青海省野生种子植物区系分析

为了解青海省野生种子植物的分布及种类多样性,试验采用野外采集植物和文献分析方法分析了青海省植物区系的基本特点。结果表明:青海省野生种子植物共计94科557属2 497种。世界广布的科占据绝对优势,其次为泛热带分布和北温带-南温带间断分布类型。属的分布上,北温带分布为优势分布类型,世界分布和旧世界温带分布为次优势分布类型。种的方面,祁连山、湟水河流域、青南高山地区植物物种丰富,而柴达木地区和青海湖区域植物物种相对贫乏,这5个典型区域种的区系特点存在明显的差异。青海没有特有科,特有的属和种较为丰富,特有属有26属,特有种有90种。     

祁连山金强河流域种子植物区系分析

金强河发源于祁连山东段冷龙岭东麓,位于黄河一级支流庄浪河上游,区内海拔2 950～4 300m。按照吴征镒的中国种子植物分布区划分对该流域植物区系进行了分析,并与整个祁连山植物区系进行了比较。结果表明,金强河地区有野生种子植物52科、171属、401种,地理成分以北温带成分和中国—喜马拉雅成分为优势;金强河流域具有明显的过渡性及各种区系成分相渗透的特点,并形成了一些青藏高原特有成分;流域拥有整个祁连山地区全部属分布区类型,体现了地理成分在属级水平上的多样性和代表性;植物区系成分以年轻成分为主,中国特有属较少。     

4种宿主植物对根内球囊霉和摩西球囊霉的扩繁效果及菌根接种效应

【目的】拓宽丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhizal，AM）真菌扩繁的宿主植物范围，推进 AM 真菌在退化草地生态修复中的应用进程。【方法】以阿坝垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans cv. Aba）、川草 2 号老芒麦（Elymus sibiricus cv. Chuancao No 2）、北林 201 紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa cv. Beilin201）和白三叶草（Trifolium repens）为宿主植物，对根内球囊霉（Glomus intraradices，GI）和摩西球囊霉（Glomus moss- eae，GM）进行了扩繁，并测定了 4 种宿主的菌根接种效应。【结果】4 种宿主植物均能与 GI 和 GM 识别共生形成菌根，菌根侵染率均为：白三叶草＞北林 201 紫花苜蓿＞阿坝垂穗披碱草＞川草 2 号老芒麦； 栽培两个月后，用白三叶扩繁的 GI 组和 GM 组的孢子密度均最高。接种 GI 和 GM 后，4 种宿主植物的株高、生物量和叶绿素含量均不同程度增加。【结论】多年生禾本科牧草和豆科牧草均可作为扩繁根内球囊霉和摩西球囊霉的宿主植物，以白三叶草为宿主时扩繁效果最佳。     

高原鼢鼠扰动对鹅绒委陵菜无性系特征的影响

【目的】明确草地退化背景下高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)种群密度的增多对草地退化进程的影响，为高寒草甸的退化演替提供证据，并为草地生态系统的恢复提供理论依据。【方法】以草地退化过程中优势种鹅绒委陵菜(Potentilla anserina)为研究对象，探究高原鼢鼠扰动对其无性系种群特征的影响。【结果】随着高原鼢鼠扰动增加，植被群落物种总数、物种丰富度、香农维纳指数和辛普森指数均降低，植物优势种由矮嵩草、苔草变为垂穗披碱草、冰草再到鹅绒委陵菜、车前等杂类草；鹅绒委陵菜地上、地下生物量亦呈减小趋势，根冠比则先减小后增大；中密度扰动下的鹅绒委陵菜盖度、重要值和株高均最大；鹅绒委陵菜在高原鼢鼠低密度区无匍匐茎，在中密度区其匍匐茎长度、间隔子数目及长度均大于高密度区。【结论】鹅绒委陵菜通过匍匐茎特有的调节策略来克服高原鼢鼠扰动所造成的不利外界环境的影响，最终达到有效繁殖的目的。     

黑龙江省哈尔滨市苜蓿镰孢根腐病病原菌分离鉴定

【目的】明确黑龙江省哈尔滨市苜蓿根腐病病原菌种类。【方法】采集 38 株黑龙江省哈尔滨市农业科学院示范区的苜蓿根腐病病株,经组织分离法分离致病菌,通过科赫氏法则验证其致病性并结合形态学和 rDNA-ITS 序列分析鉴定病原菌。【结果】从患有苜蓿根腐病的病根分离并选取具有代表性的 5 株真菌 KY1、J1、S1、SA1、C1,分别被鉴定为腐皮镰孢(Fusarium solani)、尖镰孢(F. oxyspo- rum)、水稻恶苗病菌(F. fujikuroi)、三线镰孢(F. tricinctum)和层出镰孢(Fusariumproliferatum)。致病性测定表明 5 株真菌均为苜蓿根腐病致病菌。【结论】腐皮镰孢不仅分离率最高,为 57. 45%,且致病性也较强,病情指数为 61. 00,是优势病原菌。     

腾格里沙漠植物区系特征分析

腾格里沙漠地处亚洲中部荒漠区和草原区的过渡地带,具有较为丰富的物种组成和复杂的植物区系。运用植物区系地理学的基本原理,在开展大量实地调查研究的基础上,参考相关植物和标本数据库及文献,对腾格里沙漠天然种子植物区系组成、地理成分进行分析。结果表明,腾格里沙漠植物区系位于中国西北植物地理区中间过渡带,属典型荒漠植物区系,由60科201属382种荒漠种子植物组成。其植物区系优势现象明显,区系植物趋向于集中在>10种的优势科内,优势科物种比例高达64.40%。区系植物分化程度较大,单种属和寡种属多达178属,占区系植物总属数的88.56%。植物区系地理成分复杂多样,植物属分布有14个分布型和9个分布变型,为中国植物属分布类型数的50.00%,其中温带成分分布属比例大,为44.78%,具有典型的温带性质;古地中海成分分布属为21.39%,对植物组成具有重要影响。植物科分布以世界分布型占优势,包含38个世界广布科,世界分布的优势科和表征科分别占到优势科和表征科总数的77.78%和40.00%,与沙漠气候严酷性相一致;热带成分涉及11个科,占区系总科数的18.33%,说明腾格里沙漠植物区系的发生具有热带亲缘性。腾格里沙漠植物区系起源古老并兼有新生进化成分,分布有原始多心皮类植物科、一定数量起源古老的孑遗成分和较多的间断分布类型,以及相当年轻和进化的科,反映出腾格里沙漠植物区系起源的复杂性。     

东祁连山高寒灌丛草甸小叶金露梅根部内生真菌多样性对季节的响应

【目的】明确高寒地区灌木小叶金露梅（Potentilla parvifolia）根部可培养内生真菌的多样性和季节变化。【方法】以东祁连山的优势灌木小叶金露梅为试验材料,利用组织培养法分离根部的内生真菌,用形态鉴定和 ITS 分子测序相结合进行真菌鉴定并分析其季节多样性。【结果】春季、夏季和秋季在小叶金露梅根段组织中分离得到 71 株真菌纯培养物,归属于 5 纲 5 目 5 科 6 属 8 个分类单元;不同季节的小叶金露梅根部内生真菌种类和数量存在一定差异,从多样性指数来看,Shannon-Wiener 指数和 Simpson’s diversity 指数表现为春季（1. 57,0. 75）＞夏季（1. 26,0. 69）＞秋季（1. 08,0. 62）。春季根部内生真菌多样性高于夏季和秋季,但优势属均为脉孢菌属（Neurospora）和曲霉属（Aspergillu）;春季特有属为青霉属（Penicillium）和色串孢属（Torula）;赭霉属（Ochroconis）为夏季特有属,葡萄孢属 （Botrytis）为秋季特有属。【结论】不同季节小叶金露梅根部均分离得到了内生真菌,且内生真菌在小叶金露梅根部的定殖存在季节差异性,春季根部内生真菌多样性较高。     

腾格里沙漠植物区系特征分析

腾格里沙漠地处亚洲中部荒漠区和草原区的过渡地带,具有较为丰富的物种组成和复杂的植物区系。运用植物区系地理学的基本原理,在开展大量实地调查研究的基础上,参考相关植物和标本数据库及文献,对腾格里沙漠天然种子植物区系组成、地理成分进行分析。结果表明,腾格里沙漠植物区系位于中国西北植物地理区中间过渡带,属典型荒漠植物区系,由60科201属382种荒漠种子植物组成。其植物区系优势现象明显,区系植物趋向于集中在10种的优势科内,优势科物种比例高达64.40%。区系植物分化程度较大,单种属和寡种属多达178属,占区系植物总属数的88.56%。植物区系地理成分复杂多样,植物属分布有14个分布型和9个分布变型,为中国植物属分布类型数的50.00%,其中温带成分分布属比例大,为44.78%,具有典型的温带性质;古地中海成分分布属为21.39%,对植物组成具有重要影响。植物科分布以世界分布型占优势,包含38个世界广布科,世界分布的优势科和表征科分别占到优势科和表征科总数的77.78%和40.00%,与沙漠气候严酷性相一致;热带成分涉及11个科,占区系总科数的18.33%,说明腾格里沙漠植物区系的发生具有热带亲缘性。腾格里沙漠植物区系起源古老并兼有新生进化成分,分布有原始多心皮类植物科、一定数量起源古老的孑遗成分和较多的间断分布类型,以及相当年轻和进化的科,反映出腾格里沙漠植物区系起源的复杂性。     

乌兰布和沙漠天然植物区系特征及地理成分分析

乌兰布和沙漠地处荒漠草原过渡地带,植物区系研究具有独特的地理学意义。通过对乌兰布和沙漠天然植物物种调查统计,对区域植物区系科属组成、地理成分进行分析,并与典型荒漠区和草原区植物区系进行比较。结果表明:乌兰布和沙漠共有天然植物51科161属318种。物种组成20种以上的优势科和10种以下的寡种科为植物区系的主体,区系优势明显;单种属数量较大,说明植物区系整体物种多样性并不丰富,而优势属在种的层次上丰富度较高,有一定的优势,在荒漠植物区系属的组成中起着重要作用。植物区系地理成分以科的世界成分和属的温带分布型占主导,反映了植物区系分布与世界气候带相适应的特征,植物区系的温带性质明显。沙漠植物区系特征与其沙漠所处的地理位置和气候区域具有较好的相关性。     

乌海草原化荒漠区种子植物区系研究

通过3年实地调查结果以及大量文献资料查阅,研究乌海草原化荒漠区种子植物区系的组成和特征,以期探讨其起源与演化。结果表明:该区有种子植物72科、267属、565种,其中被子植物占总数的99.1%。大型科、寡种科属和单种属是本区系的主体,是植物区系复杂性及物种多样性的主要来源,大型科和寡种属优势明显。中型科属和单种科虽不占主体,但对植物群落的组成和植物区系的构成具有重要影响。区系地理成分复杂多样,联系广泛,温带分布和地中海-中亚分布是本区系地理成分的主要组成部分,区域植物具有明显的温带性质,特有程度较低。区域植物表现出较强的旱生性和古老性,从其发生角度可以归为古地中海成分和东亚成分2大地理成分。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.