猪,鸡,人胆汁液晶研究初报

关于人的胆汁中存在液晶已见报道,有人推测液晶的出现与胆结石有关。我们用正交的偏振光显微镜观察了猪、鸡的胆汁,并将观察结果和人的胆红素结石伴生胆汁及肌同醇结石伴生胆汁的观察结果进行比较,发现了他们的异同之处.从而使我们对胆汁液晶的产生及其性质,以及胆汁液晶和胆结石之间的关系有了进一步的了解.     

Cholesterol solubility in lecithin-bile salt systems

The method of sample preparation can markedly influence the rate of dissolution and attainment of supersaturated states of cholesterol. The equilibrium solubility of cholesterol, studied as a function of its physical state in a model bile system, is almost half that of previously accepted values. Slow attainment of the equilibrium state may have acted to bias previous studies. Extrapolation of our data to the clinical situation reveals that many persons considered normal by present standards actually possess bile that is supersaturated with respect to cholesterol and are thus potential gallstone formers.     

胆固醇7α-羟化酶基因研究进展

胆固醇7-羟化酶（cholesterol 7-hydroxylase,CYP7A1）是胆汁酸经典合成途径中的限速酶,对维持机体胆固醇代谢平衡起关键作用。目前已知CYP7A1基因的表达受包括该基因自身的多态性在内的多种因子调控。CYP7A1代谢途径作为脂类代谢通路的重要一部分,其活性发生改变后可能会引起与脂类代谢紊乱有关的胆结石、胆囊癌和心血管疾病等。就有关CYP7A1基因的最新研究进展进行了较系统的综述。图1参53     

Direct fabrication of large micropatterned single crystals

Micropatterning of single crystals for technological applications is a complex, multistep process. Nature provides alternative fabrication strategies, when crystals with exquisite micro-ornamentation directly develop within preorganized frameworks. We report a bio-inspired approach to growing large micropatterned single crystals. Micropatterned templates organically modified to induce the formation of metastable amorphous calcium carbonate were imprinted with calcite nucleation sites. The template-directed deposition and crystallization of the amorphous phase resulted in the fabrication of millimeter-sized single calcite crystals with sub-10-micron patterns and controlled crystallographic orientation. We suggest that in addition to regulating the shape, micropatterned frameworks act as sites for stress and impurity release during the amorphous-to-crystalline transition. The proposed mechanisms may have direct biological relevance and broad implications in materials synthesis.     

香水柠檬RHF2A的克隆与互作蛋白的筛选

【目的】以香水柠檬（Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F.）为研究对象,分析两个RHF2A的时空表达规律,利用酵母双杂交技术和双分子荧光互补试验（BiFC）筛选、验证其互作蛋白,为深入研究RHF2A在香水柠檬自交不亲和过程中的分子作用机制奠定基础。【方法】从前期转录组和泛素修饰组（未公开）筛选获得2个E3泛素连接酶RHF2A(RING-H2 Zinc Finger2A)基因RHF2A-1、RHF2A-2,并克隆其全长序列,通过生物信息学分析2个RHF2A的序列和蛋白质结构,预测其启动子顺式作用元件,构建35S-RHF2A-GFP融合蛋白表达载体用于亚细胞定位分析,采用实时荧光定量PCR分析两个RHF2A的时空表达模式,构建酵母双杂诱饵载体从香水柠檬酵母文库筛选互作蛋白。构建BiFC载体,在洋葱活体细胞内对目标蛋白进行互作验证。【结果】从香水柠檬克隆获得RHF2A-1、RHF2A-2,ORF全长分别为1 161和1 134 bp;NCBI结构域预测发现其具有Ring/U-box结构域。启动子分析发现其具有花粉特异性表达相关元件POLLEN1LELAT52、GTGANTG10...     

酸牦牛乳中乳酸菌降胆固醇作用及胆盐耐受性研究

为了从分离自甘肃酸牦牛乳中的23株乳酸菌中筛选能够同时降低胆固醇并耐受胆盐的乳酸菌,通过邻苯二甲醛法测定降胆固醇能力,并比较各菌株对三种形式的胆盐:牛胆汁、胆酸、甘胆酸钠的耐受性。结果表明,这些菌株在不同条件下的降胆固醇能力差异显著(P<0.05),多数菌株在不含牛胆汁的培养基中培养比添加牛胆汁时有着更好的对胆固醇的去除能力;死菌体对胆固醇的去除能力较弱;对各菌株对不同形式的胆盐耐受能力比较分析得出,各种形式的胆盐对乳酸菌的生长均有抑制作用,抑制顺序由强到弱依次为:甘胆酸钠>胆酸>牛胆汁;各菌株对胆盐的耐受力与降胆固醇能力没有相关性。通过比较选择出H1,I10和W2三株菌,作为功能性菌株为开发应用进行深入研究。     

RNAi-independent heterochromatin nucleation by the stress-activated ATF/CREB family proteins

At the silent mating-type interval of fission yeast, the RNA interference (RNAi) machinery cooperates with cenH, a DNA element homologous to centromeric repeats, to initiate heterochromatin formation. However, in RNAi mutants, heterochromatin assembly can still occur at low efficiency. Here, we report that Atf1 and Pcr1, two ATF/CREB family proteins, act in a parallel mechanism to the RNAi pathway for heterochromatin nucleation. Deletion of atf1 or pcr1 alone has little effect on silencing at the mating-type region, but when combined with RNAi mutants, double mutants fail to nucleate heterochromatin assembly. Moreover, deletion of atf1 or pcr1 in combination with cenH deletion causes loss of silencing and heterochromatin formation. Furthermore, Atf1 and Pcr1 bind to the mating-type region and target histone H3 lysine-9 methylation and the Swi6 protein essential for heterochromatin assembly. These analyses link ATF/CREB family proteins, involved in cellular response to environmental stresses, to nucleation of constitutive heterochromatin.     

Solution structure of the integral human membrane protein VDAC-1 in detergent micelles

The voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) mediates trafficking of small molecules and ions across the eukaryotic outer mitochondrial membrane. VDAC also interacts with antiapoptotic proteins from the Bcl-2 family, and this interaction inhibits release of apoptogenic proteins from the mitochondrion. We present the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) solution structure of recombinant human VDAC-1 reconstituted in detergent micelles. It forms a 19-stranded beta barrel with the first and last strand parallel. The hydrophobic outside perimeter of the barrel is covered by detergent molecules in a beltlike fashion. In the presence of cholesterol, recombinant VDAC-1 can form voltage-gated channels in phospholipid bilayers similar to those of the native protein. NMR measurements revealed the binding sites of VDAC-1 for the Bcl-2 protein Bcl-x(L), for reduced beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and for cholesterol. Bcl-x(L) interacts with the VDAC barrel laterally at strands 17 and 18.     

Nucleation on photoexcited molecules

On irradiation with light of suitable wavelength and intensity, certain organic compounds, even at very low concentrations, cause very efficient nucleation of supersaturated vapors. A mechanism is suggested to account for this phenomenon. Nuclei containing only a few photoexcited molecules are responsible for the nucleation.     

Heterogeneous and epitaxial nucleation of protein crystals on mineral surfaces

Fifty different mineral samples were tested as potential heterogeneous or epitaxial nucleants for four commonly crystallized proteins. It was found, by conventional protein crystallization techniques, that for each protein there was a set of mineral substrates that promoted nucleation of crystals at lower critical levels of supersaturation than required for spontaneous growth. Numerous examples, involving all four proteins, were observed of modification of crystal habit and, in some cases, unit cell properties promoted by the presence of the mineral nucleants. In at least one case, the growth of lysozyme on the mineral apophyllite, it was shown by lattice analysis and x-ray diffraction that the nucleation and growth of the protein crystal on the mineral was likely to involve a direct lattice match.     

有管取胆对熊体及胆粉产质的不良影响

有管取胆，在胆囊内有常在性异物对胆囊与肝脏的不断刺激、损伤与感染，导致各种并发病的发生，胆囊发生半报废或全报废，而致死性的并发病经常导致熊的死亡，胆囊报废、熊只死亡是产生空白（停产），使产值下降的主要根源，肝脏与胆囊形态结构及功能变化是胆粉质量降低，使熊胆粉声誉和药物价值（药效）减低的主要根源，大剂量抗菌素、化学药品对以熊体的长期使用，会导致胆法中存有殖留物质，而劣性熊胆粉（含有害物质及残留物质）的长期 服用，迟早会导致对人体的危害。     

胆汁酸对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、脂肪代谢酶及血清生化的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0、0.03%、0.06%、0.09%及0.12%的胆汁酸,配制5组等氮等能的实验饲料(D1、D2、D3、D4、D5),投喂体质量为26.5 g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼56 d,研究胆汁酸对其生长、体组成、脂肪代谢酶活力及血清生化的影响。结果显示:(1)实验鱼的增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率及脂肪效率呈先升后平稳的趋势,均在D3组达到最高值。(2)胆汁酸显著降低了全鱼粗脂肪及粗灰分含量,提高了粗蛋白含量(P0.05);降低了肌肉粗脂肪含量,提高了粗蛋白及粗灰分含量(P0.05)。(3)脂肪酶及脂蛋白脂酶活力呈先升后平稳的趋势;肝脂酶活力显著升高(P0.05)。(4)胆汁酸降低了血清谷丙转氨酶及谷草转氨酶活力,提高了碱性磷酸酶活力(P0.05);总蛋白及白蛋白的含量随胆汁酸含量的增加而升高(P0.05);甘油三酯、总胆固醇及高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量随胆汁酸含量的升高而下降(P0.05)。(5)鳗弧菌感染48 h后,D3、D4及D5组的累积死亡率显著低于D1组。以增重率为评价指标,经折线回归分析,体质量26.5 g的大菱鲆幼鱼饲料中胆汁酸的适宜添加量为0.09%。     

Regulation of absorption and ABC1-mediated efflux of cholesterol by RXR heterodimers

Several nuclear hormone receptors involved in lipid metabolism form obligate heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and are activated by RXR agonists such as rexinoids. Animals treated with rexinoids exhibited marked changes in cholesterol balance, including inhibition of cholesterol absorption and repressed bile acid synthesis. Studies with receptor-selective agonists revealed that oxysterol receptors (LXRs) and the bile acid receptor (FXR) are the RXR heterodimeric partners that mediate these effects by regulating expression of the reverse cholesterol transporter, ABC1, and the rate-limiting enzyme of bile acid synthesis, CYP7A1, respectively. Thus, these RXR heterodimers serve as key regulators of cholesterol homeostasis by governing reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues, bile acid synthesis in liver, and cholesterol absorption in intestine.     

Nebulin and N-WASP cooperate to cause IGF-1-induced sarcomeric actin filament formation

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) induces skeletal muscle maturation and enlargement (hypertrophy). These responses require protein synthesis and myofibril formation (myofibrillogenesis). However, the signaling mechanisms of myofibrillogenesis remain obscure. We found that IGF-1-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling formed a complex of nebulin and N-WASP at the Z bands of myofibrils by interfering with glycogen synthase kinase-3β in mice. Although N-WASP is known to be an activator of the Arp2/3 complex to form branched actin filaments, the nebulin-N-WASP complex caused actin nucleation for unbranched actin filament formation from the Z bands without the Arp2/3 complex. Furthermore, N-WASP was required for IGF-1-induced muscle hypertrophy. These findings present the mechanisms of IGF-1-induced actin filament formation in myofibrillogenesis required for muscle maturation and hypertrophy and a mechanism of actin nucleation.     

Novel regulators of bone formation: molecular clones and activities

Protein extracts derived from bone can initiate the process that begins with cartilage formation and ends in de novo bone formation. The critical components of this extract, termed bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), that direct cartilage and bone formation as well as the constitutive elements supplied by the animal during this process have long remained unclear. Amino acid sequence has been derived from a highly purified preparation of BMP from bovine bone. Now, human complementary DNA clones corresponding to three polypeptides present in this BMP preparation have been isolated, and expression of the recombinant human proteins have been obtained. Each of the three (BMP-1, BMP-2A, and BMP-3) appears to be independently capable of inducing the formation of cartilage in vivo. Two of the encoded proteins (BMP-2A and BMP-3) are new members of the TGF-beta supergene family, while the third, BMP-1, appears to be a novel regulatory molecule.     

猪源降胆固醇肠球菌的分离鉴定

为了筛选益生菌并评价其对血清胆固醇的降解作用,从健康猪胃肠道分离鉴定12株肠球菌,进行体外降胆固醇,对酸和胆盐的耐受性试验,结果表明：分离菌均具有体外降解血清胆固醇的作用,降解率为16．67～48．00％,对pH3．0和0．4％的胆盐具有抵抗力,综合评价E1和E7可以作为降胆固醇的备选益生菌株。     

丹酚酸B调节胆固醇代谢的研究

[目的]研究丹酚酸B对血液胆固醇代谢的调节作用。[方法]选取SD大白鼠,建立高脂模型,进行丹酚酸B干预试验,测定大鼠血液及粪便胆固醇与胆汁酸含量。[结果]丹酚酸B干预的大鼠血液中胆固醇含量显著低于高脂模型组大鼠,粪便中胆固醇及胆汁酸含量显著高于高脂模型组。[结论]丹酚酸B主要通过促进粪便胆固醇与胆汁酸的排泄降低血液中胆固醇。     

LFA3降低大鼠血清胆固醇作用机理的探讨

以含ＬＦＡ３０（对照组）和１００ｇ／ｋｇ（试验组）日粮饲喂Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠８周。试验组血清ＴＣ含量下降２３．４５％，ＨＤＬ－Ｃ上升７．０９％，肝ＴＣ下降４．５％。胆管插管，引流胆汁试验，试验组肝胆汁分泌量上升５１％。结果提示，ＬＦＡ３有较高的降血脂作用，这种作用可能同ＬＦＡ３能引起ＨＤＬ－Ｃ含量上升，肝脏对胆固醇代谢转化作用加强，以及通过增加胆汁分泌而加速胆固醇的排泄有关     

Gas-phase polymerization: ultraslow chemistry

The mechanism of formation of polymer molecules in the gas phase is difficult to study because the involatile polymers tend to condense out of that phase. However, new techniques, involving the use of cloud chambers, have enabled workers to use the nucleation of liquid drops in supersaturated monomer vapors to detect single polymer molecules and therefore to work with so few simultaneously growing polymers that aggregation and condensation are avoided. Chain polymerization in which the chain carriers are either radicals or ions can therefore be studied in the vapor. Furthermore, the ability to work with such small concentrations of growing polymeric radicals, for example, makes it possible to avoid encounters between them that lead to recombination and the formation of "dead" polymers that are incapable of further growth. Many aspects of gas-phase polymerization can be studied including, besides radical and ion chains, ring-opening polymerization, initiation, radiation-induced polymerization, and especially "ultraslow" chemistry.