Electrophoretic heterogeneity of mammalian galactose dehydrogenase

Electrophoretically distinct forms of galactose dehydrogenase were demonstrated in various tissues of the rat. Phylogenetic comparisons revealed considerable variation with species in mammalian liver zymograms; virtually no activity was demonstrable in fish, pigeon, and frog liver. Ontogenetic studies of the rat revealed sequential appearance of liver isoenzymes.     

Dihydroorotic acid dehydrogenase: introduction into erythrocyte by the malaria parasite

Mature, circulating mammalian erythrocytes lack dihydroorotic acid dehydrogenase activity. However, we have detected activity, which appears to reside in an enzyme, in malaria parasites purified from mammalian blood.     

Mitochondrial polyriboadenylate polymerase: relative lack of activity in hepatomas

An enzyme that polymerizes adenylate residues from adenosine triphosphate was prepared from rat liver mitochondria and compared to similar preparations from the mitochondria of three hepatomas. Enzyme activity in the hepatomas was only 1 to 2 percent of that in normal liver.     

中国林蛙六种组织乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的研究

本文应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结合光密度扫描的方法,对中国林蛙6种组织器官的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶进行分析研究,结果表明:存在3种基因(Ldh-A、-B、-C)编码的LDH 同工酶;在不同组织中 LDH 同工酶差异显著,其中心肌以 LDH_2、LDH_1活性最高,骨骼肌、肝脏以及脑组织以 LDH_5活性最高,LDHc 仅出现在肝脏及骨骼肌中。     

低温胁迫下黑龙江林蛙肝脏酶活性变化

初步分析了低温胁迫下黑龙江林蛙肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶(G6PDH)及酯酶(EST)酶活性的变化.结果表明:1℃组的黑龙江林蛙肝脏SOD、LDH-1及EST的酶活性显著高于14℃组(P＜0.05),而2组的LDH、G6PDH及EST总酶比活力无显著性差异.为适应低温环境,黑龙江林蛙肝脏某些酶活性显著增加,维持了机体代谢的稳定.     

乌江上游四川裂腹鱼和昆明裂腹鱼5种同工酶的比较

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳法(PAGE)对四川裂腹鱼和昆明裂腹鱼4种组织(肌肉、肝脏、尾鳍和性腺)的5种同工酶(LDH、MDH、ADH、EST和G-6-PDH)进行比较研究,对5种同工酶在2种鱼的组织分布、位点表达及酶谱表型作了对比分析。结果表明:LDH、MDH、ADH、EST和G6PDH 5种同工酶酶谱表型和酶带的活性在种间和种内不同组织中均表现出一定差异。同时依据其同工酶酶谱表达的复杂性和个体间多样性,探讨功能重复基因和哑基因存在的可能。     

岩原鲤三种同工酶的组织特异性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳,对岩原鲤(Procypris rabaudi)6种组织(眼、脑、心、肝、肾、肌肉)的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、酯酶(EST)3种同工酶进行了初步研究,并对其位点及酶谱表型进行了分析.结果表明,岩原鲤3种同工酶系统具有不同程度的组织特异性.LDH检测到由3个基因位点编码,Ldh-C位点仅在肝脏组织中表达:s-MDH在6种组织中均有表达,其中在肝脏和肾脏中的活性表达较强,m-MDH在脑、心脏、肾脏和肌肉4种组织中均有表达;EST检测到由5个基因位点编码,其同工酶酶谱复杂,Est-2为6种组织的共有谱带,在肝脏中的活性表达较强.     

Galactose conversion to D-xylulose: an alternate route of galactose metabolism

Galactose dehydrogenase, a soluble enzyme of the mammalian liver, catalyzes the conversion of galactose to galactonic acid. This reaction, together with the subsequent formation of 3-ketogalactonic acid which can be decarboxylated to yield d-xylulose, is a newly discovered pathway for the metabolism of galactosee. This pathway may account for the oxidation of galactose observed in pathients with galactosemia.     

Hypoxic coordinate regulation of mitochondrial enzymes in mammalian cells

The effect of hypoxic exposure on various mitochondrial enzymes and on cell mitochondrial genomic content was studied in two types of mammalian cells. Hypoxia depressed the activity of six enzymes to the same degree. The kinetics of depression and of recovery during reexposure to normoxia were statistically similar for three marker enzymes. Despite the global and symmetrical decrease in enzyme activities, mitochondrial DNA remained constant. This suggests either symmetrical loss of mitochondrial enzymes from all mitochondria or complete loss of enzymes from a subpopulation of mitochondria with retention of an intact mitochondrial genome.     

三硝基甲苯对斑马鱼组织ATP酶·乳酸脱氢酶和谷胱甘肽活性的影响

[目的]探讨三硝基甲苯(TNT)对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)组织中酶活性的影响,为评价TNT的毒性效应提供参考。[方法]采用毒性试验方法研究了不同浓度(0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0 mg/L)的TNT对斑马鱼肝和鳃中ATP酶、头中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肝中谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性的影响。[结果]肝和腮组织中的ATP酶活性随浓度的升高而降低;肝中GSH的活性随浓度的升高而升高;头中LDH活性随浓度的升高而降低。酶活随时间的变化规律和随不同浓度的变化规律相同,但变化缓慢。[结论]用斑马鱼肝和腮组织中酶活性作为毒理学指标能较好地评价TNT的毒性效应。     

双须叶须鱼5种组织乳酸脱氢酶和苹果酸脱氢酶的 组织特异性分析

为了解双须叶须鱼的生化遗传特性,采用聚丙烯胺凝胶垂直板电泳对双须叶须鱼5种组织(心脏、眼睛、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏)的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)进行了分析。结果表明,双须叶须鱼LDH同工酶和MDH同工酶具有组织特异性和个体差异性,双须叶须鱼的MDH分为上清液型(s-MDH)和线粒体型(m-MDH)。     

Alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in tissues of the Weddell seal

High activity of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and low activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in adipose tissue of Weddell seals suggest that neutral fat may be assembled there from exogenous sources of fatty acids. Low activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in other tissues tested precludes assignment of the function of fatty-acid synthesis to any specific tissue and emphasizes uniqueness of adipose mass in seals.     

mtDNA A3243G 点突变小鼠模型的建立及其致病机制探讨

    利用显微注射线粒体技术建立转人线粒体小鼠模型,研究外源突变mtDNA在不同组织的分布及遗传规律,探讨mtDNA A3243G点突变对线粒体功能的影响.从健康成人及2型糖尿病患者(携带mtDNA 3243A-G突变)血液标本中分离有活性的线粒体,将其显微注射至小鼠受精卵,胚胎移植,产出仔鼠后利用分子生物学方法检测人mtDNA及mtDNA A3243G点突变.获得嵌合体小鼠后,对其空腹血糖和全血乳酸进行测定,并使用荧光法和比色法分析A3243G点突变小鼠重要脏器组织细胞活性氧生成量(ROS)、线粒体复合酶Ⅰ和Ⅳ活力及线粒体ATP合成活力的变化.研究结果显示:在1只雌性(转健康人线粒体)和2只雄性小鼠(转患者线粒体)中检测到人mtDNA,其中2只雄性小鼠携带mtDNA 3243A-G突变;将嵌和体雌鼠与野生型C57BL/6J 雄鼠交配后,在1只后代仔鼠中检测到人mtDNA;人mtDNA仅在嵌合小鼠的部分组织中表达.在含有mtDNA A3243G突变的组织中发现,线粒体复合酶Ⅰ、Ⅳ活力降低,ATP合成速率下降,ROS水平升高,说明A3243G点突变能损伤线粒体正常功能从而导致疾病的发生.综上所述,本研究利用显微注射法成功建立了嵌和小鼠,引入了致病性的点突变,为线粒体疾病的研究提供了良好的思路.     

Pyruvate dehydrogenase activation in adipocyte mitochondria by an insulin-generated mediator from muscle

Material in a chromatographic fraction from an extract of insulin-treated muscle stimulated pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in addipocyte mitochondria. This action was similar to insulin's activation of the enzyme in a plasma membrane-mitochondria mixture. Neither the chromatographic fraction nor insulin required adenosine triphosphate or magnesium ion (Mg2+), suggesting that both agents acted through a calcium-sensitive phosphatase. This fraction may contain a chemical mediator of insulin action.     

重金属铜暴露对吉富罗非鱼组织残留及抗氧化酶活性的影响

【目的】探讨重金属铜在鱼体内的蓄积情况,并从抗氧化酶活性强弱变化分析铜暴露对鱼体组织造成的损害及其规律,为发展罗非鱼健康养殖提供参考依据。【方法】分别设0(CK)、1.0、2.0、4.0和6.0 mg/L不同铜暴露浓度的养殖水体,进行为期40 d的暴露试验后,取罗非鱼的鳃、肝脏、肾脏、肌肉和肠道组织测定其铜离子含量和抗氧化酶活性。【结果】各铜暴露处理组罗非鱼的肝体比均显著高于CK组(P<0.05,下同)。在相同铜暴露浓度下,罗非鱼各组织富集铜离子的能力排序为肝脏>肠道>肾脏>鳃>肌肉。随着铜暴露浓度的升高,罗非鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性先降低后升高,而肾脏SOD活性先升高后降低;在不同组织中,以肾脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性最强,且随铜暴露浓度升高呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,在2.0 mg/L暴露浓度下其活性最强;丙二醛(MDA)含量在肝脏、肾脏中的变化规律与SOD活性一致,但转折的铜暴露浓度为4.0 mg/L。【结论】铜暴露能够使其富集在罗非鱼的不同组织中,其中以肝脏组织中的富集量最高,肌肉组织中的富集量较低,即对商品罗非鱼主要食用部分影响不明显。铜暴露对罗非鱼的毒害作用主要表现为肝脏和肾脏受损、体内代谢紊乱。     

团头鲂乳酸脱氢酶与苹果酸脱氢酶组织特异性的激光扫描分析

用LKB水平电泳仪,4.4%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶,对10—11月龄团头鲂(全长14—16cm)的11种组织——白肌、晶体、脑、脾、肾、性腺、心、肝、鳍、红血球及血清的乳酸脱氢酶和苹果酸脱氢酶作电泳,再用LKB激光光密度计对同工酶的迁移率及活性作定性定量分析。在不同组织中,同工酶的迁移率和活性有明显的组织特异性。     

中国鲎同工酶组织器官特异性表达

采用垂直聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,分析了中国鲎6种组织器官（肝胰腺、心脏、肠、鳃、肌肉和黄色结缔组织）的乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）、山梨醇脱氢酶（SDH）、酯酶（EST）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、天冬氨酸转化酶（AAT）、苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）和苹果酸酶（ME）等7种同工酶的活性和分布,并对其酶谱的表型进行了分析.结果表明,中国鲎的同工酶系统存在不同程度的组织特异性.乙醇脱氢酶在鳃和黄色结缔组织中不表达;山梨醇脱氢酶在鳃中不表达;酯酶、过氧化氢酶和苹果酸脱氢酶在6种组织器官中均有表达,但表达活性存在差异;而天冬氨酸转化酶Aat-1位点在鳃中不表达.     

Carcinogens 3,4-benzpyrene and 3-methylcholanthrene: induction of mitochondrial oxidative enzymes

Sections of liver from rats injected with 3,4-benzpyrene and 3-methylcholanthrene, when incubated in mediums specific for the histochemical demonstration of mitochondrial oxidative enzymes, show greater activity of several of these enzymes than do sections from control rats. This observation was confirmed by comparison of the staining of mitochondria isolated from the control and from "induced" rats. The fact that an inhibitor of protein synthesis, actinomycin D, effectively diminished the stimulation provided evidence that the stimulation of activity is due to an increase in enzyme synthesis, generally called induction.     

Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes: kinetic properties at high enzyme concentrations

The kinetic properties of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes have been determined at high enzyme concentrations. Spectrophotofluorometric assays revealed that the extent of substrate inhibition of LDH-1 and LDH-5 depends on enzyme concentration. At high enzyme concentrations, in the range of those that exist in most mammalian cells, no inhibition by pyruvate occurred. Pyruvate concentrations up to and including 20.0 millimoles per liter were used for each isozyme at 25 degrees and 40 degrees C at pH 7.0 and 7.4. These results suggest that substrate inhibition of LDH may not occur in vivo but only in vitro after appreciable dilution from physiologic enzyme concentrations. These experiments provide further evidence against the theory that substrate inhibition of LDH-1 in vivo accounts for the distribution of LDH isozymes within various tissues. They raise the possibility that, for other enzymes, kinetic properties determined at highly dilute concentrations in vitro may also be quite different from kinetic properties at the much higher concentrations that exist in vivo.     

RNA required for import of precursor proteins into mitochondria

A cytoplasmic RNA moiety is necessary for posttranslational uptake of nuclear-encoded mammalian proteins destined for the mitochondrial matrix. Post-translational addition of ribonuclease to a reticulocyte lysate-programmed cell-free translation mixture inhibited subsequent import of six different mitochondrial matrix enzyme precursors into rat liver mitochondria. The required RNA is highly protected, as indicated by the high concentrations of ribonuclease necessary to produce this inhibition. The dependence of the inhibitory effect on temperature, duration of exposure to ribonuclease, and availability of divalent cations is characteristic of the nuclease susceptibility of ribonucleoproteins. The ribonuclease-sensitive component was found in a 400-kilodalton fraction which contains the mitochondrial protein precursors.