复合植被根系作用对生态岸坡稳定性的影响

生态护岸中植被根系的固土护岸效果缺乏可测性和可控性,为了确定植物根系存在对岸坡稳定性提升的量化作用,以北京市永定河莲石湖段生态岸坡为试验区,测定生态岸坡上种植典型"草-灌-乔"植被根系的形态分布及特征参数,在根系参数测定结果的基础上分析生态岸坡稳定性。通过建立根系加筋作用的力学模型,并采用基于加筋理论的极限平衡法,对岸坡浅层稳定性进行分析计算,岸坡整体稳定性采用基于强度折减原理的ABAQUS有限元模型计算法。结果表明,草本和灌木根系的加筋作用有助于提升岸坡浅层土体的粘聚力、抗剪强度和稳定性;草本和灌木根系的加筋作用对岸坡整体稳定性的影响远小于乔木根系的锚固作用,乔木种植于坡脚处对岸坡稳定性的提高最有利,岸坡安全系数可提升5.16%;乔木根系长度是岸坡整体稳定性重要的影响因素,乔木根系长度由1 m增加至3 m,生态岸坡整体稳定安全系数较素土岸坡分别增加了1.25%和14.2%,且增强速率逐渐变大;在水位变动时,生态岸坡与素土岸坡相比,其稳定安全系数最高可提升7.87%。根据岸坡浅层稳定性及整体稳定性计算结果,可以明确植被根系浅根加筋作用及深根锚固作用对岸坡土体的稳固效果,从而确定各类植被的配置方式,为生态护岸工程设计与应用提供参考。     

Observations of pond hydrodynamics

This paper provides a detailed observation of pond hydrodynamics. Bathymetry and aerator deployment largely control the hydrodynamic regime. Aerators drive pond circulation, which is resisted by bottom and bank friction. Hydrodynamic friction is characterized by sediment grain size. One particular pond is offered as a proxy representative of Australian mariculture ponds in general: Pond X. The pond had been stocked with P. monodon at densities in the range 25–35 m⁻² about ten times during the period from 1989 to 1995. Observations were made in the year 1996. The site was on the east coast of Australia at 18° south latitude. The location was sheltered by a mountainous offshore island, such that winds effecting the pond averaged 2.3 m s⁻¹. Water exchange occurred at a rate of about 8.3% of pond capacity per day. Pond X was found to be rectangular, 120 m long and 87 m wide. The banks were found to slope between 1:1.5 and 1:7.6, with an average slope near 1:3. The pond was shallowest in one corner, where depth was 834 mm, and drained diagonally with 1872-mm maximum water depth. Aeration was provided by a total of six 1.5-kW machines, comprised of two of the paddlewheel type and four of the propeller-aspirator type. Each machine was found to deliver 200 N of horizontal thrust into the pond water column. The combined effect of the aerators created a circulation current averaging about 11 cm s⁻¹ around the pond periphery. The central region of the pond was found to have a fluctuating velocity of less than 1 cm s⁻¹. The mass-average size of pond soil and sediment was found to vary from 25 μm in the central region to 250 μm at the banks and where the bottom was swept by paddlewheels.     

鱼类增殖放流站亲鱼池数值模拟研究

增殖放流是目前普遍采用的减缓水利水电工程对鱼类影响的措施之一。亲鱼培育是增殖放流的关键环节,亲鱼培育池是增殖放流站中的关键设施。鱼池不同流速流场区域的形成与亲鱼池的结构型式、工艺尺寸、进出水流量等多种因素有关,特别是针对国内山区急流河段水电工程鱼类增殖放流站亲鱼池的数值模拟研究还处于空白。采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对亲鱼培育池流场进行了模拟,从亲鱼适宜流速区间最大化的角度,通过标准k-ε模型对最常用圆形和矩形两种不同结构型式的鱼池进行三维建模,分析比较了不同结构尺寸圆形池与矩形池的水力学条件,建议优先采用圆形池作为亲鱼培育池的型式,最适宜径深比为6∶1～3∶1;场地紧张而采用矩形池时,适宜长宽比为4∶1～2∶1。除流场外,温度、溶氧、排污分布等其他环境因子对鱼类繁殖也有一定的影响。对于特定鱼类,应该根据其生物学特性,适时调整鱼池的流速,满足相关需求。研究结果丰富了国内鱼类增殖放流站亲鱼池结构设计内容,推荐的亲鱼池结构型式可为鱼类增殖放流站设计提供参考。     

Forecasting monthly catfish (Ictalurus punctatus.) pond bank and feed prices

Volatility in catfish pond bank and feed prices lead to profit uncertainty in the catfish industry. Analysis of the factors that affect those prices and development of a forecasting model would provide guidance to catfish farm managers. Error-correction models (ECM) based on cointegrating relationships among variables were specified following development of a single-equation ARIMAX model. Factors identified as those that influence catfish price were: lagged value of catfish, feed and substitute product prices, while those that influenced feed price were: lagged value of feed, corn and soybean prices. ECM estimates implied that fish price adjusts approximately 6% and feed price 22% to the long-run equilibrium in 1?month. The analysis showed that it takes less than 17?months and 5?months to correct for long-run disequilibrium for catfish and feed prices, respectively. The ARIMAX model demonstrated a better fit for both in-sample and out-of-sample forecasting for catfish price and had better out-of-sample predictive ability for feed prices.     

Observations on the Frequency of Claw Loss in the Crayfish Procambarus charkii

Abstract— The incidence of claw loss in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii was surveyed in two ponds. Pond 1 contained rice forage, and crayfish were trapped and removed three times per week. Pond C48 contained no supplemental forage, and no trapping occurred in the pond. In March claw loss in both ponds was similar with 87–91% of the population having both claws intact. Males and females showed no difference in the incidence of claw loss in either ponds. By May the abundant rice forage present in pond 1 during March had been depleted; however, the physical appearance of pond C48 changed little. In May claw loss was greater in pond 1 than pond C48; both males and females in pond 1 had a higher incidence of claw loss (increasing from 13% to 37%) than those in pond C48 (increasing from 9% to 17%). Claw loss in pond C48 males did not increase significantly; however, female claw loss increased approximately two-fold. In May hepatopancreas water content was significantly higher for crayfish from pond 1 when compared to pond C48, suggesting lower energy reserves. During times of environmental stress, such as decreased food availability, decreased structure, low oxygen or temperature extremes, regeneration may influence energy allocation to growth and possibly reproduction, especially if energy reserves are low. Thus, information on the incidence of claw loss and energy reserves in crayfish exposed to different pond conditions may be useful in the design of management strategies.     

基于乡村水塘的生态网络构建及优化调控

鉴于乡村水塘长期得不到重视与保护而导致水塘景观逐渐丧失的现状,通过构建水塘景观生态网络并优化调控途径,对区域水塘景观规划和生态保护具有重要意义。以重庆市梁平区仁贤镇为例,基于2019年遥感影像和高程数据,运用空间统计分析、景观格局指数、水文分析及最小累积阻力模型等方法,探讨水塘空间分布规律并构建水塘景观生态网络。结果表明：(1)水塘空间分布受海拔、坡度和聚落等因素影响,集中分布于低海拔（420.00～447.74 m）、低坡度（0～6°）、邻近聚落（0～40 m）区域;(2)构建水生态网络和生境网络以提供水塘连通性,水塘斑块、汇水节点、自然水系及雨水径流共同构成水生态网络体系,其中雨水径流282条,汇水节点199个,目前仅有40个水塘位于汇水节点处;生境网络体系中,潜在生态廊道351条,主要由农田与林地构成;(3)水塘景观生态优化调控途径可从空间配置、生态网络、生境质量及景观构成4个方面进行。研究结果可为水塘景观保护、小微湿地建设及乡村环境改善提供参考。     

Spreadsheet tool for computing levee pond excavation costs for developing countries

The levee pond is by far the most popular pond type for fish production. The specific object of this study was to develop a tool enabling extension, nongovernmental organization (NGO) agents, contractors and engineers in developing countries for computing levee pond excavation costs. We developed a spreadsheet-based computational tool in English and Spanish on the Microsoft Excel^® platform. Knowing the original land slope and desired pond volume, one may compute excavation amounts that provide an acceptable cut-fill estimates based on a comparison with AutoCAD Civil 3-d^®. The model computes projected costs in user-selected currency. Guidelines are provided for establishing pond bottom elevations and achieving the desired water depth. The model is relevant for small to medium sized levee ponds customarily used in aquacultural production in developing countries.     

Spreadsheet tool for computing levee pond excavation costs for developing countries

The levee pond is by far the most popular pond type for fish production. The specific object of this study was to develop a tool enabling extension, nongovernmental organization (NGO) agents, contractors and engineers in developing countries for computing levee pond excavation costs. We developed a spreadsheet-based computational tool in English and Spanish on the Microsoft Excel^® platform. Knowing the original land slope and desired pond volume, one may compute excavation amounts that provide an acceptable cut-fill estimates based on a comparison with AutoCAD Civil 3-d^®. The model computes projected costs in user-selected currency. Guidelines are provided for establishing pond bottom elevations and achieving the desired water depth. The model is relevant for small to medium sized levee ponds customarily used in aquacultural production in developing countries.     

Shrimp Yields and Economic Potential of Intensive Round Pond Systems

Three intensive growout trials using Penaeus vunnumei were conducted in round ponds in Hawaii in 1987. A 337 m² experimental pond was stocked at 100 shrimp/m² for two trials; a 2,000 m² commercial prototype pond was stocked at 75/m² for one trial. In the experimental pond trials, shrimp survival averaged 88 ± 10% (SE) and feed conversion averaged 2.2 ± 0.2. Growth averaged 1.5 ± 0.3 g/week, yielding 18.2 ± 1.7 gram shrimp in 80 ± 5.5 days. Combined production in the experimental trials was 32,272 kg/ha in 174 days (from stocking of trial 1 to harvest of trial 2). Comparing these results to 1986 results (Wyban and Sweeney 1988), it was concluded that shrimp growth is not affected and production is doubled by increasing stocking density from 45/m² to 100/m². Pooling data from 1986 and 1987, a significant linear regression was obtained when weekly growth of shrimp above four grams individual size was regressed on mean weekly pond temperature: growth = 0.37 * temperature - 8.44, (r²= 0.41; P < 0.01). Multiple regression to examine effects of shrimp size, pond biomass, and shrimp age on the temperature-growth relationship was not significant. In the commercial prototype pond trial, survival was 67% and feed conversion was 2.0. Growth averaged 1.4 g/week, yielding 18.1 gram shrimp in 88 days. Production was 9,120 kg/ha. Individual shrimp size distribution at harvest in the commercial pond was similar to experimental pond results, indicating that shrimp growth in the two systems was comparable. Financial characteristics of a hypothetical 24 pond shrimp farm using these results were determined using an electronic spreadsheet model (hung and Rowland 1987). Feed costs were 40% of total operating costs while postlarvae and labor were 14% and 16% of total operating costs, respectively. Breakeven price (BEP) was far more sensitive to changes in revenuedetermining inputs such as survival and growth than to comparable changes in costdetermining inputs such as feed and postlarvae costs. Together these results suggest that commercial scale round pond production mimics experimental scale production and that round pond technology has commercial potential.     

Density-Dependent Pond Growout of Single Year-Class Cohorts of a Freshwater Crayfish Cherux tenuimanus (Smith) to Two Years of Age

Pond growout of Cherax tenuimanus to two years of age provided data for mean crayfish weight, surviving density and distribution of individual sizes at intervals and final harvest for 12 single year-class cohorts. Final mean size (47–156 g) was most significantly related to surviving density (4.5–0.7/m²). A hyperbolic model with a harvest date variable accounted for 89% of the variation in mean weight. The biological basis of this model is that the reciprocal of density, i.e., pond area per crayfish, represents food supply for a bottom-dwelling crayfish. By incorporating the Richards growth function, the hyperbolic model can be more realistically fitted to include the limit to potential size at very low densities. The growth-density relationship developed after an initial period of 300 days of low growth (to ∼ 10% of final size) and high mortality. Then, mean weight increased rapidly and density stabilized. Final cumulative production (1.401–3,922 kg/ha) and harvest biomass (1,110–2,991 kg/ha) both increased linearly with density. Survival of the total amount of crayfish produced was about 75% at harvest. Although cohort size distributions were positively skewed, the arithmetic mean size employed in the model was very closely and linearly related to the geometric mean of the lognormal distribution, The causal basis and assumptions of the growthdensity model are discussed in relation to resource sharing by individuals and the disproportionate influence of size-related dominance behaviour.     

Heritability estimates for processing and quality traits in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) using a molecular pedigree

Heritability estimates with a microsatellite parentage assignment based pedigree are of special interest in common carp cultured under traditional pond conditions. This method reduces common environment effects as all families can be grown immediately after hatching mixed in the same pond. We applied this method to study genetics of growth and processing traits in common carp at market size (1.5 kg and more). The experimental progeny was established by crossing 147 two-year old males and 8 females (six to eight-year old) of Hungarian synthetic mirror carp population. The fish grew up through three vegetation seasons and at the end a sample of 331 fish was examined for biometrical traits (standard length, body weight, relative head length, relative body height, relative body width), percent fat and processing traits (% processed body, % fillets with skin, % fillets without skin). It was shown that sex had a significant effect on most traits: females were larger and fatter than males, and they had both higher percent processed body and percent fillet with skin. Standard length, body weight, percent fat and relative head length had a high heritability (> 0.5), while relative body height, relative body width, percent processed body and fillet yields had a medium heritability (0.2–0.5). We found relatively high positive genetic correlations between body size (standard length and body weight) and percent fat (0.71 and 0.59, respectively), favourable genetic correlations between body size and percent processed body (0.69 for standard length and 0.74 for body weight) and between body size and fillet yields (0.50–0.77). Genetic correlations between body size and body shape (relative head length, relative body height and relative body width) were weak to moderate, thus selection for better growth should have little impact towards more rotund shape. Relative head length had strong negative correlation (− 0.7 to − 0.9) with percent fat, percent processed body and percent fillet yields. This means that indirect selection for reduced relative head length should be effective in improving of fillet yield.     

Design and development of a geothermal temperature control system for broodstock management of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

A control system was designed to raise and maintain water temperatures within 0.03-ha earthen ponds to a range conducive for spawning (24–30 °C) channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Heating was done during February 2001 to April 2001, when temperatures would have otherwise prohibited spawning (<24 °C). Temperature was increased from 10 °C (ambient) by 2 °C per day, and maintained at 27 °C, by the addition of geothermally warmed water (36 °C). The control system substantially increased the controllability and precision of heating ponds compared to manual operation. Systems were designed to control sets of four ponds. In designing this control system, consideration of biological constraints was essential. Reproduction in channel catfish is most strongly influenced by temperature. Because cold fronts are common during the winter and early spring (January–March), it was essential to ensure that pond temperatures did not fall below the range for spawning. Constraints on the heating rate and temperature variability to maintain fish health and stimulate spawning behavior were considered. Components of the control system included temperature measurement devices (type-T thermocouples), a central electronic control unit, electronic switches and electrically actuated ball valves. In response to the temperature sensed by each thermocouple, the controller sent a message to close or open the valve. When the valve was opened, warm water was added to the pond to increase the average pond temperature. Hardware and algorithm design and initial system testing were the major components of this project. The final design incorporated information on relevant biological parameters and safety features including peak pond temperature, independent aeration and water pressure control mechanisms. Initial results indicate successful control of this biological system, and ongoing studies suggest similar mechanisms may be used for additional control objectives. In particular, this system could be used to vary pond temperatures to study biological responses and to cool ponds by addition of well water during summer months.     

Optimising Denil fishways for passage of small and large fishes

Abstract  An 8-m long experimental fishway was trialled at three different slopes [8.3% (1:12), 14.3% (1:7) and 20% (1:5)] to examine the potential of the single-plane Denil fishway for the passage of small- and large-bodied native fishes in Australia. Fish between 45 and 630 mm ascended the fishway. The lowest slope enabled the full size range of bony herring Nematalosa erebi (Günther), from 45 to 350 mm fork length, to ascend the fishway successfully as well as a higher numerical proportion; 88% at the 8.3% slope compared with 31% at the 20% slope (fish numbers per trial = 33–3936). These results dispel the notion that Denil fishways are inherently poor for small fishes. Manipulating the design parameters of slope, length, width and possibly depth-over-breadth ratio enables Denil fishways to pass a wide size range of fish, which may greatly extend their present application and enable them to make a greater contribution to the rehabilitation of diverse fish communities.     

Finding suitable growth models for turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) in aquaculture 1 (length application)

Growth data of two different commercial turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) strains reared in recirculating aquaculture systems were analysed with the aim to determine the most suitable model for turbot. To assess the model performance three different criteria were used: (1) The mean percentage deviation between the estimated length and actual length; (2) the residual standard error with corresponding degrees of freedom and (3) the Akaike information criterion. The analyses were carried out for each strain separately, for sexes within strains and for a pooled data set containing both strains and sexes. We tested a pre‐selection of six models, containing three to four parameters. Models were of monomolecular shape or sigmoid shape with a flexible point of inflection including the special case of monomolecular shape in defined cases of their parameters. The 4‐parametric Schnute model achieved best fit in 62% of all cases and criteria tested, followed by the also 4‐parametric generalized Michaelis–Menten equation in 48% and the 4‐parametric Janoschek model (38%). The von Bertalanffy growth function achieved only 29%, Brody 24% and a new flexible function 19% best fit. In a 1–1000 day growth‐simulation sigmoid shaped curves were produced by the Schnute model in 71% of cases. The Janoschek and the Michaelis–Menten model each produced sigmoid curves in 57% of all cases. This indicates that a flexible 4‐parametric function reflects the growth curve of turbot the best and that this curve is rather sigmoid than monomolecular shaped.     

Phenotypic plasticity for life history traits in a stream population of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L.

Abstract – The life history traits of breeding size, clutch size, egg size and relative clutch mass were examined for evidence of plasticity within a set of six annual samples of threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L., females from south-central Alaska, USA. Three samples (from 1992, 1996 and 1999) were of stickleback native to, and living within, a stream environment, while three (from 1995, 1996 and 1999) represented fish living within a pond environment recently colonized by the stream stickleback. Significant differences between stream and pond fish were found for all four traits. For most traits, pond-living females showed greater variation both across and within years than did stream-living females. Although extremely rapid evolution within the pond, or genetic drift caused by low founding population size, could not be completely ruled out, trait changes across years in both environments were interpreted as representing adaptive plasticity.     

塘田联作对池塘水质及罗氏沼虾生长的影响

为探索节能减排的池塘养殖新模式,开展了罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)-水稻塘田联作试验。以罗氏沼虾-水稻联作试验塘和罗氏沼虾单养对照塘各1口为研究对象,监测池塘的主要水环境因子动态及罗氏沼虾生长指标,分析塘田联作模式对池塘水质及罗氏沼虾生长的影响。试验塘被改造为养殖区与稻田两部分以模拟塘田联作,每部分面积各占50%。水稻于2018年4月22日机栽完毕,5月12日放养虾苗,6月28日起进行水质和生长监测。结果显示:1)试验期间试验塘平均水温比对照塘低0.82℃;2)试验塘水体无机氮(NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N)、活性磷酸盐-磷(PO43--P)、总悬浮颗粒物(TPM)、颗粒有机物(POM)、颗粒无机物(PIM)浓度、化学需氧量(COD)和变异系数(CV)在整个养殖期间均低于对照塘,且NH4+-N、COD与对照塘差异显著(P<0.05),而对照塘对应水质指标在养殖后期均出现大幅升高;3)试验塘特定生长率和增重率分别为3.07%·d-1和459.40%,而对照塘分别为2.86%·d-1和397.44%。结果表明,塘田联作能降低夏季高温期池塘水温及水体氮(N)、磷(P)浓度与COD,并保持水质稳定,促进罗氏沼虾的生长。     

斑点叉尾鮰基础群体生长和存活性状遗传参数估计

研究估计了斑点叉尾基础群体(G0)体质量、体长和存活性状的遗传参数,为制定育种目标、综合选择指数和选择方法提供基础参数。实验利用5个斑点叉尾引进群体,通过双列杂交和巢式交配设计,产生全同胞和半同胞家系。每个家系内的稚、幼鱼经过中间暂养、个体标记等阶段后,混合放入一个池塘进行生长和存活测试。利用两性状动物模型和公母畜阈模型分别估计生长和存活性状的方差组分和遗传参数。通过最佳线性无偏预测法估计所有个体生长和存活性状的育种值。斑点叉尾基础群体收获体质量和体长遗传力分别为0.41±0.074和0.32±0.064,属于高遗传力水平,并且统计检验显著(P<0.05)。尽管在两性状动物模型中设置标记体质量和标记体长作为协变量进行校正,但是由于加性遗传效应和共同环境效应混淆在一起无法剖分,遗传力估计值偏高。收获体质量和收获体长的表型和遗传相关系数分别为0.93和0.97,表现为高度线性正相关。存活性状的遗传力为0.037±0.016,表现为低遗传力,但统计检验仍达到显著水平(P<0.05)。家系生长(收获体质量和收获体长)和存活性状育种值间的相关系数分别为0.065和0.100,表现为低度线性遗传正相关,并且统计检验不显著(P>0.05)。因此在制定育种方案时,生长和存活性状都可纳入育种目标,利用多性状选择指数方法同时选择。     

Characterization of microbial communities in intensive GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) pond systems during the peak period of breeding

Aquaculture pond is a complex ecosystem where the microorganisms in the sediments, in the animal intestinal tract and in water interact with each other to influence the water quality and health of aquatic animals. In order to understand the spatial distribution and relationship of microbial communities in intensively farmed genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus), 454 high‐throughput pyrosequencing was applied to analyse the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria in intensive GIFT ponds in Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, China. A total of 72 747 initial sequences were obtained from four depths of pond water, from tilapia large intestines and from pond sediment. The most common phylum in all samples was Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria were the most abundant in water, Fusobacteria and Firmicutes in the large intestine and Chloroflexi in sediment samples. The sediment microbial community structure was comparatively similar to that of the tilapia large intestine. The microbial communities from different water depths were somewhat similar, especially the three most shallow samples, although the abundance of Actinobacteria gradually decreased with increased water depth. This data offer a preliminary exploration of the response mechanisms of the bacterial communities to aquafarming and contributes to the understanding of the status of bacterial communities of tilapia pond systems during the peak period of breeding from the aspect of their spatial distributions.     

Seasonal dynamics of fish assemblage in a pond canal

The annual dynamics of fish assemblage in a pond-connecting canal of a South Moravian pond aquaculture facility was studied to reveal potential assemblage effects on pond stocks and vice versa. The species richness of fish assemblage and seasonal dynamics of its development were predominantly dependent upon the fish stock of the interconnected ponds (particularly due to escapees during the period of pond harvesting), which contributed to a considerable increase of commercial fish species occurrence. Using a seasonal parameter, the season proved to have a major impact on fish assemblage dynamics (r = −0.71, P < 0.001). Spring samples were dominated by commercial fishes of aquaculture origin (mainly Cyprinus carpio). Occurrence of several fish species originating from the wild (bleak, Alburnus alburnus, chub, Leuciscus cephalus and roach, Rutilus rutilus) was also reported. The pond canal was found to be an important reservoir site of persistent survival and potential subsequent spreading of some undesirable alien fishes such as topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) and gibel carp (Carrasius auratus). Moreover, more attention should be paid to the potential negative impacts of all fishes of aquaculture origin upon the natural ecosystem and to the adverse effects due to the immigration of wild fish into aquaculture pond farming units.     

Breeding depressions in culture ponds for Malaysian prawns

Breeding depressions constructed by male Malaysian prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, were observed in earthen culture ponds in South Carolina. Depressions ranged from circular to elliptical in shape and the maximum size recorded was 94 × 53 cm and 15 cm deep. Number and size of depressions appeared to be closely related to the size and density of the adult male prawns in the ponds. Night-time observations indicated that sexually ripe females oriented in and around the depressions. Although construction of breeding depressions appears to be common under pond culture conditions, such depressions are not necessary for successful reproduction.