稻田常用农药对四地区二化螟盘绒茧蜂雌成蜂的触杀毒性

为明确稻田常用农药对二化螟幼虫期优势寄生性天敌二化螟盘绒茧蜂Cotesia chilonis(Mat-sumura)的毒性,采用药膜法在室内测定了7种杀虫剂原药以及18种常用农药制剂对扬州、安吉、金华和乐清4个地区二化螟盘绒茧蜂雌成蜂的触杀毒性。结果表明,7种杀虫剂原药中氟虫腈、毒死蜱和三唑磷对该蜂毒性较高,杀虫单、吡虫啉和阿维菌素次之,氯虫苯甲酰胺则最低。12种杀虫剂制剂中20%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂和3种阿维菌素相关制剂对该蜂毒性相对较低,其余均具高毒性;4种杀菌剂中的异稻.三环唑对该蜂高毒,苯甲.丙环唑次之,井岗.蜡芽菌(井冈霉素)和盐酸吗啉胍.三氮唑核苷则毒性最低;2种除草剂中苄嘧.丙草胺毒性高于苄.二氯。此外,同一种药剂对不同地区雌蜂的毒性也有所不同。     

安徽沿江稻区二化螟抗药性动态及治理对策

二化螟是水稻上的重要害虫之一,明确其对杀虫剂的抗性是合理制定化学防治策略的依据.笔者通过2001～2009年安徽和县地区二化螟对杀虫单、三唑磷、氟虫腈和阿维菌素等4种主要药剂抗性的系统监测,分析了抗性发展动态,并在此基础上提出了安徽沿江稻区二化螟的治理对策.     

10%四氯虫酰胺悬浮剂防治水稻二化螟试验

从20世纪80年代以后,随着栽培制度和水稻品种的变化,水稻二化螟Chilo suppressalis Walker成为四川稻区螟虫的优势种,占水稻螟虫总量的80%以上。水稻二化螟属鳞翅目,螟蛾科,是水稻上为害最为严重的常发性害虫之一。水稻在分蘖期受害,造成枯鞘、枯心苗,在穗期受害,造成虫伤株和白穗,一般年份减产3%～5%,严重年份,减产在30%以上。20世纪70年代以前,四川稻区螟虫的防治主要使用六六六、DDT等有机氯农药;70年代开始推广使用甲胺磷、敌百虫等有机磷农药和杀虫脒防治二化螟;80年代初大量使用水胺硫磷等高毒有机磷农药防治二化螟;20世纪80年代末至90年代主要推广杀虫双、杀虫单等沙蚕毒素杀虫剂和溴氰菊酯等拟虫菊酯类杀虫剂防治二化螟;2000年后,氟虫腈、阿维菌素、阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和毒死蜱曾经广泛应用于二化螟防治;近年来,双酰胺类杀虫剂如氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟苯虫酰胺、溴氰虫酰胺、四氯虫酰胺等,由于作用机理独特,对大部分鳞翅目害虫具有优异的控制效果,已成为防治水稻二化螟的重要药剂。四氯虫酰胺是中化农化有限公司与沈阳化工研究院联合开发的新化合物,是中国第一个获得登记的拥有自主知识产权的双酰胺类杀虫剂,其10%四氯虫酰胺悬浮剂商品名为9080TM,并已取得农药登记。四氯虫酰胺是一种广谱性杀虫剂,具有触杀、胃毒活性,内吸传导性好,对夜蛾科、螟蛾科、菜蛾科、尺蠖蛾科、卷蛾科、卷叶蛾科、小卷叶蛾科等鳞翅目害虫防治效果优良,其速效性好、持效期长。2013年笔者在四川省青神县用10%四氯虫酰胺悬浮剂对水稻二化螟进行了防治试验示范,旨在为该药剂在四川省大面积推广应用提供参考。     

太原市不同地区苹果黄蚜抗药性水平监测

本文用FAO推荐的微量点滴法对太原市两地区的苹果黄蚜的抗药性变化进行了监测,结果发现在2010—2013的四年中,不同地区苹果黄蚜对不同药剂的敏感性变化不同。其中清徐地区苹果黄蚜对毒死蜱、乙酰甲胺磷、甲基阿维菌素、氧化乐果、马拉硫磷的敏感性有降低的趋势,其中对氧化乐果的抗性增长最大,为原来的138.94倍,对吡虫啉、啶虫脒、高效氯氰菊酯的敏感性有升高的趋势,其中对啶虫脒的敏感性升高最明显,敏感性升高为原来的27.68倍;阳曲地区黄蚜对吡虫啉、乙酰甲胺磷、甲基阿维菌素、氧化乐果、马拉硫磷的敏感性有降低的趋势,其中对马拉硫磷的抗性增长最快,为原来的151.02倍,对毒死蜱、啶虫脒、高效氯氰菊酯的敏感性有升高的趋势,其中对高效氯氰菊酯的敏感性升高最明显,敏感性升高为原来的1.735 2倍;清徐地区黄蚜对各种药剂的敏感性增长顺序为:氧化乐果乙酰甲胺磷毒死蜱马拉硫磷甲基阿维菌素吡虫啉高效氯氰菊酯啶虫脒,阳曲地区黄蚜对各种药剂的敏感性增长顺序为:马拉硫磷乙酰甲胺磷氧化乐果甲基阿维菌素吡虫啉毒死蜱啶虫脒高效氯氰菊酯。     

移栽前杀虫剂处理秧苗对早稻二化螟的防效

选用不同作用机理杀虫剂40%氯虫·噻虫嗪水分散粒剂、19%溴氰虫酰胺悬浮剂、5%阿维菌素乳油、40%毒死蜱乳油处理移栽前的早稻秧苗,移栽后调查各处理受二化螟为害程度,比较不同药剂的防虫效果。调查发现,氯虫·噻虫嗪、溴氰虫酰胺、阿维菌素对早稻1代二化螟有较好的控制效果,特别是19%溴氰虫酰胺悬浮剂875、1 750 m L/667m~2处理,药后30 d对二化螟造成枯鞘的防效在80%以上,药后41 d对二化螟造成枯心的防效在70%左右,且无药害发生。40%毒死蜱乳油300 m L/667m~2对二化螟枯鞘(心)防效较低,药后30~41 d防效均在50%上下。试验还发现,合理提高供试药剂用量,可延长秧苗"送嫁药"的持效期,减少大田用药次数,从而减少总用药量。     

湖北省水稻主产区二化螟抗药性动态与防控对策

对2011年～2017年湖北省水稻主产区二化螟抗药性监测结果进行综合分析,明确湖北省水稻二化螟对氯虫苯甲酰胺、阿维菌素、毒死蜱、三唑磷等杀虫剂的抗性水平变化趋势,以指导田间科学用药防控。     

水稻二化螟抗药性监测及防控对策*

采用点滴法测定了2007-2009年采自浙江、江苏、湖北、四川等地水稻二化螟4龄幼虫对沙蚕毒素类的杀虫单、有机磷类的三唑磷、毒死蜱、苯基吡唑类的氟虫腈及微生物源的阿维菌素等杀虫剂的抗性。结果表明：上述二化螟种群对５种杀虫剂抗性分布具有明显的地区性,其中浙江、江苏大部分地区供试种群对杀虫单、三唑磷的抗性水平达40倍以上,已普遍产生高至极高水平抗性;对毒死蜱产生的抗性水平达22倍以上,已普遍产生中等水平至高水平抗性;对氟虫腈产生的抗性水平达6倍以上,已普遍产生低水平至中等水平抗性;对阿维菌素敏感至低水平抗性;湖北孝感、四川武胜种群对５种药剂尚未产生抗性或为低水平抗性。本文还对二化螟抗性防控对策进行了讨论。     

山东省绿盲蝽田间种群对六种杀虫剂的敏感性监测

为了解山东地区绿盲蝽对常用杀虫剂的敏感性变化情况,于2010—2012年采用玻璃管药膜法监测山东聊城、菏泽、滨州、德州地区绿盲蝽田间种群对马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、灭多威、丁硫克百威、联苯菊酯和氟虫腈等6种杀虫剂的敏感性。结果显示,相对于2009年的监测数据,2010—2012 年各地绿盲蝽种群对不同杀虫剂表现出不同程度的敏感性变化,但相对毒力比值均小于10倍。其中对毒死蜱、联苯菊酯的敏感性均未降低,菏泽种群表现为敏感性增强,相对毒力比值小于1。2011—2012年德州种群对丁硫克百威、灭多威和氟虫腈的敏感性降低,相对毒力比值大于3倍,其它种群敏感性变化不大,相对毒力比值均小于3倍。3年间菏泽种群对马拉硫磷的敏感性变化不大,相对毒力比值小于3倍,其它种群敏感性均有所降低。因此,毒死蜱、马拉硫磷、联苯菊酯、丁硫克百威等仍是山东棉区防治绿盲蝽的有效药剂。     

辽阳地区稻水象甲对六种杀虫剂的敏感性及解毒酶活性测定

分别于2010和2011年采用点滴法测定了辽宁省辽阳地区张台子、柳壕和大石桥3个稻水象甲Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel田间种群对吡虫啉等6种杀虫剂的敏感性。发现不同种群对同一药剂的敏感性相差可达4.2~49.4倍;2011年大石桥种群对阿维菌素等3种药剂的敏感性较2010年有所下降。通过室内毒力测定筛选出了5种可有效防治稻水象甲的药剂组合:阿维菌素和三唑磷、氯虫苯甲酰胺和三唑磷分别按质量比1∶1和1∶3组合,多杀菌素和辛硫磷按质量比1∶3组合。比较了3个种群稻水象甲成虫羧酸酯酶(CarE)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)的活性,初步探讨了其敏感性不同的可能机制。研究结果可为该地区稻水象甲的有效控制提供参考。     

6种杀虫剂对旱稻孢囊线虫孵化的影响

为明确水稻常用杀虫剂对旱稻孢囊线虫孵化的影响,在室内条件下测定了毒死蜱、三唑磷、灭线磷、丙溴磷、阿维菌素和杀虫双等6种杀虫剂在不同浓度和时期处理对旱稻孢囊线虫的作用效果。结果表明,6种杀虫剂中丙溴磷、毒死蜱、阿维菌素对旱稻孢囊线虫的孵化具有较高的抑制活性;药剂长期处理对2龄幼虫孵化的抑制效果最好,刚分离的孢囊较预先孵化7d后的孢囊对药剂的敏感性低;三唑磷和灭线磷在较低浓度范围内对孢囊线虫的孵化具有刺激作用。研究结果可为制定旱稻孢囊线虫防治措施提供依据。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.