辽宁林业科技2002年总目次

统一思想　再鼓干劲　誓夺辽宁林业的新辉煌陈天民 1 -Ⅰ…………………………………………………试验研究白石砬子自然保护区森林植被和主要树种分布的环境解释袁永孝 ,郭水良 ,曹同 ,等 1 - 1…………………中国的副姬蜂属 (膜翅目 :姬蜂科 )及三新记录种盛茂领 ,侯传生 ,娄　杰 1 - 7………………………………栗山天牛幼虫期空间分布型的研究季长龙 ,高　纯 1 - 9………………………………………………………树栖型苍鹭幼鸟练飞习性的观察高　欣 ,刘明玉 1 - 1 2…………………………………………………………日本落叶松原产地种源与次生…     

一生不停地在空中飞翔的鸟

一般鸟类飞翔的目的都是为了捕食或迁徙,达到目的后便停留休息或归巢。而有2种鸟类却与众不同,它们的一生几乎都在空中不停地飞翔。一种叫黑海燕的海鸟,从幼鸟离窝后开始就在空中不停地飞,最长的可连续在空中飞行10年。另一种是叫楼燕的陆地鸟,也是自离窝后就不停地飞,最长的可连续在空中飞行4年。黑海燕和楼燕都具有强劲的翅膀和特殊的生活本领,它们在空中吃喝,就连睡觉和交配也在空中。它们一生中只有在筑巢育雏时才落到地面。有人计算过它们的飞行能力,以楼燕为例,一只楼燕从会飞到第1次落地筑巢,仅这一段时间内,它就不间断地飞了50多万…     

苍鹭繁殖生态习性研究

1998、1999年2～10月，在辽宁省朝阳县苏家营子对苍鹭的繁殖生态习性进行了观察研究。该鸟在辽宁省为夏候鸟，每年最早2月26日迁来，最晚9月28日迁离，居留期210d左右，产卵始期为3月21日，隔日1枚，窝卵数5—7枚，产出第1枚卵后开始孵化，孵化期24～26d，孵化率为92．3％。幼鸟为晚成鸟，育雏期40d左右。     

谈航空护林飞行观察学员带飞的四个阶段

航空护林是森林防火的先进手段,飞行观察员是航空护林监测和扑救火灾的具体实施者。飞行观察员的培训、带飞是航空护林专业队伍建设的重要内容。飞行观察学员,经过招收体检、理论培训考试合格后,便开始转入飞行观察带飞训练。带飞训练可分以下四个阶段进行:1制定带飞计划带飞教员根据行业主管部门、学员单位要求及本航站飞机配备情况,制定出合理可行的带飞计划,确定带飞原则和带飞方法,并报行业主管部门(东北航空护林中心)批准后实施。2带飞计划实施带飞原则:学员多飞多练;教员随时指导;定期检查。带飞方法:带飞教员做好飞行前指导准备;飞行…     

白JiLing和金翅雀巢外育幼的研究

1993年－1998年，在山西省沁水县张马地区，对白JiLing(Motacilla alba）和金翅雀（Carduelis sinica）的巢外育幼进行了观察研究。内容包括亲乌巢外衔食喂幼鸟期、幼鸟离巢后分布、活动情况及成活率等。结果表明：白JiLing巢外育幼期5d-7d，幼鸟巢外死亡率54.3%；金翅雀巢外育幼期6d-8d，幼鸟巢外死亡率为51.6%。     

白鶏鸰和金翅雀巢外育幼的研究

1993年— 1 998年 ,在山西省沁水县张马地区 ,对白 ( Motacilla alba)和金翅雀 ( Carduelissinica)的巢外育幼进行了观察研究。内容包括亲鸟巢外衔食喂幼鸟期、幼鸟离巢后分布、活动情况及成活率等。结果表明 :白巢外育幼期 5d～ 7d,幼鸟巢外死亡率 54.3% ;金翅雀巢外育幼期 6 d～ 8d,幼鸟巢外死亡率为 51 .6 %。     

白鹡鸰和金翅雀巢外育幼的研究

1993年-1998年,在山西省沁水县张马地区,对白鹡鸰(Motacilla alba)和金翅雀(Carduelis sinica)的巢外育幼进行了观察研究.内容包括亲鸟巢外衔食喂幼鸟期、幼鸟离巢后分布、活动情况及成活率等.结果表明白鹡鸰巢外育幼期5 d～7 d,幼鸟巢外死亡率54.3%;金翅雀巢外育幼期6 d～8 d,幼鸟巢外死亡率为51.6%.     

抗性褐飞虱的综合治理技术

从褐飞虱在中国的发生危害出发,分析了褐飞虱的抗药性机理,从农业防治、生物防治、化学防治3个方面对抗性褐飞虱的综合治理进行了探讨.     

StudiesontheUltrastructureofFlightMuscleinAdultDendrolimustabulaeformi

本研究利用透射电子显微镜对油松毛虫成虫飞翔肌超显微结构进行了观察．结果表明，油松毛虫成虫具有善于飞翔的超显微结构；初羽化时，肌纤维中的肌节及线粒体发育已基本成熟；但肌纤维中的横管系统则是随着蛾龄的增加而明显变化，可以肯定成虫的飞翔能力与肌纤维的横管系统密切相关；从飞翔肌的基本结构来看，羽化后１～３日龄为油松毛虫成虫的最适飞翔阶段，这与室内成虫吊飞模拟实验相一致；同日龄吊飞与未吊飞的成虫，其飞翔肌结构基本一致，所以油松毛虫成虫飞翔与否对其飞翔肌的发育无明显影响．     

山区飞防作业应注意的几个技术问题

对山区飞防作业应注意的几个技术问题进行了探讨，确定了山区飞防用药应选择生物农药为主，明确了山区作业区的选择原则、飞防作业气象条件要求、飞防作业方式和航带设计方法、山区喷洒方式以及信号设置要求。     

微山湖喜鹊和池鹭巢址选择的研究

2011年3～5月使用直接观察法对微山湖新薛河湿地内的鸟类巢穴进行调查,共发现鸟类巢穴90个,其中喜鹊Pi-ca pica巢36个,池鹭Ardeola bacchus巢54个,其他鸟类的巢穴2个。对影响鸟类巢址选择的因素进行了分析,结果显示距水源的距离、营巢树高和营巢树是影响喜鹊巢址选择的主导因子,次要因子是巢距地面高度、距公路的距离和人为干扰状况,再次是巢分支数;距公路的距离、巢距地面的高度、营巢树胸径和营巢树高是影响池鹭巢址选择的主导因子,次要因子是距水源的距离、人为干扰状况和巢分支数。     

白腰鹊鸲的繁殖生态研究

指出了白腰鹊鸲是广泛分布于南亚和东南亚的雀形目鸣禽,其鸣声清脆悦耳,但目前中国还没有关于白腰鹊鸲的繁殖生态学研究。白腰鹊鸲繁殖期间是利用已有洞资源来筑巢的次级洞巢鸟,通过放置人工竹筒巢及繁殖期的观察,对白腰鹊鸲的巢址选择、窝卵数、卵情况、繁殖失败因素等进行了调查研究。结果表明:白腰鹊鸲的繁殖季为每年的3月下旬到7月下旬,繁殖高峰期为4~6月份;白腰鹊鸲窝卵数一般为4枚,单枚卵重3.18±0.27g;白腰鹊鸲一个完整的育雏周期为26±2 d,其中孵化周期为15±1 d,育雏周期为11±3 d。巢材的植物包括14科18属20种,主要营巢材料包括羽叶金合欢(Acacia pennata)、托叶黄檀(Dalbergia stipulacea)、铁刀木(Senna siamea)。巢址距道路最近距离为20.72±16.34 m,距离房屋最近距离为31.29±19.11 m,巢高为1.27±0.4 m。白腰鹊鸲巢失败的主要因素为巢被捕食。     

利用挂鸟巢招引益鸟防治森林食叶害虫试验

通过对不同的鸟巢类型、在不同坡位悬挂鸟巢招引益鸟防治食叶害虫试验,结果表明:对于大山雀式、寒鸦式,鸟巢悬挂2个.hm-2招引率高,选择在阳坡及阳缓坡,树高4～6 m处悬挂鸟巢效果最佳。间伐地块,翌年鸟巢随即挂上,可提高招引率,降低虫口密度。通过悬挂鸟巢有效地控制了落叶松人工林内食叶害虫的危害。     

稠李巢蛾丝巢和幼虫空间分布型的研究

稠李巢蛾是一种重要的食叶害虫，主要危害稠李、苹果、卫矛、樱桃等植物。Cassie指标、扩散系数、丛生指数和M*/M的计算结果表明：稠李巢蛾丝巢和幼虫的空间分布格局为聚集分布，聚集的基本单位为个体群；丝巢在树冠上的分布格局为聚集分布型，幼虫在丝巢中的分布格局为聚集分布型，聚集的程度不高，并有向随机分布变化的趋势。     

Nest site selection of white-naped crane （Grus vipio） at Zhalong National Nature Reserve,Heilongjiang, China

White-naped crane （Grus vipio） is a globally threatened spe- cies. It is very important to analyze its nest site selection in circum- stances where there are multiple disturbances, and also helpful to accu- mulate valuable information about this threatened species and supply scientific suggestions for conservation and management. We studied nest site selection and the effects of environmental variables on nesting habits of white-naped crane at Zhalong National Nature Reserve, Qiqihar City, Heilongiiang, China, during March-May of 2002-2008. White-naped crane responded and adapted to changes in the quality of the spatial environments of landscape and microhabitat under multiple environ- mental disturbances. Nest site selection included two scales and two choices, namely the choice of nest site habitat type within the macro-habitat scale and nest site micro-habitat selection within the mi- cro-habitat scale. Nest sites were recorded only in reed marshes. The choice of nest site micro-habitat included three basic elements and six factors, namely incubation element （nest parameters factor, incubation temperature factor and incubation humidity factor）, safety element （pro- tection factor and concealment factor）, and food element （water factor）. Water, remnant reed clusters, and fire were major resource management challenges during the breeding period for the white-naped crane in this Reserve.     

Changes in foraging behavior of two species of field mice,Apodemus speciosus Temminck andA. argenteus Temminck (Rodentia: Muridae), in the response to artificial illumination

Predation hazard is one of the most important factors that affect foraging behavior. Light intensity is an indirect measure of a predation hazard for nocturnal rodents. In 1988 and 1989, I conducted laboratory experiments to reveal the effects of the predation hazard on foraging behavior of two species of field mice,Apodemus speciosus Temminck andA. argenteus Temminck (Rodentia: Muridae), which co-exist in many areas in Japan. I released a mouse into the experimental arena, where I set one nest box and two food stations (one near and the other far from the nest box), and recorded the foraging behavior for sixA. speciosus and sixA. argenteus mice. I planned to illuminate the experimental arena when the mouse left the nest box to mimic a predation hazard during excursion. The light treatment decreased the time the mouse spend outside the nest box, the duration of an excursion, the number of visits to the food station far from the nest box, and the number of peanuts handled at the food station far away. Mice handled food more intensely at the food station near to the nest box and tended to carry more foods back to the nest box and eat them there during the light treatment period than the control period. These behavioral changes, which seemed to be adaptive to avoid the predation hazard in the field, were more apparent in smaller mice,A. argenteus, than larger mice,A. speciosus.     

江苏盐城沿海地区繁殖季节几种水鸟的数量及分布研究Ⅰ

１９９８年６月,江苏盐城沿海地区黑嘴鸥（Ｌａｒｕｓ ｓａｕｎｄｅｒｓｉ）平均巢密度为１．０６只／ｈｍ＾２（ＸＤ＝０．８２,ｎ＝１０）,有卵巢密度为０．７１只／ｈｍ＾２（ＸＤ＝０．７１,ｎ＝１０）。巢区上空黑嘴鸥成鸟数量与样带内巢密度及有卵巢数之间有显著相关性（Ｒ＝０．９８９和０．９７８）,虽然黑嘴鸥营群巢繁殖,但在集中繁殖区内,黑嘴鸥巢向均匀分布方向偏离随机分布（Ｒ＝１．１０１）。根据黑嘴鸥集中繁     

Habitat use and nest success of scrub-shrub birds in wildlife and silvicultural openings in western Massachusetts,USA

Many conservationists are concerned about reports of declining populations of scrub-shrub birds. Wildlife opening management, involving repeatedly burning or mechanically treating early-successional stands, is one strategy for creating habitat for these species, but this practice is costly. Some silvicultural treatments also create scrub-shrub habitat and have the advantage of potentially generating revenue, but the relative effectiveness of wildlife opening management and silviculture for creating bird habitat is not known. During 2004 and 2005, we compared scrub-shrub bird abundance, nest success, and habitat characteristics between wildlife and silvicultural openings in western Massachusetts to determine whether the habitats created by these practices are equivalent for birds. We recorded 1927 detections of 31 scrub-shrub bird species during the course of the study and monitored 368 nests. We found that although most species were present in both treatments, many differed in abundance between wildlife and silvicultural openings, including several species of high conservation concern. These differences were attributable to differences in habitat characteristics between treatments. The overall probability of a nest surviving to fledging was 0.43, and did not differ between wildlife and silvicultural openings. Our results indicate that the habitat quality of wildlife and silvicultural openings is not equivalent for scrub-shrub birds, but the two management approaches serve as complementary strategies for maintaining these declining species.     

Distribution and nest site selection of red-shouldered hawks (Buteo lineatus) in forests of northeastern Wisconsin (USA)

Red-shouldered hawks (Buteo lineatus) are threatened in Wisconsin and when nest sites are found during the cruising or marking stage of timber harvesting, the harvest is altered to accommodate the hawks. If nest site locations are known before initiation of timber harvest, foresters can employ a proactive approach to manage red-shouldered hawks while maintaining timber production. We searched for red-shouldered hawks nest sites on Marinette County Forest (MCF) which encompasses 94,000 ha in northeastern Wisconsin and is the second largest county forest in the state. We used a comparative modeling approach to evaluate distribution and habitat relationships of red-shouldered hawk nest sites in relation to a suite of environmental variables in MCF. Models were used to develop forest management recommendations for red-shouldered hawks in Wisconsin. During the spring of 2006 and 2007, we broadcasted conspecific calls to survey 1121 calling stations along forest roads and trails. We located 20 and 25 active nesting territories in 2006 and 2007, respectively (11 of which were active in both years). To understand nest site selection, we measured 22 habitat variables within 0.04-ha plots at active nest sites (n = 34) and at stratified random sites (n = 61). Logistic regression with information-theoretic model selection identified a model including greater tree species richness and closeness to forested wetland as the best-approximating model. Variable selection with Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) indicated that nest selection was best explained by greater number of tree species, closer distance to forested wetlands, greater volume of downed woody debris, fewer small sawlogs, and increased proximity to streams. Univariate comparisons identified four of the five aforementioned variables in the DFA model as significant. Red-shouldered hawks are likely more common in Wisconsin than their state status suggests. Forest management for red-shouldered hawk nest sites should focus on increasing tree species richness, increasing down woody debris volume, and protecting forested wetlands. These recommendations may assist property managers to locate and plan for continued persistence of this species on MCF.