中国赤眼蜂的研究与利用

赤眼蜂是多种农林害虫卵期的主要寄生性天敌。五十年代开始,我国昆虫学家研究了人工大量繁殖和田间释放的技术。并用于防治甘蔗螟虫取得了显著的成效。七十年代又成功地利用柞蚕卵繁殖松毛虫和拟澳洲赤眼蜂。目前利用赤眼蜂防治农林害虫已成为一项重要的生防措施。我国已报导的赤眼蜂种类有18种,其中分布较广的优势种是松毛虫赤眼蜂、拟澳洲赤眼蜂、稻螟赤眼蜂、广赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂,用于人工繁殖赤眼蜂的寄主卵有三种即柞蚕卵、蓖麻蚕卵和米蛾卵,并研究出柞蚕卵、蓖麻蚕卵的保存应用技术,大规模地用于人工繁殖赤眼蜂。对松毛虫赤眼蜂等几个优势蜂种的生物学做了系统的研究,此外还研究了人工大量繁殖赤眼蜂的方法。繁蜂技术逐步走向工厂化生产,对人工卵繁殖赤眼蜂的研究居于世界领先地位,武汉大学等单位已成功地应用人工卵繁殖出松毛虫赤眼蜂并小面积释放治虫。     

利用人工卵繁殖拟澳洲赤眼蜂防治甘蔗螟虫

本文首次报道用人工寄主卵繁殖拟澳洲赤眼蜂,在田间释放防冶甘蔗螟虫取得成功。在100亩庶田上放蜂700余万头,蔗螟卵寄生率达到80.66—94.60％。与田间释放用柞蚕卵繁出的拟澳洲赤眼蜂的防治效果相同。放蜂区的寄生率显著高于化防区和不防治区,而甘蔗被害程度则显著减轻。     

甘蓝夜蛾卵赤眼蜂种类调查及利用研究

在山西省甘蓝夜蛾各代卵高峰期多点采卵,在室内羽化出蜂进行鉴定.结果显示,本省田间甘蓝夜蛾卵内的赤眼蜂有螟黄赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂、广赤眼蜂3种.赤眼蜂种类分布与其寄主作物及周围作物分布有密切关系.其优势种在不同寄主作物和环境条件下有明显不同.田间试验表明,本省太原地区田间释放赤眼蜂防治第1代甘蓝夜蛾的适宜放蜂时期应为5月5～20日.田间释放螟黄赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂、广赤眼蜂防治甘蓝夜蛾均可收到较好的防治效果.     

我国赤眼蜂工厂化繁育技术改进及防治农业害虫应用现状

自20世纪50年代,我国即开始系统研究赤眼蜂的人工繁育与田间释放应用技术,在适于赤眼蜂规模化繁殖的中间寄主种类研究与应用方面取得了举世瞩目的成就。近几年,我国在利用大卵(柞蚕卵)和小卵(米蛾卵)为中间寄主工厂化繁育赤眼蜂技术方面取得了一些进展。本文从大卵繁蜂涉及的配套生产设备、生产工艺以及小卵繁蜂过程中的幼虫人工饲料配方、饲养盘和成蛾收集技术方面取得的进展进行了归纳,并介绍了一次长效放蜂技术和大、小卵蜂混合释放技术在玉米螟和水稻二化螟防治的应用。2004年以来,吉林省累计推广松毛虫赤眼蜂防治玉米螟近1300万hm²,我国在推广应用赤眼蜂防治农业害虫方面取得巨大成功。最后,对赤眼蜂工厂化生产中存在的技术问题以及发展方向进行了探讨。     

几种赤眼蜂品系对欧洲玉米螟卵寄生选择性比较

几种赤眼蜂品系对欧洲玉米螟卵寄生选择性比较王振营，周大荣ＨａｓｓａｎＳ．Ａ．（中国农业科学院植保护研究所北京１０００９４）（联邦德国农村生物研究中心生物防治研究所）利用不同种类和品系的赤眼蜂对寄主选择（嗜好）性的差异，在实验室条件下筛选防治目标害虫的...     

松毛虫赤眼蜂体外培育中人工卵营养液的改进报道

赤眼蜂是被广泛应用于生物防治的寄生性天敌昆虫。昆虫寄主卵的供不应求及成本的日趋增加成为赤眼蜂大量繁殖和利用的一个突出问题。赤眼蜂人工卵的研究是我国具有国际先进水平的成果,现阶段很在必要改良现有的人工卵配方以解决生产上大量繁蜂对昆虫寄主卵的需求、降低生产成本、实现大规模化生产的问题。广东省昆虫研究所近期研究发现用含有昆虫主要血糖——海藻糖的人工卵配方繁殖松     

赤眼蜂寄主偏爱可塑性研究

三种赤眼蜂寄主选择性和寄生能力的实验结果表明，松毛虫赤眼蜂对亚洲玉米螟卵的寄主选择性和寄生能力最弱，其次为拟澳洲赤眼蜂，玉米螟赤眼蜂最强，寄主偏爱可塑性实验结果表明、对玉米螟卵选择性和寄生能力较弱的拟澳洲赤眼蜂，其寄主的低偏爱性是可塑的；而对玉米螟卵选择性和寄生能力较强的玉米螟赤眼蜂，在亚洲玉米螟卵繁殖几代后，其寄生能力变化不大。     

赤眼蜂的释放技术研究

赤眼蜂（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｇｒａｍｍａｓｐｐ．）对不同寄主卵的嗜好性有差异,这是利用赤眼蜂防治害虫效果高低的关键因子。但是,环境条件及放蜂技术与赤眼蜂的治虫效果也密切相关。本文着重探讨了玉米螟防治中的蜂卵比、放蜂点的设置和放蜂次数３因子与放蜂效果的关系。现...     

寄生中菜蛾的赤眼蜂蜂种选择Ⅱ.几种赤眼蜂在米蛾卵上的繁殖潜能评价

通过组建几种不同来源的赤眼蜂在米蛾卵上的实验种群生命表结果表明，短管赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂在米蛾卵上的繁殖能力最强，内禀增长度为0.3644和0.3435，具有室内大量生产的潜力；碧岭赤眼蜂和特氏赤眼蜂的繁殖能力较强，其内禀增长率为0.3440和0.295，是在室内保种和繁殖的合适寄主；卷蛾分索赤眼蜂繁殖能力较差，内禀增长率为0.269 09，米蛾卵不是其室内大量繁殖的最佳中间寄主。     

家蚕卵培养松毛虫赤眼蜂的初步研究

利用赤眼蜂防治各种农林害虫需要解决的问题之一,如何提供大量繁蜂寄主卵,目前国外主要用地中海粉螟、麦蛾、米蛾等小型卵,我国除用小型卵外,还利用松毛虫、植物保护学报8卷蓖麻蚕、柞蚕等大型卵。由于以上各种卵的大量来源存有一定局限,因而寄主卵源就成为大规模繁殖利用赤眼蜂的一个障碍。寻找量大而来源方便的寄主卵或利用人工饲料育蜂已成为当前发展利用赤眼蜂的重要研究课题     

Primary Haustorial Development of Striga asiatica on Host and Nonhost Species

ABSTRACT Initial interactions of Striga asiatica with a susceptible host and non-host plants were examined by histological methods. Haustorial development was initiated when radicles of S. asiatica were placed in contact with host or nonhost roots. Reorganization of the S. asiatica root apical meristem was rapid and involved the formation of a distal group of cells that penetrated the host or nonhost root. Penetration of the epidermis of the host (sorghum) roots and advance into the cortex occurred within 24 to 48 h of inoculation. Penetration of the endodermis by the developing endophyte was delayed for 72 to 96 h after initial contact. However, upon penetration vascular continuity was established between parasite and host. In contrast, interactions with nonhosts provided evidence of active resistance mechanisms. Penetration of lettuce, marigold, and cowpea roots by S. asiatica was most frequently arrested in the cortex, and endophytic cells were necrotic 72 h after inoculation. Some species-specific differences were observed in the reactions of nonhosts to penetration, although in their general nature the interactions with S. asiatica were similar.     

转寄主对蝇蛹俑小蜂发育和营养物质含量的影响

本文以家蝇作为繁育寄主,再以橘小实蝇作为转换寄主,分别研究以家蝇和橘小实蝇为寄主的蝇蛹俑小蜂的发育和体内主要营养物质含量。结果表明,2种寄主饲养的蝇蛹俑小蜂在形态、发育和营养物质含量上均有不同的分化。2种寄主饲养的寄生蜂从卵发育至成虫均为17~21 d,其中卵期和预蛹期均为1 d,但橘小实蝇为寄主饲养的寄生蜂幼虫期（8.3 d）比家蝇长（6.6 d）,而蛹期和成虫寿命则是家蝇为寄主饲养的寄生蜂时间较长,分别为9.8和12.5 d,以橘小实蝇为寄主的雌、雄蜂头壳宽度（1.0和1.4 mm）均显著小于以家蝇为寄主的雌（1.6 mm）、雄蜂（1.7 mm）。2种寄主饲养的寄生蜂的脂肪含量无显著差异,但以橘小实蝇为寄主的寄生蜂体内可溶性蛋白、总糖的含量均高于以家蝇为寄主饲养的寄生蜂,分别为138.81 μg/g、1.15%,差异显著。因此可明确蝇蛹俑小蜂在寄生橘小实蝇的过程中,会作出相适应的改变以提高生存能力和寄生率。     

一种镰刀菌对空心莲子草的致病力与寄主专一性测定

从罹病的空心莲子草上分离到一种镰刀菌,人工接种条件下,3叶期的空心莲子草幼苗最易发病,叶部次之.在供试的4个菌株中,以YZ-03菌株的致病力最强,该菌株接种空心莲子草幼苗5d后,接种的植株病情指数已达100,8d后幼苗全部枯死;人工接种叶片和茎秆9d后,叶片的病情指数达90.95,接种茎秆的病情指数达85.19.采用27科61种植物对该镰刀菌进行寄主专一性测定,结果表明,该镰刀菌能使莲子草严重发病,也能侵染藜的幼苗,对包括主要农作物在内的其他59种植物均无致病性.     

不同种昆虫病原线虫对同一寄主个体的竞争及对线虫繁殖的影响

采用注射侵染和自然侵染法，测试了长尾斯氏线虫X-7品系、小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系和嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系对同一寄主大蜡螟幼虫的相互作用，及其对线虫繁殖的影响。结果表明，无论是注射侵染还是自然侵染法，对大蜡螟幼虫个体的致死竞争能力最强的是长尾斯氏线虫，其次是小卷蛾斯氏线虫，嗜菌异小杆线虫的致死能力最弱。在同一大蜡螟幼虫体内时。异小杆线虫的繁殖受斯氏线虫的不利影响较大，而两种斯氏线虫的繁殖受异小杆线虫的不利影响较小。两种斯氏线虫对各自的繁殖影响不大。     

Asymmetrical Distribution of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus PAV Variants Between Host Plant Species

ABSTRACT A large epidemiological study of the genetic variation of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) serotype PAV involving different host plant species was conducted. French BYDV PAV isolates were collected from barley and ryegrass, and their capsid protein gene sequences characterized using restriction fragment length polymorphism, single-strand conformation polymorphism, and sequence analyses. The data show that BYDV PAV isolates from five different continents are separated into two distinct groups named cpA and cpB, which are distributed irrespective of geographical location. Amino acid identity of the capsid proteins ranged from 93 to 99.5% in group cpA and from 95 to 99.5% in group cpB, while this value was only from 82 to 88% between the groups. Moreover, isolates from each group were found preferentially (up to 98%) in one of the two plant species examined. These results show that host plant species play a role in isolate selection and maintenance and that they contribute to the genetic diversity of BYDV PAV.     

Genetic Analysis of Host Species Specificity of Magnaporthe oryzae Isolates from Rice and Wheat

ABSTRACT A Triticum isolate (pathogenic on wheat) of Magnaporthe oryzae was crossed with an Oryza isolate (pathogenic on rice) to elucidate mechanisms of their parasitic specificity on wheat. When the pathogenicity of their F (1) cultures (hybrids between a Triticum isolate and an Oryza isolate) was tested on wheat, avirulent and virulent cultures segregated in a 7:1 ratio. This result suggests that three loci are involved in avirulence of the Oryza isolate on wheat. One of the three loci conditioned papilla formation, whereas the others conditioned the hypersensitive reaction. Allelism tests revealed that the locus conditioning papilla formation is Pwt2 while one of the two loci conditioning the hypersensitive reaction is Pwt1. The other locus conditioning the hypersensitive reaction was different from any other known loci and, therefore, was designated as Pwt5.     

规模扩繁夜蛾黑卵蜂的寄主筛选

夜蛾黑卵蜂Telenomus remus Nixon是多种鳞翅目夜蛾科昆虫卵期重要的寄生性天敌。本研究观测了夜蛾黑卵蜂对5种供试寄主卵（斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura、草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda、甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua、烟青虫Helicoverpa assulta和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera）的寄生及子代发育情况,比较了不同寄主卵繁育的夜蛾黑卵蜂在寄生率、羽化率、雌性比和体型大小等生物学指标的差异。结果表明：夜蛾黑卵蜂对斜纹夜蛾的卵粒寄生率最高,为94.48%;其次是草地贪夜蛾（92.11%）;对烟青虫和棉铃虫的卵粒寄生率相对较低,为34.08%和50.75%。草地贪夜蛾卵育出的子代雌蜂的后足胫节长度166.48 μm,比斜纹夜蛾卵繁育的159.22 μm大,但其羽化率较低,仅为68.06%,显著低于斜纹夜蛾的92.40%,斜纹夜蛾的单雌产卵量显著高于其他4种寄主。研究结果显示斜纹夜蛾卵是规模化繁育夜蛾黑卵蜂的理想中间寄主。     

Two Sibling Species of the Botrytis cinerea Complex, transposa and vacuma, Are Found in Sympatry on Numerous Host Plants

ABSTRACT Strains of Botrytis cinerea (the anamorph of Botryotinia fuckeliana) were collected from 21 different plant species around vineyards in the Champagne region (France). Strains were analyzed using three new polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers that were found by SWAPP (sequencing with arbitrary primer pairs), in addition to 15 other markers (PCR-RFLP, transposable elements, and resistance to fungicides). The markers revealed a high degree of genetic diversity and were used to investigate population structure. The two sympatric species transposa and vacuma, previously identified on grapes in these vineyards, were also detected on many of the plant species sampled. A new type of strain was also detected, having only the transposable element Boty. We did not detect any differentiation between strains from different organs or locations, but the prevalences of transposa and vacuma were significantly different on the different host plants. Fungicide resistance frequencies were significantly different in transposa and vacuma species. This study confirms that B. cinerea is a complex of sibling species and shows that the sibling species occur sympatrically on many host plants. However, the two species seemed to have different pathogenic behaviors. These findings contradict the traditional view of B. cinerea as a clonal population without specialization.     

绿僵菌菌株遗传多态性与地理来源及寄主种群分化的关联性

采用RAPD-PCR分子标记技术分析了51株不同地理来源、寄主来源的绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae菌株的遗传多态性。从94条RAPD引物中筛选出18条引物,对所有试验菌株进行RAPD-PCR扩增,共获得96条扩增片段,其中81条片段表现多态性,占84.1%。聚类分析表明,供试的51株菌株间的相似性系数范围为0.52~0.98,表明菌株间存在丰富的遗传多态性。供试菌株在相似性系数0.7的水平可分为4个组群。按菌株DNA多态性与地理及寄主来源的聚类分析表明,大多数菌株的DNA多态性与地理或寄主有一定的相关性,即长期的地理环境和寄主适应性可能形成了种群的分化。     

Distribution of Vegetatively Compatible Populations of Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA in a Field Planted with Different Host Species

To understand the distribution pattern and divergence of Rhizoctonia solani in a field over a 4-year period, R. solani AG1-IA isolates were collected from diseased tissues of several crops. Pairing tests between isolates to detect hyphal anastomosis and vegetatively compatible population (VCP) groupings were done on 2% water agar and potato dextrose agar. A single VCP of R. solani AG1-IA dominated a large upland crop field at the Institute of Plant Breeding, University of the Philippines at Los Ba?os. The VCP changed more slowly and at a lower frequency as compared to other reports. Received 27 September 1999/ Accepted in revised form 3 February 2000