德国的有机农业

较详细地介绍了德国有机农业不断发展壮大的原因,并由此获得了发展有机农业的几点启示。     

国内外有机农业的发展比较

对国内外有机农业发展的有机认证标准、法规、有机生产技术、咨询、认证方面发展情况进行了比较分析,并对我国有机农业发展存在的问题进行了对策探讨。     

丽水市发展有机农业的SWOT分析及对策

运用SWOT分析方法,分析浙江省丽水市发展有机农业的优势、劣势、机遇和挑战,并从有机产品、有机乐园、有机业主、游客等方面提出了丽水市有机农业的发展对策.     

试论无机化有机农业

近几年来,有机农业与无机农业是不同学科的专家们广为议论的话题。这大致可分为两种观点：一种观点,主张中国农业走有机农业的发展道路;另一种观点,则主张中国农业发展的必由之路乃是无机农业。所谓有机农业,一般是指主要或完全依靠来源于生物的有机物来     

我国有机农业发展模式、成效与对策研究

本文重点阐述了有机农业的概念和特点,通过案例剖析了我国有机农业发展的4种主要模式,总结了我国发展有机农业的重要作用和取得的成效,并对进一步推进有机农业发展提出了对策建议.     

要素禀赋与有机农业发展模式探讨

有机农业是解决常规农业带来的诸多问题的一个主要途径,已经在国内外被广泛采用,本文从要素禀赋的视角总结了国外有机农业发展的成功模式,结合吉林省不同农业区位的自然、人文及社会条件,探讨了吉林省因地制宜发展有机农业的总体思路。     

有机农业原理简介

上一个世纪，在传统农业面临饥饿和需求增加的挑战下，存在着两大思潮影响着农业的选择和发展。     

世界有机农业新动向

将近几年内有关世界范围内有机农业发展的概况,尤其是2004—2005年度的新状况作了简单介绍。     

有机农业生产肥料供应

简述了有机农业的基本概念、有机农业生产对肥料的特殊要求和我国肥料资源现状,指出进一步开发肥料资源,推动有机农业生产发展的途径。     

有机农业与有机食品的发展趋势

有机农业与有机食品的概念,全球有机食品的发展情况,有机农业的起源和发展,推动市场与销售,执行标准与法规,有机食品未来展望。     

中国有机农业发展:贡献与启示

改革开放40年以来,中国农业和农村经济取得了令人瞩目的成就。当前,农业和农村发展正从数量型向质量和数量型并重的模式转变,需要对农业发展模式和措施进一步优化,其中有机农业近年来得到较快发展。到2016年底,中国有机农业耕地面积（180万hm²）约占全国耕地面积的1.5%,有机产值和销售额分别达1 323亿元和450.6亿元。有机农业发展,具有显著的环境、经济和社会效益,特别是在促进物质循环利用、发挥农业生态系统内生能力、加强生产者与消费者互动、振兴乡村经济、创造宜居环境等方面能够发挥重要作用。有机农业也面临着无法充分保障氮素供应以及适度规模化困难等挑战,需要在发展中考虑和关注。政府应制定和实施相应政策,采取生态补偿等具体措施,引导有机农业合理、有序发展。此外,发展有机农业更重要的意义在于对常规农业进行生态化改造,将有机农业理念、原则和技术在常规农业中推广应用,促进中国农业的健康和可持续发展。     

Farm and operator characteristics affecting adoption of precision agriculture in Denmark and Germany

Precision Agriculture (PA) has been advocated as a promising technology and management philosophy that provides multidimensional benefits for producers and consumers while being environmentally friendly. In Europe, private stakeholders (farm advisors, farm equipment producers, decision support providers, farmers) and research institutions have been trying to develop, test and demonstrate adoption of precision agriculture solutions with governments financing big projects in these areas. Despite these efforts, adoption is still lagging behind expectations.

Whether farmers adopt PA or not is likely to be influenced by several factors. This study intends to identify the main socio-economic determinants of adoption of precision agriculture in Denmark and Germany employing a binary logit model on a cross-section survey data. The results show that farm size, farmer age and demonstration and networking events like attending workshops and exhibitions significantly influence farmers’ adoption decision.     

Organic carbon and stable C isotope in conservation agriculture and conventional systems

Conservation agriculture might have the potential to increase soil organic C content compared to conventional tillage based systems. The present study quantified soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil C derived from C₃ (wheat) and C₄ (maize) plant species using δ¹³C stable isotope. Soil with 16 y of continuous application of zero tillage (ZT) or conventional tillage (CT), monoculture (M) or rotation (R) of wheat and maize, and with (+r) and without retention (−r) in the field of crop residues were studied in the central highlands of Mexico. The highest SOC content was found in the 0-5 cm layer under ZTM and ZTR with residues retention. The soil cultivated with maize showed a higher SOC content in the 0-10 cm layer with residue retention than without residue. In the 10-20 cm layer, the highest SOC content was found in the CT treatment with residue retention. The SOC stock expressed as equivalent soil mass was greatest in the 0-20 cm layer of the ZTM (wheat and maize) and ZTR cultivated treatments with residue retention. After 16 y, the highest content of soil δ¹³C was found in ZTM + r and CTM + r treated soil cultivated with maize; −16.56‰ and −18.08‰ in the 0-5 cm layer, −18.41‰ and −18.02‰ in the 5-10 cm layer and −18.59‰ and −18.72‰ in the 10-20 cm layer respectively. All treatments had a higher percentages of C-C₃ (derived from wheat residues or the earlier forest) than C-C₄ (derived from maize residues). The highest percentages of C-C₄, was found in ZTM + r and CTM + r treated soil cultivated with maize, i.e. 33.0% and 13.0% in 0-5 cm layer, 9.1% and 14.3% in the 5-10 cm layer and 5.0% and 6.8% in 10-20 cm layer, respectively. The gross SOC turnover was lower in soil with residue retention than without residues. It was found that the ZT system with residue retention and rotation with wheat is a practice with a potential to retain organic carbon in soil.     

Organic sulfur forms in mineral top soils of the Marsh in Schleswig‐Holstein,Northern Germany

Little is known about the nature of organic sulfur (S) in soils of the Marsh in Schleswig‐Holstein, Northern Germany. In addition to total and inorganic S, we determined two organic S fractions (ester sulfate‐sulfur and carbon‐bonded sulfur) in 14 aerated mineral top horizons of two salt marshes and ten dyked polder soils of different age. All soils developed from marine sediments. Total S concen‐trations ranged from 153 to 950 mg kg^—1. Organic S was the main S constituent (range from 53 to 99% with a median of 97%). Higher inorganic S levels were found only in the salt marshes due to soluble sulfate (15 to 47%). The younger marsh soils (salt marshes and soils of a polder dyked in 1978) had unique high S contents of 0.9 to 2.4% in their organic matter, whereas the S contents of the organic matter in older marsh soils were at only 0.6%. This S‐rich organic matter is a heritage of a former anoxic marine environment. In most horizons the carbon‐bonded S was the dominant sulfur form. However, both carbon‐bonded S and ester sulfate‐S did not relate to soil age. This limits the benefit of the wet chemical fractionation procedure used for studying the fate of organic S in marsh soils.     

Organic Matter Dynamics in Reclaimed Lignite Mine Soils under Robinia pseudoacacia L. Plantations of Different Ages in Germany

In temperate regions, cultivation of Robinia pseudoacacia L. has recently received considerable attention because it is a fast-growing species for biomass and bioenergy production, while acting as a potential carbon (C) sink to counterbalance carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and an alternative to agricultural crops on marginal sites. The objective of our work was to compare total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and organic C fractions in postlignite mining soils under different development stages of R. pseudoacacia. Soil samples from three different depths (0–3, 3–10 and 10–30 cm) were taken in plantations 2, 3, 4, and 14 years old (R2, R3, R4, and R14, respectively). The TOC and TN contents increased with increasing tree age in all layers (P < 0.01). In the top 30 cm, TOC and TN stocks ranged from 11.7 to 59.8 Mg C ha^?1 and from 0.30 to 2.61 Mg N ha^?1 at R2 and R14, respectively. The rate of C sequestration was calculated to be 4.0 Mg C ha^?1 year^?1. Microbial biomass C and N were strongly correlated to TOC (r² = 0.96 – 0.81; P < 0.001) and TN contents (r² = 0.92 – 0.91; P < 0.001). The light fraction C (C_LF) accounted for 15–30% and the heavy fraction C for 70% of TOC in all layers. In the 0- to 3-cm layer, C_LF increased by 0.5 g kg^?1 year^?1. The results indicate that plantations of R. pseudoacacia are an attractive alternative to increase soil C contents in reclaimed lignite mining soils. In the short term, microbial biomass C and light fraction C are sensitive and provide an appropriate measure to assess soil C changes caused by cultivation of R. pseudoacacia.     

Traumatic injuries in agriculture

The National Coalition for Agricultural Safety and Health (NCASH) in 1988 addressed issues in agriculture and noted "a sense of urgency... arose from the recognition of the unabating epidemic of traumatic death and injury in American farming . . ." This article provides an update to the NCASH conference on traumatic injuries in agriculture, a history on how the facts and figures were arrived at for the NCASH conference, and a current report on the status of traumatic injuries in agriculture in the U.S. Fatal and nonfatal injuries are addressed along with national and regional surveillance systems. The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) was used for reporting national agricultural production fatal injuries from 1992-1998 (25.8 deaths per 100,000 workers), the Traumatic Injury Surveillance of Farmers (TISF) 1993-1995 was used to report nonfatal injuries occurring nationally (7.5/100 workers), and Regional Rural Injury Studies I and II (RRIS-I and RRIS-II) were used to illustrate a regional approach along with in-depth, specific analyses. Fatality rates, which showed some decline in the 1980s, were fairly constant during the 1990s. Changes in nonfatal injury rates for this sector could not be assessed due to a lack of benchmark data. The main concerns identified in the 1989 NCASH report continue today: tractors are the leading cause of farm-related death due mostly to overturns; older farmers continue to be at the highest risk for farm fatalities; and traumatic injuries continue to be a major concern for youth living or working on U.S. farms. Fatal and nonfatal traumatic injuries associated with agricultural production are a major public health problem that needs to be addressed through comprehensive approaches that include further delineation of the problem, particularly in children and older adults, and identification of specific risk factors through analytic efforts. Continued development of relevant surveillance systems and implementation of appropriate interventions are the primary challenges for the current decade.     

从传统农业到低碳农业*-- 国外相关政策分析及启示

改革开放30年后,我国经历了从传统农业向高耗能、高排放、高产出生产方式的转变,虽然取得了粮食增产、农民收入增长等重大成就,但这种农业模式给自然环境和农业的可持续带来的巨大挑战,在自然生态环境和资源利用等方面面临增长的瓶颈。总结和分析世界上主要发达国家促进低碳农业发展的相关政策,具体包括:通过具体目标控制温室气体排放;加强对肥料和废料的管理和使用,规范农业生产环节;实施能源税,鼓励新能源应用;加强技术研究,保护以及进行生态环境综合治理;实施农业补贴,通过经济手段达到促进政策的有效性;鼓励公众和私营部门参与低碳农业实践;在农业生产中,通过碳评估对农业能源消耗和污染进行有效的监督和控制;对有机食品进行严格的标准控制等。阐述了目前发达国家的主要政策性工具,及其主要目的和作用。为应对全球气候变化的环境,探索新型农业发展模式和增长方式,从政策创新上为实现农业低能耗、低排放和低污染发展提供借鉴。     

The Origin of Soil Organic C,Dissolved Organic C and Respiration in a Long‐Term Maize Experiment in Halle,Germany, Determined by 13C Natural Abundance

For a quantitative analysis of SOC dynamics it is necessary to trace the origins of the soil organic compounds and the pathways of their transformations. We used the ¹³C isotope to determine the incorporation of maize residues into the soil organic carbon (SOC), to trace the origin of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and to quantify the fraction of the maize C in the soil respiration. The maize‐derived SOC was quantified in soil samples collected to a depth of 65 cm from two plots, one ’︁continuous maize’ and the other ’︁continuous rye’ (reference site) from the long‐term field experiment ’︁Ewiger Roggen’ in Halle. This field trial was established in 1878 and was partly changed to a continuous maize cropping system in 1961. Production rates and δ¹³C of DOC and CO₂ were determined for the Ap horizon in incubation experiments with undisturbed soil columns. After 37 years of continuous maize cropping, 15% of the total SOC in the topsoil originated from maize C. The fraction of the maize‐derived C below the ploughed horizon was only 5 to 3%. The total amount of maize C stored in the profile was 9080 kg ha⁻¹ which was equal to about 31% of the estimated total C input via maize residues (roots and stubble). Total leaching of DOC during the incubation period of 16 weeks was 1.1 g m⁻² and one third of the DOC derived from maize C. The specific DOC production rate from the maize‐derived SOC was 2.5 times higher than that from the older humus formed by C₃ plants. The total CO₂‐C emission for 16 weeks was 18 g m⁻². Fifty‐eight percent of the soil respiration originated from maize C. The specific CO₂ formation from maize‐derived SOC was 8 times higher than that from the older SOC formed by C₃ plants. The ratio of DOC production to CO₂‐C production was three times smaller for the young, maize‐derived SOC than for the older humus formed by C₃ plants.