10种鸟消化系统的比较研究

为了弄清鸟类消化系统形态结构与食性的关系,2005年3~7月对陇东学院和西峰市郊10种野生鸟的消化系统进行了解剖观察。结果表明,鸟的喙和舌因种类、食性和采食方式不同有很大的差异,鸟类消化道的形态特征与其食性密切相关:大白鹭的消化管最长,是体长的2.59倍,斑鸠、石鸡、环颈雉的消化管次之,是体长的2.39~2.45倍,白头鹎、北红尾鸲、白脊鸟令鸟、大山雀、椋鸟和灰伯劳的消化管最短,是体长的0.88~1.51倍;环颈雉、石鸡的嗉囊、肌胃和盲肠均非常发达,白头鹎、北红尾鸲、白脊鸟令鸟、大山雀、灰椋鸟、灰伯劳的嗉囊、肌胃、盲肠退化、消失。对其嗉囊、肌胃内容物剖检发现,大白鹭为肉食性鸟类,斑鸠、环颈雉、石鸡为植食性鸟类,白头鹎为杂食性鸟类,北红尾鸲、大山雀、白脊鸟令鸟、灰椋鸟、灰伯劳为食虫性鸟类。     

哺乳类和鸟类动物隐孢子虫交叉感染试验研究

为了明确哺乳类和鸟类宿主隐孢子虫能否交叉感染，分别从鸡、兔、小白鼠、鸭、鹌鹑分离到隐孢子虫进行交叉感染。结果，从鸡分离的隐孢子虫卵囊能感染鸭、鹌鹑、麻雀，而不能感染鸽、大白鼠、小白鼠、兔，从鸭分离的卵囊能感染鸡，从兔、小白鼠分离的卵囊不能感染鸡、鹌鹑，从鹌鹑分离的卵囊不能感染兔、大白鼠、小白鼠和鸡。提示隐孢子虫在宿主纲水平上有宿主特异性。     

Morphometry of the heart of greater rhea (Rhea americana americana,Linnaeus, 1758)

Heart diseases in birds are frequent and generate significant production disorders. Morphometry is a valuable tool to provide fundamental information about heart conditions. Few studies have addressed morphological aspects of the heart of ratite birds, such as the Greater rhea. The present study aimed to analyse rhea heart morphometry, comparing young and adult subjects, in order to provide relevant information for the diagnosis of heart disease in this species. Hearts of young (n = 10) and adult (n = 10) female rheas were used in this research. Heart length and width and sternum length were measured using a caliper. Heart length and width and sternum length in adults were approximately three times greater than in young individuals. The left ventricular wall (LVW) was thicker than the right ventricular wall (RVW) at all ages, and the RVW was thicker in adults when compared to young subjects. The basal and middle RVW regions thicken with advancing age, and the thickness of the interventricular septum (ISW) occupies an intermediate position between the LVW and RVW. In general, an increase in rhea heart thickness and size relative to age is observed. The morphometric variations between young and adult rhea hearts observed in the present study may serve as a comparative subsidy for the diagnosis of cardiac abnormalities observed in this species.     

饲料酵母在畜禽饲养上的运用及作用机理的探讨

本文通过饲料酵母在畜禽上运用的实例,论述了饲料酵母对畜禽的营养作用－－较高的粗蛋白及氨基酸含理、丰富的维生素及多种消化酶类,重点探讨了饲料酵母对畜禽的保健作用;酵母可改善动物胃肠道的微生态环境,促进动物体的免疫机能,还可直接与某些肠道病原微生物结合。中和毒素。     

野生鸟类与禽流感

野生鸟类是生态系统中不可缺少的组成部分，近年来频频发生的禽流感事件及其流行特点显示禽流感的发生与野鸟活动存在一定关系。本文介绍禽流感及近期流行特点与野生鸟类关系，并就防控禽流感保护野生鸟类提出一系列建议和方法。     

A pathological study of an enzootic paradontal disease of mature sheep

Extract

Paradontal disease is a general name applied to disease processes involving the tissues which surround teeth. Anatomically, these tissues (see Fig. 1) ; comprise the gum margin, the gingival crevice or sulcus, and the epithelial attachment and subgingival epithelium. Diseases of these tissues are .termed marginal gingivitis. Next is the bony alveolus lined by the periodontal membrane which serves both as periostium to the alveolus and cement layer of the tooth, and, by virtue of fibrous bands, as an anchor for the tooth in the alveolus. Disease processes in this membrane are termed periodontitis or paradenitis. When the alveolar hone is involved, the appropriate name, is given—e.g., alveolar ostitis, which is commonly, rarefying (alveolar atrophy), or osteomyelitis. For all practical purposes, these paradontal tissues may be considered as a single unit, as a disease process originating in any one of these tissues invariably involves the others, either, simultaneously or consecutively, resulting in general involvement of all the paradontal tissues in the condition often called alveolar pyorrhoea.     

青海省畜禽资源与畜牧业的发展探讨

青海是全国重要的畜牧业基地之一。主要表现在：可利用草场面积、年末大牲畜头数、头只数、肉用牛羊出栏数及产肉量、活畜产品在全国占有重要地位。因而对青海畜禽资源的优势现状及其畜牧业发展的研究,是很有必要的,它将为促进我国、我省国民经济的发展具有十分重要的意义。     

白冠长尾雉等鸟类感染大肠杆菌的诊治

通过对患病白冠长尾雉、红腹锦鸡、褐马鸡等观赏鸟类临床观察、剖检,并结合病原微生物分离培养、革兰氏染色镜检以及生化试验鉴定,初步诊断为大肠杆菌病.本次病例表明,不同品种观赏鸟类间可以相互感染大肠杆菌病,通过对症治疗,可以有效控制病情.     

日粮中不饱和脂肪酸对畜禽免疫影响的研究进展

日粮中的不饱和脂肪酸在一定程度上影响畜禽的免疫反应,本文主要从不饱和脂肪酸对淋巴细胞膜,淋巴细胞增殖,体液免疫,淋巴细胞及免疫器官这五方面的影响作一综述。     

鸟类定向:罗盘系统的多源线索整合与校准(英文)

候鸟可以运用多种定向线索来确定并保持其运动方向,目前已知它们可以使用至少3种罗盘线索,即太阳、恒星及地磁。这些外部线索之间存在怎样的层级关系仍有争议,而他们又是如何校准至一致的参照方向也所知甚少。近年的研究中,有些研究者认为候鸟用日落信息校准地磁罗盘,其他研究者则由于未能观察到这一现象而持否定意见。本文仔细评述了先前研究,认为天生的种间差异是造成各研究者意见不一致的原因,并对种间差异作了详解。     

A survey of gastro-intestinal parasitic infection in domestic and wild birds in Chittagong and Greater Sylhet,Bangladesh

A survey of gastrointestinal parasitic infection as determined by faecal examination was conducted among domestic and wild birds in Bangladesh. Birds were sampled from households, wet markets and wetlands in Chittagong and Greater Sylhet districts during April 2012 to February 2013. Mist nets were used to catch resident wild and migratory birds. The overall prevalence of parasitic infection ranged among locations from 25 to 55% in indigenous domestic ducks (live bird samples = 304), 20% in resident wild birds (environmental faecal samples = 40) and 40% in migratory birds (live bird samples = 35). The prevalence of parasitic infection was significantly higher in indigenous domestic ducks collected during summer (39%) than winter (22%) (p = 0.04). In domestic indigenous ducks and Muscovy ducks, both single and multiple types of parasitic infections were found. However, other domestic birds and wild birds often had a single type of parasitic infection. Ascaridia spp. with an average egg load of 50–900, was commonly detected in faecal samples of domestic and wild birds in this study. Other identified parasites were Capillaria spp. and Heterakis spp. both in domestic and wild birds. Improvement of biosecurity measures for household duck farms through educating and motivating household farmers could help mitigate the effects of parasitic infection on production.     

畜禽数量性状基因座位的精细定位

数量性状基因座位(QTL)的精细定位是实施QTL克隆及标记辅助选择(MAS)的重要基础。然而就目前畜禽QTL定位的结果来看,除了通过候选基因法识别的少数基因外,大多数QTL定位的精度仍无法满足实际应用的要求。为进一步提高QTL定位的精度,缩小QTL定位的置信区间,人们相继提出并发展了一系列新的QTL定位方法。本文在分析畜禽QTL定位的基本方法及影响畜禽QTL定位精度的主要因素基础上,对提高QTL定位精确性的策略和方法进行了相应的探讨。     

鸟兽与红松更新关系的研究评述

红松因为自身的特点要依赖鸟兽完成天然更新，鸟兽从球果中取出种子埋藏以备食物缺乏时用，分散埋藏的大量贮点中未被重新发现的种子在条件适合时萌发为幼苗，幼苗的生长继续受到鸟兽的影响，本文评述了目前的研究状况，指出不足并展望了未来的研究前景。     

陈化稻米的主要营养特性及其在畜禽生产中应用的研究进展

稻米在陈化过程中会发生淀粉结构改变、脂肪分解、蛋白质变性、霉变以及一系列物化性质的变化,导致其营养价值发生变化.而当前陈化稻米缺乏饲用化研究,饲用开发效果并不理想.本文综述了稻米陈化过程中结构性质的变化、陈化稻米的营养特性以及在畜禽生产中的应用研究,旨在为陈化稻米的饲用化开发提供参考.     

1株野鸭源鸡贫血病病毒的分离鉴定及其编码区基因序列分析

利用MDCC细胞系从东北地区采集的死亡野生鸟类样品中分离获得1株禽类病毒,对该病毒进行特异性PCR、特异性间接免疫荧光法等系统鉴定后,证实该分离株为鸡贫血病病毒(CAV),命名为WDNE110501株.利用PCR方法克隆出其编码区基因片段,测序结果表明,WDNE110501株的编码区全长为1 823 bp,无碱基缺失或插入.并将该基因序列和推导的氨基酸序列与国内外已发表的34个CAV株编码区基因进行同源性和亲缘关系的比对分析,同源性为96.1％～99.8％;氨基酸的同源性为89.8％～99.7％,与国内毒株harbin的差异最小,与国外最近的是美国毒株98D02152.序列比较表明CAV的3个编码基因VP1、VP2和VP3均有一定程度变异,以VP1变异性最大,且在不同毒株间的这3个阅读框的氨基酸序列变异是互不相关的.这是首次在野生鸟类中分离出CAV病毒,提示了我们野生鸟类在鸡传染性贫血病病毒传播和分布中可能起到一定作用.     

罗布麻种子老化过程中的生理生化特性

罗布麻（Apocynum venetum）集中成片分布于盐碱、沙荒地区,耐寒耐旱,耐盐碱耐风沙。自然严酷条件下,罗布麻种子活力变化对其种群的环境适应性具有重要影响,因此采用人工老化的方法,研究其在逆境条件下的生理变化,可探明罗布麻种子活力的劣变规律、种群的扩繁机制以及罗布麻种子的贮藏特性和寿命。在相对湿度100%、温度分别为35 ℃和50 ℃的条件下,对罗布麻种子处理84 h,测定其生理生化指标。结果表明,在相同温度下,随着老化时间延长,种子电导率在初期先下降后升高,脱氢酶、过氧化物酶逐渐降低,浸出液可溶性糖逐渐升高。老化温度越高,对种子造成的影响越大。罗布麻种子对高温逆境在生理上有响应,种子抗热性较强。     

昆虫神经系统和神经干细胞的研究进展

昆虫的神经系统属于腹神经索型,控制着激素分泌、进食、运动以及支配内脏器官的活动,与脊椎动物的神经系统相比较,其结构简单易于实验操作。对昆虫神经系统的研究,可发现特异性靶标细胞,用于开发新型环保杀虫剂等。此外,昆虫神经干细胞的分裂、分化调控机制与脊椎动物甚至人类有很多的相似性,因而对昆虫神经干细胞的研究可为人类退化性神经疾病研究提供借鉴。本文着重阐述昆虫特别是果蝇的神经系统结构,神经细胞的类型,成神经细胞(neuroblasts,NBs)以及神经干细胞分裂、分化调控机制等方面的研究进展,期望能为开展家蚕神经干细胞的研究提供参考。     

人工老化对两种披碱草属种子 生理生化特性的影响

以黑紫披碱草(Elymus atratus)和老芒麦(E. sibiricus)作为供试材料, 采用高温(45 ℃)高湿(相对湿度100%)的人工老化方法对供试种子处理0、1、2、3、4、5、6和7 d。结果表明, 随着老化时间的延长, 黑紫披碱草和老芒麦种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数呈下降趋势, 老芒麦种子的下降幅度高于黑紫披碱草。丙二醛的含量随种子老化进程缓慢上升, 可溶性糖含量增加, 过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量降低, 黑紫披碱草的抗老化能力强于老芒麦。