奶业生产的第一车间

奶牛是一种高效的牧草转化器,它可以将人类无法利用的纤维转化成营养价值非常高的肉和奶。对奶业生产来讲,粗料和精料的生产属于第一层次生产,而牛奶的生产则应属于第二层次生产,要以第一层次生产为基础。近20年来,我国在奶牛繁殖育种、饲养管理和疫病防治等方面的技术已较成熟;通过培育和引进,已有高产品种资源和高产群体。而奶业生产的第一车间——粗饲料的生产却一直处于滞后状态。目前除少数     

液体酶的稳定性及生物学效价的体外评定

芩研究测定4种液体酶(编号为L1、L2、L3、L4)中木聚糖酶的最适pH值范围、在猪胃液中的稳定性、3种温度(20、35、50℃)下的贮存稳定性,同时对这4种液体酶对麸皮与脱水玉米酒糟及可溶物(DDGS)的纤维体外降解能力进行了评估.结果表明L1、L2、L3、L4中木聚糖酶的原始酶活分别为4349、5042、18749、9314U/mL;在pH值为3.5时,L2的相对活性最高,其他酶在pH为5.5时相对活性最高.在猪胃液中保存8 h后,各酶中木聚糖酶的剩余活性依次为27.95%、46.39%、71.26%、61.26%.在20℃下贮存10周后,L1、L2、L3、L4中木聚糖酶的剩余酶活分别是47.32%、63.84%、83.12%、73.79%;在35℃下贮存10周后,其剩余酶活分别是6.95%、43.34%、29.87%、20.06%;在50℃贮存8周后,各液体酶的木聚糖酶都基本失活.4种液体酶对麸皮中的NDF的降解率均较佳,L2、L4时DDGS中NDF、麸皮和DDGS中半纤维素的降解率相对更高.     

The steady-state pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of carprofen administered orally and subcutaneously in dogs

Eighteen male Beagle dogs were randomized to oral (p.o.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) carprofen administration in a two-sequence, two-period crossover design with a 10-day washout between periods. Twenty-five milligrams of carprofen was administered p.o. or s.c. every 12 h for 7 days. Plasma concentrations of carprofen collected after the first and last treatments were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Carprofen concentration data were natural log transformed and geometric means were calculated for maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0--12) following the first dose and Cmax and AUC0--12 following administration of the last dose. Formulations were considered bioequivalent if the 90% confidence interval (CI) of the mean difference for each variable between formulations were within -20% and 25% of the oral formulation. The mean Cmax and AUC0--12 were 16.9 microg/mL and 73.1 microg. h/mL, respectively, following a single oral dose and 8.0 microg/mL and 64.3 microg x h/mL, respectively, following a single s.c. injection. The 90% CI for Cmax (-56.8 to -48.7%) was outside of the bioequivalence criteria whereas the 90% CI for AUC0--12 (-16.3 to -7.5%) was within the bioequivalence criteria. At steady-state, the mean Cmax and AUC0--12 were 18.7 microg/mL and 101.9 microg x h/mL, respectively, following p.o. administration and 14.7 microg/mL and 111.0 microg x h/mL, respectively, following s.c. injection. The 90% CI was outside the bioequivalence criteria for Cmax (-30.8 to -10.8) but within the bioequivalence criteria for AUC0--12 (2.3-15.9%). The results of this study indicate that peak plasma concentrations of carprofen differ when administered p.o. and s.c., but that total drug exposure following a single dose and at steady-state are bioequivalent.     

Analysis of workshop antibodies to null cells on a non-T/non-B lymphocyte population

Non-T and non-B lymphocytes (null cells) were obtained by Sephadex G-10 depletion followed by treatment with mAbs to CD2 and MHC class II and complement. The enriched cells were principally CD5dim and contained greatly increased numbers of null lymphocytes. This methodology will be useful for null lymphocyte enrichment in examining cell surface molecules and functional attributes of null lymphocytes.     

The Zodiak workshop: an innovative model for teaching financial management through partnership with industry

The National Commission on Veterinary Economic Issues (NCVEI) is working to enhance the non-technical skills, knowledge, aptitudes, and attitudes (SKAs) of veterinarians. This report describes the development of an innovative model for teaching the principles of financial management as they apply to the veterinary practice. Zodiak: The Game of Business Finance and Strategy is a "business literacy" game in which players work together in small teams (generally four people) to run a fictional multi-million-dollar company called Zodiak Industries for three "years" in order to learn principles of business finance and strategy. After finishing the 4.5-hour game, participants spend the rest of the workshop making the right "Connections"-exercises designed to connect what they have learned to business strategies, financial statements, and operational tactics drawn from veterinary practice. Issues addressed for the veterinary practice, with parallels drawn to Zodiak, included return on owner investment in a veterinary practice (vs. salary drawn by owner veterinarians); pricing (setting prices, price elasticity of demand, and relationships between volume, quality, and price); human resources and operations management as they relate to profitability and efficiency; cash flow and management of accounts receivable; and commonly used financial benchmarks. Workshop venues have included Michigan State University, The Ohio State University, the University of Illinois, and Purdue University. Financial and in-kind support were provided through partnership with Pharmacia Animal Health (now Pfizer Animal Health) and Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc. Through course evaluations, participants generally rated the workshop high as an educational experience and indicated that the most important things learned were related to financial management (principles, terminology, and methods). The most enjoyable aspects of the workshop tended to be group discussions, teamwork, the dynamic/interactive environment, and the "game" atmosphere. Based on these experiences, the Zodiak workshop provides a useful model for teaching career development and practice management topics to veterinary students. The business simulation in a workshop format was especially useful for teaching these "non-mainstream" topics, as traditional classroom lecture approaches might not have engaged students sufficiently to achieve effective learning. In addition, the partnership developed between academia and industry offered substantial benefits to both parties. Similar educational approaches should be considered for additional aspects of the non-technical SKAs.     

Reactivity of the workshop monoclonal antibodies with ovine bone marrow cells and bone marrow-derived monocyte/macrophage and mast cell lines

The workshop monoclonal antibodies were tested by flow cytometry for reactivity against: (1) ovine bone marrow cells, (2) cultured bone marrow-derived monocyte/macrophage cell lines and (3) cultured bone marrow-derived mast cell lines. Both single and two-colour immunofluorescence tests were performed. The results of these analyses are presented and discussed.     

创业视角下校企一体实训工作室运行机制研究与实践

根据我国当前高校实训教学发展情况,以及国家所提倡的大学生创业视角来看,高校所提出的校企一体实训工作室教学方式,是现阶段我国高校学生技能积累的主要形式与手段。本文笔者结合自身在高校当中的工作经验,对创业环境中的校企一体实训工作室运行机制进行详细的分析,望给予当代高校校企一体实训工作室运行机制的建立与发展提供有效的参考。     

The bioequivalence of a single intravenous administration of the anesthetic alfaxalone in cyclodextrin versus alfaxalone in cyclodextrin plus preservatives in cats

To demonstrate the bioequivalence of alfaxalone in cyclodextrin (Reference Product) to a formulation of alfaxalone in cyclodextrin also containing the preservatives ethanol, chlorocresol, and benzethonium chloride (Test Product) when administered for the purpose of inducing anesthesia in the cat. Blinded, single‐dose, randomized, two‐period, two‐sequence, cross‐over bioequivalence study with a 7‐day washout period between treatments. Twenty‐four (12 neutered males and 12 intact females), healthy, adult cats weighing 4.1±0.9 kg. Cats were administered 5 mg/kg IV of alfaxalone in the Reference or Test Product using a randomized cross‐over design. One‐milliliter venous blood samples were collected at predetermined time points to 12 hr after drug administration to determine alfaxalone plasma concentration over time. Alfaxalone concentrations were determined by a validated analytical testing method using HPLC‐MS/MS. Plasma profiles of alfaxalone concentration against time were analyzed by noncompartmental analysis. The pivotal variables for bioequivalence were AUC_last and C_max. Equivalence was achieved if the 90% confidence interval for AUC_last and C_max fell into the asymmetric ±20% interval (0.80–1.25). Physiological variables, quality of anesthesia visual analog scale (VAS) scoring and anesthetic event times were recorded. ANOVA or ANCOVA (single time point), RMANOVA or RMANCOVA (multiple time point) was used for normally distributed data. GLIMMIX was used for nonnormally distributed data. VAS scores were analyzed as for blood bioequivalence data. Variables were evaluated for safety and assessed at alpha = 0.10. C_max and AUC_last for Reference and Test Products were statistically bioequivalent. No physiological variables except for a drug by time interaction for respiratory rate differed between treatment groups, and this difference was not clinically relevant. No anesthetic event times or VAS scores for quality of anesthesia were different between treatment groups. Neither formulation caused pain upon injection. The Reference and Test Products are pharmaceutically bioequivalent formulations when administered as a single intravenous administration for the purpose of induction of anesthesia in cats.     

In this issue – January/February 2010

Septic osteomyelitis in foals  ·  Partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide during general anaesthesia in horses  ·  Mastocytoma in digital flexor tendons of a horse  ·  Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia in dogs  ·  Spotted fever group rickettsial antibodies in cats and dogs in Tasmania  ·  Consequences of false-positive results for Chlamydophila abortus in Australian sheep for the rejection of breeder sheep for export  ·  Femoral diaphysis fractures in cattle  ·  Haemolytic anaemia in cattle in New South Wales associated with Theileria infections  ·  Stimulation test for determining the steroidogenic capacity of the parrot testis  ·  Seminoma in a black rhinoceros