光气体熏蒸平台,以23个水稻品种或株系为供试材料,设置室内对照(臭氧浓度为10 n L/L)和臭氧浓度增高臭氧浓度为(100 n L/L)处理,研究臭氧胁迫对水稻成熟期地上部物质积累与分配的影响及其与最终生长量响应的关系。采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法,将所有供试材料按地上部最终生物量对臭氧胁迫的响应从小到大依次分为A、B和C三类不同敏感型水稻。【结果】与对照相比,臭氧胁迫使A、B和C类水稻成熟期地上部干质量平均分别下降19%、39%和52%,B和C类达极显著水平。臭氧胁迫使A类水稻成熟期叶片干质量略增,但使B类(-11%)、C类水稻(-25%)极显著下降。臭氧胁迫下A、B和C类水稻的茎秆和稻穗干质量均显著或极显著下降,其中茎秆干质量分别下降26%、41%和57%,稻穗干质量分别下降34%、59%和62%。臭氧胁迫使叶片占地上部干质量的比例大幅增加(+46%),而茎秆(-8%)和稻穗(-24%)占地上部干质量的比例极显著下降。臭氧处理与水稻类型对上述参数均有不同程度的交互作用,表现为A类水稻对臭氧的响应明显小于其他两类水稻。【结论】100 n L/L臭氧浓度严重影响水稻器官建成,减少光合产物向茎秆和稻穗的分配比例,但使叶片干质量比例大幅增加,臭氧熏蒸还导致茎秆机械强度明显下降。这些变化敏感水稻总体上较钝感类型水稻表现更为明显。     

Characterizing and Estimating Fungal Disease Severity of Rice Brown Spot with Hyperspectral Reflectance Data

Large-scale farming of agriculture crops requires real-time detection of disease for field pest management.Hyperspectral remote sensing data generally have high spectral resolution, which could be very useful for detecting disease stress in green vegetation at the leaf and canopy levels. In this study, hyperspectral reflectances of rice in the laboratory and field were measured to characterize the spectral regions and wavebands, which were the most sensitive to rice brown spot infected by Bipolaris oryzae (Helminthosporium oryzae Breda. de Hann). Leaf reflectance increased at the ranges of 450 to 500 nm and 630 to 680 nm with the increasing percentage of infected leaf surface, and decreased at the ranges of 520 to 580 nm, 760 to 790 nm, 1550 to 1750 nm, and 2080 to 2350 nm with the increasing percentage of infected leaf surface respectively. The sensitivity analysis and derivative technique were used to select the sensitive wavebands for the detection of rice brown spot infected by B. oryzae. Ratios of rice leaf reflectance were evaluated as indicators of brown spot. R669/R746 (the reflectance at 669 nm divided by the reflectance at 746 nm, the following ratios may be deduced by analogy), R702/R718, R692/R530, R692/R732, R535/R746, R521/R718, and R569/R718 increased significantly as the incidence of rice brown spot increased regardless of whether it's at the leaf or canopy level. R702/R718, R692/R530, R692/R732 were the best three ratios for estimating the disease severity of rice brown spot at the leaf and canopy levels. This result not only confirms the capability of hyperspectral remote sensing data in characterizing crop disease for precision pest management in the real world, but also testifies that the ratios of crop reflectance is a useful method to estimate crop disease severity.     

剪叶对豫农202籽粒灌浆与干物质积累的影响

为了探讨小麦新品种豫农202植株上部三片叶对籽粒干物质积累的影响,分别在小麦开花期和灌浆中期进行了不同的剪叶处理,分析了不同剪叶处理对剩余叶片的SPAD值、籽粒灌浆速率及籽粒干物质积累量的影响。结果表明,小麦开花期和灌浆中期剪叶后,植株上部三片叶的SPAD值在不同处理间具有明显差异,剪去部分叶片后剩余叶片的SPAD值均有所提高。从剪叶对籽粒灌浆速率和干物质积累量的影响来看,开花期剪叶的影响程度显著大于灌浆中期剪叶。不同剪叶处理间籽粒的灌浆速率和干物质积累量存在明显差异,开花期剪去倒一叶对灌浆速率具有较大的负向效应,其干物质积累量比对照降低了21.22%;剪去倒三叶对灌浆速率具有较大的正向效应,其干物质积累量增加了12.20%。灌浆中期剪叶后,所有剪叶处理的籽粒灌浆速率和干物质积累量均低于对照,且剪去的叶片越多灌浆速率和干物质积累量下降的幅度越大,同时剪去倒一叶和倒二后下降的幅度最大。     

臭氧胁迫对不同敏感型水稻干物质积累与分配的影响

【目的】研究臭氧胁迫对不同敏感型水稻物质生产与分配的影响,为耐性水稻品种的选育提供参考。【方法】利用自然光气体熏蒸平台,以23个水稻品种或株系为供试材料,设置室内对照(臭氧浓度为10 nL/L)和臭氧浓度增高臭氧浓度为(100 nL/L)处理,研究臭氧胁迫对水稻成熟期地上部物质积累与分配的影响及其与最终生长量响应的关系。采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法,将所有供试材料按地上部最终生物量对臭氧胁迫的响应从小到大依次分为A、B和C三类不同敏感型水稻。【结果】与对照相比,臭氧胁迫使A、B和C类水稻成熟期地上部干质量平均分别下降19%、39%和52%,B和C类达极显著水平。臭氧胁迫使A类水稻成熟期叶片干质量略增,但使B类(–11%)、C类水稻(–25%)极显著下降。臭氧胁迫下A、B和C类水稻的茎秆和稻穗干质量均显著或极显著下降,其中茎秆干质量分别下降26%、41%和57%,稻穗干质量分别下降34%、59%和62%。臭氧胁迫使叶片占地上部干质量的比例大幅增加(+46%),而茎秆(–8%)和稻穗(–24%)占地上部干质量的比例极显著下降。臭氧处理与水稻类型对上述参数均有不同程度的交互作用,表现为A类水稻对臭氧的响应明显小于其他两类水稻。【结论】100 nL/L臭氧浓度严重影响水稻器官建成,减少光合产物向茎秆和稻穗的分配比例,但使叶片干质量比例大幅增加,臭氧熏蒸还导致茎秆机械强度明显下降。这些变化敏感水稻总体上较钝感类型水稻表现更为明显。     

营养型大豆重迎茬专用肥筛选试验研究

采用田间进行了重迎茬大豆专用肥筛选,结果表明:NPK不同组合可明显促进重迎茬大豆生长发育,主要表现在增加了大豆株高、提高大豆地上和地下生长;增加了干物质积累、根瘤数量;增加了营养生长时期根/冠比值.进而提高产量,以处理2产量最高,增产达到17.15%.     

华南双季超级稻秧苗生理特性的研究

2001年早、晚季在广州对华南超级常规稻品种广超3号和胜泰1号、两系法超级杂交稻组合粤杂122等7个材料秧苗期的干物重、叶片叶绿素含量、根系活力和发根力等几个生理性状进行了测定,并分析了生理性状的品种(组合)间差异、生理性状与干物重之间的相互关系等,结果表明:①早季时宜用Chl a、晚季时宜用Chl b作为鉴别秧苗素质的生理指标.②对Chl a、Chl b、根系活力,所发最大根长度,发根条数与干重的通径分析表明,早季Chl a对干重有最大的正直接效应,Chl b对干重有最大的负直接效应;晚季Chl b对干重有最大的正直接效应,Chl a对干重有最大的负直接效应.提出了华南双季超级稻理想株型育种中宜掌握的秧苗期生理指标.