Serological and bacteriological investigations of chickens from flocks naturally infected with Salmonella enteritidis

Groups of 10 birds were obtained from four flocks which had shown evidence of natural salmonella infection. S enteritidis had been isolated from three flocks and S typhimurium from the fourth. Each bird was housed in a separate cage and blood samples and cloacal swabs were taken weekly to follow the course of natural infection. After four weeks the birds were killed and examined post mortem. The isolation of Salmonella species could not be related to the serological results. In individual birds the rapid slide test and tube agglutination test could not be relied upon to detect infection; the microantiglobulin test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were more sensitive than the other tests and detected some infected birds that were negative by the rapid slide and tube agglutination tests, and also showed high titres in some birds from which Salmonella species could not be isolated post mortem. Sera obtained from two flocks which had a history of natural S enteritidis infection were evaluated by all the tests; evidence of infection was found with the microantiglobulin and ELISA tests but not with the other tests.     

Development and application of an ELISA for detecting antibodies to Salmonella enteritidis in chicken flocks.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed for the detection of IgG antibody to Salmonella enteritidis in poultry flocks. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and heat-extracted (HE) antigen for use in the ELISA were evaluated together with the rapid slide test (RST), microagglutination test (MT) and the microantiglobulin (MAG) test. In experimentally infected specific pathogen free chickens, good correlation was seen between all tests although, generally, the MT and MAG detected antibody earlier and titres peaked earlier than the ELISAs. The LPS antigen detected antibody earlier than the HE antigen but the latter gave higher titres in the later stages of infection. Cross reactions were seen between S enteritidis and S typhimurium in the ELISAs although homologous reactions were always much higher. Antisera to S montevideo or S senftenberg gave weak positive reactions in both S enteritidis ELISAs. Serological and bacteriological examinations of representative samples from two commercial chicken flocks were carried out. In flock A the HE-ELISA and MAG test detected antibody in nearly all birds. The LPS-ELISA detected antibody in over 60 per cent of birds, while the MT and RST detected few seropositive birds. The whole blood test using the stained S pullorum antigen on the farm detected antibody in just under 25 per cent of the birds. S enteritidis was isolated from the organs of 25 per cent of the birds. All birds in flock B were seronegative by all tests; no salmonellae were isolated from the organs of these birds.     

Study on Sterility Test Method of Ivermectin Microemulsion

The assay was aimed to study the sterility test and validation test of ivermectin microemulsion preparation and establish a sterility test method for ivermectin microemulsion preparation.The test method was carried out according to the method in volumeⅠ, Chinese Veterinary Pharmacopoeia Edition 2005.By choosing positive control bacteria and defining washing volumes in sterility test, the membrane-filter method was used to test the quantity of 10 bottles of test samples, and the sterility test was established.The result of method validation test showed that the test and all of positive control bacteria and microorganism growth after each filter being washed with 400 mL 0.1% peptone solution.It illustrated that the samples had no antimicrobial activity under the sample quantity and test condition.This method was available for sterility test of ivermectin microemulsion preparation.Using this method to test three lots test samples, the results showed that the positive control bacteria grew well within 24 h.The negative control bacteria and three lots test samples were sterile.It indicated that sterility test results met the requirements.     

伊维菌素微乳无菌检查方法学的研究

本试验旨在对伊维菌素微乳制剂进行无菌检查方法学验证和无菌检查试验,确认本试验所用的方法适用于该制剂的无菌检查。按《中国兽药典》2005版一部(附录118)所载"无菌检查法"项下进行试验,通过对阳性对照菌、不同量冲洗液等条件的选择,采用薄膜过滤法对10瓶供试品(每种试验菌的样品量)进行检测,建立了无菌检查方法。经方法验证,用400mL 0.1%蛋白胨水溶液冲洗后,含供试品容器中的7个阳性菌试验组与阳性菌对照组相比均生长良好,说明供试品的该检验量在该检验条件下无抑菌作用或其抑菌作用可以忽略不计,可以用该方法进行供试品的无菌检查。对3批供试品进行无菌检查,阳性对照菌均在24h内生长良好,阴性对照均澄清,无菌生长,3批供试品均澄清,无菌生长,无菌检查试验结果符合规定。     

Use of the brucellosis card test for screening cattle in Saskatchewan.

One group of 28,714 bovine sera were tested by both the brucellosis tube serum agglutination test and the brucellosis card test. The tube serum agglutination test confirmed 99.8% of the negative brucellosis card test results. The brucellosis card test identified 63% of the tube serum agglutination test reactors. In a second group of 496 sera reacting to either the tube serum agglutination test, complement fixation test, plate serum agglutination test or acid antigen serum agglutination test the brucellosis card test identified 99.1% of the complement fixation test positive sera and 91.3% of the sera reacting to any of the other serological tests. The brucellosis card test showed satisfactory agreement with both the complement fixation test and tube serum agglutination test. It appears to be a useful screening test in operations involving large numbers of animals since under these conditions the reactors can be quickly identified and isolated.     

Validation of the indirect fluorescent antibody and the complement fixation tests for the diagnosis of Theileria equi

The indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test for Theileria equi was evaluated to assess test's suitability for the serological diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis, to provide performance parameters for the purpose of test validation, and to compare it with the complement fixation (CF) test. Using a protocol that included Evan's blue, the specificity of the IFA test was estimated at 99.0% for T. equi by the classical method of analysis, and 96.6% by the Bayesian method. The use of Evan's blue in the test protocol increased test specificity and contributed to an excellent test agreement between two collaborating laboratories (kappa = 0.96). Using Bayesian analysis, the sensitivity estimate for the IFA test was 89.2%. The CF test sensitivity and specificity estimates for T. equi were 63.1 and 96.4%, respectively, as determined by Bayesian analysis. The IFA test was more sensitive than the CF test but the specificity estimates were similar.     

Comparison of a modified counterimmunoelectrophoresis test and a microimmunodiffusion test for detection of pseudorabies virus antibodies in porcine sera.

The correlation of a modified counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) test and a microimmunodiffusion test for detecting pseudorabies virus antibodies in porcine sera was investigated, using as reference a standard virus neutralization test. The counterimmunoelectrophoresis test exhibited a sensitivity comparable to the microimmunodiffusion test but was not as sensitive as the virus neutralization test. The best feature of the modified counterimmunoelectrophoresis test is that it is a rapid test. It provides an alternative to currently used diagnostic tests for detection of pseudorabies virus antibodies in sera from field reared and experimentally reared swine exposed to pseudorabies virus.     

牛羊壮与牛羊肥对小尾寒羊的增重效果比较

选用本地小尾寒羊60只,随机分为试验1组、试验2组、对照组3组,每组20只.试验1组在饲喂基础日粮中每只添加“牛羊壮”20g;试验2组在同等条件下,每只添加“牛羊肥”20g;对照组只喂基础日粮.试验表明,在试验期间,试验1组比试验2组平均多增重3.55kg,试验1组比试验2组经济效益多增28.98元.     

Assessment of the quality of tests for the detection of antibodies to Aujeszky's disease virus glycoprotein gE in a target population by the use of receiver operating characteristic curves

The performance of tests for the detection of antibodies to Aujeszky's disease virus glycoprotein E (ge) in a target population was evaluated by constructing and analysing receiver operating characteristic (roc) curves. These curves assess the discriminating ability of a test over the entire range of test signals. The advantages of applying the analysis to a sample of the target population (all commercial pigs in the Netherlands), as compared to using a panel of test sera, are that the estimates of sensitivity and specificity, the comparisons between tests and the choices of the cut-off values are all relevant for the target population. The results of a gE-elisa in colostrum (test A) and in a single droplet of whole blood (test B) were compared with the results obtained with the same elisa in serum (gold standard). The area under the ROC curve, which is a quantitative measure of test performance, was significantly (P<0·01) smaller with test A than test B or the gold standard, indicating that test B performed better than test A. No significant difference was observed between test B and the gold standard.     

复合微生态制剂在断奶仔猪生产中的应用研究

试验旨在研究复合微生态制剂产品肽菌素对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率及微生物菌群等的影响。试验选取45头定远黑断奶仔猪,随机分为3个组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加0.1%、0.2%的肽菌素,每个组3个重复,每个重复为5头猪。饲养试验期为21d。试验结果表明:①试验组1和试验组2的日增重分别比对照组提高了22.5%和12.9%(差异显著,P<0.05);料肉比分别降低了7.87%(差异显著,P<0.05)和4.49%(差异不显著,P>0.05)。②在14d时,试验组1和试验组2的大肠杆菌数比对照组低5.87%和7.02%,均差异显著(P<0.05);在21d时,试验组1与试验组2的乳酸杆菌数分别高出对照组4.18%和4.79%(P<0.05),大肠杆菌数分别比对照组低6.68%和7.84%(P<0.05)。③试验组1和试验组2的IgG水平分别比对照组提高了18.5%和22.4%,均差异显著(P<0.05);试验组1和试验组2的总蛋白含量比对照组提高了9.46%和7.21%,血清尿素氮分别比对照组降低了22.9%和25.1%(P<0.05)。④在14d时,试验组1和试验组2的SIgA水平分别比对照组提高了27.8%和30.6%(P<0.05);在21d时,分别比对照组提高了33.0%和30.1%(P<0.05)。⑤在14d时,试验组1和试验组2的蛋白酶分别比对照组提高了84.0%和99.3%(P<0.01),淀粉酶分别提高了3.98%和7.65%(P>0.05);在21d时,试验组1和试验组2的蛋白酶分别比对照组提高了77.4%和91.2%(P<0.01),淀粉酶分别提高了13.1%和14.3%(P>0.05)。由此可以得出,肽菌素能够减少断奶仔猪的腹泻率,提高其生长性能,还能够改善其微生物菌群,增强其免疫功能。     

Evaluation of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of allergen-specific IgE antibodies in dogs

Twenty-eight atopic dogs, 22 pruritic, non-atopic dogs and 10 healthy dogs were ELISA tested. For calculations of diagnostic specificity and sensitivity, positive ELISA test results in non-atopic dogs were considered false positive results. The absence of any positive results in the atopic dogs was considered false negative results. The atopic dogs were tested both with ELISA and an intradermal test, utilising allergen extracts from the same manufacturer, to determine the frequency of positive allergen reactions in the ELISA test compared with the intradermal test. The Prausnitz-Küstner test was performed to evaluate the significance of a positive ELISA test result. Based on cross-tabulations with clinically defined atopic dermatitis, the ELISA test showed a sensitivity of 53.6% and a specificity of 84.4%. The correlation between the ELISA and the intradermal test was poor. Positive Prausnitz-Küstner tests were not obtained using sera from dogs that were intradermal test negative for the tested allergens, even though sera had high levels of IgE as measured by the ELISA. These findings question the significance of a positive ELISA test result and indicate that the test is not measuring functional allergen-specific IgE.     

Development and clinical application of methods for detection of antineutrophil antibody in serum of the cat

Two techniques, leukoagglutination and indirect immunofluorescence, were adapted to test for the presence of antineutrophil antibody in cat serum. The leukoagglutination test was analogous to an indirect Coombs' test. The test was performed on freshly isolated cat blood neutrophils, with the test results read from stained smears (Wright's stain) made from sedimented antiserum-treated neutrophils. A positive test response was indicated by agglutinated neutrophils on the stained smear. The indirect immunofluorescence test was performed by incubating paraformaldehyde-fixed cat blood neutrophils with test serum, after which the neutrophils were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-tagged antiglobulin. A positive test response was a ring of fluorescence surrounding the cells, as viewed through a UV microscope. Serum samples (n = 55) from clinically neutropenic cats were tested for the presence of antineutrophil antibody by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Ten positive-control sera (rabbit anti-cat neutrophil serum) and 10 negative-control sera (normal cat serum) were included. Only the positive control sera exhibited neutrophil fluorescence, indicative of antineutrophil antibody. None of the 55 samples of clinical origin showed any appreciable fluorescence.     

不同蛋白源饲料对秦川肉牛生产性能的影响

试验旨在研究不同蛋白源饲料对秦川肉牛生长性能、血液生化指标及饲料报酬的影响.选择20头体重相近、健康状况良好的12月龄左右秦川肉牛(母牛)为试验动物,随机将试验牛分为5组,每组4头.对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组和试验Ⅳ组日粮中分别添加以31％豆粕、36％菜籽粕、14％紫苏饼+24％菜籽粕、28％紫苏饼+12％菜...     

母子分离人工哺乳技术对奶山羊羔羊成活率影响的研究

[目的]为提高奶山羊羊羔成活率,降低奶山羊母子间疾病的传播,开展奶山羊羊羔0日龄母子分离人工哺乳技术的试验研究,探索提高羔羊成活率的技术方法。[方法]选取同一批次同期发情产后0日龄羔羊（2批次）随机分为3组,对照组、试验1组和试验2组,对照组羊羔自然哺乳,母仔一起生活;试验1组、试验2组羔羊产后吃足一次初乳后母子分离,进入羔羊专业哺乳圈舍人工哺乳,母羊饲喂方法相同,统计分析羔羊、母羊成活率和发病数据。[结果](1)试验1组和试验2组的羔羊口疮发病率较对照组下降22.12个百分点和21.45个百分点,与对照组差异显著（p<0.05）,2个试验组间差异不显著（p>0.05）;试验1组和试验2组的肠炎发病率较对照组下降7.29个百分点和7.95个百分点,与对照组差异显著（p<0.05）,2个试验组间差异不显著（p>0.05）;试验1组和试验2组的感冒/肺炎发病率较对照组分别下将1.29个百分点和1.96个百分点,与对照组差异不显著（p>0.05）。(2)试验1组、试验2组1月龄羔羊发病率较对照组分别下降20.09个百分点和21.42个百分点,死亡率较对照组分别下...     

Performance of 2 microtiter canine Coombs' tests

BACKGROUND: The Coombs' test, which detects immunoglobulin or complement on RBC surfaces, has long been the standard for laboratory confirmation of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), a common cause of hemolytic anemia in the dog. This test, however, suffers from relatively low sensitivity. Optimization of test sensitivity would lead to fewer discrepancies between laboratory results and clinical diagnoses, and in some cases institution of appropriate therapy in a timely manner. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to 1) characterize the sensitivity and specificity of 2 canine Coombs' tests for the detection of IMHA, 2) document the efficacy of using multiple antisera dilutions beyond what is directed by manufacturers, and 3) evaluate the necessity of monovalent antisera in the test protocol. METHODS: Sixty-five canine whole-blood samples submitted for Coombs' testing were evaluated. Patients were classified as IMHA positive or negative based on a set of predetermined criteria. IMHA classification was compared to Coombs' test results from 2 different Coombs' tests adapted to a microtiter-plate format. One Coombs' test (VMRD Coombs' test) utilized a single polyvalent antiserum (VMRD, Inc, Pullman, WA, USA), while a second Coombs' test (University of Minnesota [U of MN] Coombs' test) used both polyvalent and monovalent antisera. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity were 61% and 100% for the VMRD Coombs' test, and 82% and 95% for the U of MN Coombs' test. The use of multiple antisera dilutions resulted in 6 additional Coombs' positive test results. All positive Coombs' test results were positive by polyvalent antisera. CONCLUSIONS: When used in a microtiter-plate format, the U of MN Coombs' test was a more sensitive test for the detection of IMHA in canine patients when compared to the VMRD Coombs' test. The use of multiple antisera dilutions increased test sensitivity. Sensitivity, however, was not increased by the use of monovalent antisera in the Coombs' test protocol.     

Evaluation of four serological tests for the diagnosis of caprine melioidosis

A complement fixation (CF) test, 2 indirect haemagglutination (IHA-A; IHA-L) tests which differed in antigen preparation and technique, and a microtitre agglutination (MA) test were compared in the serodiagnosis of melioidosis in goats. One hundred and eighteen experimental serums and 3143 field serums from goats in endemic and non-endemic areas of north Queensland were used in the evaluation. Culture of samples for Pseudomonas pseudomallei from 112 goats provided substantiating evidence of infection. The IHA-A test was the most sensitive, and the CF test the most specific. We advocate the use of the IHA-A as a screening test followed by the CF test for confirmation of active melioidosis. The IHA-A test is the better indicator of past infection.     

药食同源中草药复方对山羊生长性能、血清生化指标和免疫功能的影响

试验旨在以列入《饲料原料目录》中的某些药食同源天然植物中草药为原料,研究其对山羊抗病促生长、抗氧化、提高免疫力等方面的影响.研究共开展两次试验.试验一:选取健康山羊100只,随机分为5组,每组5个重复,每个重复4只羊.对照组山羊饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加不同的中草药复方,添加量均为2％.预试期20 d,正...     

Use of ESAT-6 in the interferon-gamma test for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis following skin testing

The whole blood interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) test has proven to be a practical ancillary test for re-testing cattle for bovine tuberculosis 8-28 days following tuberculin skin testing. An improvement in the specificity of the IFN-gamma test could further reduce culling of false positive animals. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate a single mycobacterial antigen, ESAT-6 in the IFN-gamma test for use in skin test-positive cattle. These skin test-positive cattle comprised 51 Mycobacterium bovis-infected animals from tuberculosis-infected herds and 85 non-infected animals from tuberculosis-free herds. The test based on ESAT-6 had a higher specificity than the test based on purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin, but this was offset by a small decrease in sensitivity. Use of a lower cut-off in the ESAT-6-based test improved the sensitivity, while still maintaining a very high specificity. A secondary aim in the study was to assess the ESAT-6 and PPD-based tests for detecting bovine tuberculosis in skin test-negative animals from a persistently infected herd. The PPD-based test detected the majority of the lesioned or M. bovis-culture positive animals, while the ESAT-6-based test detected a smaller proportion. The false negatives in the IFN-gamma test from both the skin test-negative and positive groups were predominantly M. bovis-culture positive animals with no visible lesions. The current study has shown that a defined specific antigen such as ESAT-6 can markedly improve the specificity of the IFN-gamma test for re-testing skin test-positive animals. An ESAT-6-based IFN-gamma test could be particularly useful to reduce the false positive rate, yet still maintain an acceptable level of sensitivity.     

肠宁(CN)的急性及蓄积毒性试验研究

为了提供中药肠宁(CN)的安全毒理学评价资料,本试验采用改良Karber法测定小白鼠的 LD50＞60 973 mg/kg;在蓄积毒性试验中,小白鼠未表现出蓄积毒性。这说明中药肠宁属于实际无毒 性物质,并无蓄积毒性作用。     

Evaluation of membrane integrity of canine epididymal spermatozoa by short hypoosmotic swelling test with ultrapure water

The effectiveness of the water test, short hypoosmotic swelling test with ultrapure water was examined in canine epididymal spermatozoa to evaluate tail membrane integrity. Spermatozoa during epididymal transit were also characterized. Sperm suspension obtained from cauda epididymis was diluted 1:4 with ultrapure water, and incubated for 5 min. The percentage of swollen spermatozoa in the water test was significantly correlated with both the sperm motility and the swelling value obtained by the conventional hypoosmotic swelling test. Canine spermatozoa collected from the caput epididymis were not motile, but revealed membrane integrity in a water test. The water test can be used as a simple and short hypoosmotic swelling test to evaluate the tail membrane integrity of canine epididymal spermatozoa.