美国濒危物种保护制度及其对我国的启示

美国的濒危物种保护法律制度是极有特色和卓有成效的，其主要内容包括：立法目的和政策、法律实施机构、列名单制度、危险制度、夺取违法制度、栖息地保护方案制度和公民诉讼制度等。而重视对栖息地的保护、政府机构对濒危物种保护负有法定义务以及重视公众参与和司法实施则是对我国物种保护法制建设的重要启示。     

老年人老化态度的研究进展

目的:了解国内外老年人老化态度的研究现状及发展趋势,为今后老化态度的干预研究提供参考依据。方法:采用文献研究法对老化态度的概念、相关理论模型、测评工具、影响因素、以及干预措施等方面进行分析。结果:国外对于老化态度的研究较为充分,而国内的相关研究相对缺乏。结论:可借鉴国外研究经验,从多方面入手分析,提出切实可行的老化态度干预措施,推动我国老年群体实现健康老龄化。     

保护野生禽种资源 发展人工规模养殖

1禁食野生珍禽,保护禽种资源据中国野生动物保护协会公布的一项调查表明,近年来,食用、经营野生动物的现象有所蔓延,一些地方滥捕、滥食野生动物正在形成一种风气,十分令人担忧。据调查,共发现吃食野生动物的种类有53种之多,其中鸟类就有21种,占39.62%。除鸵鸟、蓝孔雀、环颈雉     

野生动物粪便在濒危物种遗传结构研究中的应用

粪便DNA提取的质量与动物的取食、样品采集地的环境温度、粪便的保存方法有着密切的关系。对于含纤维素较高的食物通过动物的肠道时会有较多的肠道细胞脱落，因此可以提高样品中DNA的含量；当样品采集地的环境温度较高时容易使粪样中的DNA降解，将会降低样品中DNA的含量；然而生活在不同生境类型内的动物，应采取不同的粪便保存方法，这样可以提高样品的质量。在粪便DNA提取方法中，常规法是一种简单、省时、经济的方法。随着粪便DNA分析技术的发展，这项技术在将来的濒危物种遗传结构的研究中会得到广泛的应用。     

青海省草地资源及保护利用对策

草地资源是青海省畜牧业生产和广大农牧民赖以生存和发展的物质基础，是青藏高寒生态系统的绿色屏障。爱恶劣气候、超载过牧及人类活动等因素的影响，草地资源遭受了严重的破坏。因此，加强宣传教育，提高保护意识，做好经营管理和结构调整，完善基础设施，健全法律法规．依法进行有效的保护和利用是促进畜牧业经济持续稳步发展的有效途径.     

青海省草地资源及保护利用对策

草地资源是青海省畜牧业生产和广大农牧民赖以生存和发展的物质基础,是青藏高寒生态系统的绿色屏障。受恶劣气候、超载过牧及人类活动等因素的影响,草地资源遭受了严重的破坏。因此,加强宣传教育,提高保护意识,做好经营管理和结构调整,完善基础设施,健全法律法规,依法进行有效的保护和利用是促进畜牧业经济持续稳步发展的有效途径。     

Benefits of obtaining test-negative Level 4 classification for beef producers in the Voluntary Bovine Johne's Disease Control Program

The US Voluntary Bovine Johne's Disease Control Program (VBJDCP) stipulates the national standards for Johne's disease (JD) control, and herds classified as test-negative at Level 4 of the VBJDCP have the greatest likelihood of being non-infected. A questionnaire survey of owners of VBJDCP test-negative Level 4 beef herds was conducted to describe perceived benefits of attaining Level 4 status. Thirty-nine of the 40 producers returned completed or partially completed surveys. Sixty-four percent (23/36) of herds contained 50 or less test eligible cattle. Twenty-seven percent (10/37) of producers reported increased marketing opportunities as a goal for enrollment in the VBJDCP. Classification at test-negative Level 4 status in the VBJDCP led to increased marketing opportunities for more than one-third (13/35) of the producers. Twenty-five percent (9/36) of the producers reported significant and 39% (14/36) marginal benefits (financial and non-financial) as a result of participation in the VBJDCP. The median (range) reported annual benefit was $0 ($0, $10,000), whilst the median (range) annual cost of implementing and sustaining the VBJDCP on ranches was $200 ($0, $5000). It is suggested that greater publicity about the VBJDCP in the beef cattle industry will increase its chances of success by increasing awareness amongst producers concerned about herd health/disease monitoring, and through improved marketing opportunities.     

Toward a practice-based approach to legal education in the veterinary medical curriculum

I have a little dog, a little Maltese dog, Billy Byrd. He is approaching his 14th birthday. If I ever saw in this world anything that was made by the Creator's hand that is more dedicated, more true, more undeviant, more faithful than this little dog, I am at a loss to state what it is . . .We love that little dog. (Robert S. Byrd, U.S. Senator).     

Evaluation of risk and vulnerability using a Disease Flow Centrality measure in dynamic cattle trade networks

A new method for the calculation of a centrality measure (Disease Flow Centrality, DFC), which takes into account temporal dynamics of livestock movement networks, is proposed. The method is based on a network traversal algorithm which represents an epidemic process more realistically compared with traditional graph traversal algorithms used in the calculation of centrality measures on static networks. The new approach was tested on networks generated from all the registered movements of cattle in Italy in the years 2007, 2008 and 2009 and the results were compared to those obtained by classical centrality measures. The results show that DFC values often differ substantially from those of other centrality measures and that these DFC values tend to be more unstable in time. The DFC offers several advantages for assessing risk and vulnerability of specific holdings and of an entire network, using recent movement data from national livestock databases. Some examples also indicate how the basic approach in the DFC calculation could be expanded into a more complex epidemic model by incorporating weights and how it could be combined with a geo-spatial perspective.     

Sensitivity of test strategies used in the Voluntary Johne's Disease Herd Status Program for detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in dairy cattle herds

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate sensitivities at the herd level of test strategies used in the Voluntary Johne's Disease Herd Status Program (VJDHSP) and alternative test strategies for detecting dairy cattle herds infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. DESIGN: Nonrandom cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 64 dairy herds from Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Colorado, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Fifty-six herds had at least 1 cow shedding M. paratuberculosis in feces; the other 8 herds were free from paratuberculosis. PROCEDURE: For all adult cows in each herd, serum samples were tested for antibodies to M. paratuberculosis with an ELISA, and fecal samples were submitted for bacterial culture for M. paratuberculosis. Sensitivities at the herd level (probability of detecting infected herd) of various testing strategies were then evaluated. RESULTS: Sensitivity at the herd level of the testing strategy used in level 1 of the VJDHSP (use of the ELISA to test samples from 30 cows followed by confirmatory bacterial culture of feces from cows with positive ELISA result) ranged from 33 to 84% for infected herds, depending on percentage of cows in the herd with positive bacterial culture results. If follow-up bacterial culture was not used to confirm positive ELISA results, sensitivity ranged from 70 to 93%, but probability of identifying uninfected herds as infected was 89%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that the testing strategy used in the VJDHSP will fail to identify as infected most dairy herds with a low prevalence of paratuberculosis. A higher percentage of infected herds was detected if follow-up bacterial culture was not used, but this test strategy was associated with a high probability of misclassifying uninfected herds.     

保护藏獒资源促进和谐发展

一,追溯历史,清晰定位,藏獒是我国特有的犬种资源 藏獒,是我国藏族同胞历代豢养,用于看家、护畜、助猎的大型猛犬,是中国特有的獒犬品种,在世界大型犬种中具有特殊的地位。它体格高大、刚毅、力大、勇猛、记忆惊人,使人望而生畏。清朝时,意大利画家世宁传教士曾搜集了我国的各种犬资料,绘成了十骏图,有九种犬因多种原因而绝迹,只有藏獒繁衍至今。     

保护我国畜禽品种资源的多样性

本文概述了世界及我国畜禽品种的濒危情况 ,分析造成畜禽品种灭绝的原因和危害 ,提出了保护我国畜禽品种资源多样性的意义和建议     

对猪行为和福利的初探

1前言 早在公元前10 000年,东南亚就可能出现了野猪的驯化（Lekagul和McNeely,1977）。早期农业社会时,猪驯养变得普遍起来,可能是因为猪具有顽强的生命力、性成熟快、产仔数多以及饲喂粗饲料就可以保证维持自身营养需要的优势。     

Toward a better understanding of pig behavior and pig welfare

Pork production began to flourish in the USA after the practice of finishing pigs on corn was popularized in the late 1600s. By the 1840s, there were 35 million pigs and 20 million people in the USA and Cincinnati was the world's largest pork market. Between 1890 and the present, the total number of pigs in the USA has remained at 50-60 million, but dramatic changes in swine husbandry over the course of the 20th century have metamorphosed pig production from small, extensive (outdoor), labor-dependent enterprises into large, intensive (indoor), capital-dependent, production systems. This development has led to debate concerning the impact of swine production on animal/human health, the environment, and the welfare of the animals under our care. In a very tangible way, the future of pork production depends on effectively addressing the public's concerns regarding animal welfare and health. Here, we review basic sensory and behavioral aspects of swine with the objective of reaching a better understanding of pig behavior and pig welfare. The premise of this discussion is that safeguarding animal welfare and health is good for pigs, pork producers and the animal-conscious public.     

春柞蚕稚蚕塑料筒套把保护育生产技术

春柞蚕稚蚕塑料筒套把保护育具有操作便捷、蚕儿生长发育整齐、保苗率高、生产成本低的优点,可以有效减少强风、低温、霜冻和虫鸟兽的危害,提高生产效益。本文介绍了春柞蚕稚蚕把场的选择、塑料筒套把、收蚁等关键技术,总结了该项技术应用中的注意事项。     

Attitudes and practices of Queensland dairy farmers to the control of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus

Objective To determine practices for the control of cattle ticks on dairy farms in Queensland, the attitudes of farmers to tick infestations and to identify opportunities for and barriers against the introduction of non-chemical methods of tick control.
Design A survey of 199 dairy farmers from tick-infested parts of Queensland was undertaken by 20 dairy advisers and stock inspectors from October 1996 to June 1997. The sample was a proportional, random selection of dairy farms from four regions. A personal interview was conducted with each farmer and answers to 134 questions were obtained.
Results and conclusions Most farmers were not concerned by cattle ticks on their own farms, although they believed that ticks are important to the dairy industry. They were most concerned about the development of chemical resistance by cattle ticks. Inadequate facilities and lack of motivation appeared to be the factors most limiting to improving the methods of control. Most farmers claimed to have only small numbers of ticks at worst. Although a control program recom mended by the Queensland Dairyfarmers' Organisation was well regarded by farmers, few had adopted it. Many farmers saw no need to implement a strategic control program.