支持向量机-近红外光谱法用于真假奶粉的判别

将基于统计学理论的支持向量机(SVM)与近红外光谱分析技术相结合,对真假奶粉进行分类判别.以50个奶粉样品作为实验材料,通过SVM建立识别真假奶粉的模型.实验中采用高斯径向基函数(RBF)为核函数,根据SVM的不同输入量调整核参数建立最佳SVM模型,对学习机的38个样品识别率可达到100%,对预测集12个奶粉样品预测率可达到100%.实验表明,应用支持向量机-近红外光谱法建立判别真假奶粉的近红外定性分析模型,为真假奶粉的判别提供一个方便快捷的分析方法.     

基于近红外光谱的核桃仁品种快速分类方法

采用傅里叶变换近红外光谱仪,采集了4个不同品种的200份核桃仁样本的近红外漫反射光谱,建立了核桃仁品种分类模型。光谱范围为3 800~9 600 cm -1 ,预处理方法采用多元散射校正法和标准正态化方法;通过主成分分析法优选出5个主成分因子,光谱信息累计贡献率达到99.21%;采用随机抽取法建立建模集和验证集,以主成分因子为输入变量,建立了基于支持向量机分类模型,并采用网格搜索法对RBF核函数参数 λ和δ 进行寻优。分析结果表明,建立的核桃仁分类识别模型对4个核桃仁品种的总体正确识别率达到96%,为核桃仁品种的快速无损识别提供了一种可行的方法。     

基于高光谱和频谱特征的注水肉识别方法

为实现注水肉快捷有效的识别,以猪肉为研究对象,利用高光谱技术分析了注水肉和正常肉的光谱特征,通过傅里叶变换的方法,提取样本的频谱特征参数,然后分别基于猪肉样本的全光谱、特征光谱和频谱特征参数,分别建立正常猪肉和注水猪肉的支持向量机（SVM）和BP神经网络分类识别模型,并采用验证集对模型性能进行试验验证。结果表明,基于频谱特征参数建立的神经网络分类识别模型具有最优的分类识别效果,正确识别率达98.8%;基于特征光谱建立的神经网络分类识别模型分类识别效果次之,正确识别率为96.4%;而基于全光谱建立的支持向量机分类识别模型分类识别效果最差,正确识别率只有84.5%。说明采用高光谱技术可以对注水猪肉进行快速而有效的检测识别。     

大豆田间杂草的光谱识别研究

精确施药的关键是快速正确识别杂草。为此,利用ASD野外便携式光谱仪,在田间测量了大豆、马唐和稗草植株冠层在350～2 500nm波长内的光谱数据,经过数据预处理,数据分析波长选为350～1 300nm和1 400～1 800 nm。数据处理采用支持向量机(SVM)模式识别方法 ,用线性、多项式、径向基和多层感知核函数对大豆和杂草建立二分类模型。结果表明:三阶多项式核函数SVM分类模型的正确识别率最高,达到85%以上,且支持向量比例较小;以二分类模型为基础,利用投票机制建立了大豆、马唐和稗草的一对一多分类SVM模型,正确识别率达83%;田间光谱测量受光照、背景和仪器测量精度等条件的影响较大,但结果仍表明SVM结合光谱技术在田间杂草识别中的应用潜力很大。此研究为田间杂草识别及传感器的建立提供了研究思路和应用基础。     

基于核相互子空间法的番茄叶部病害快速识别模型

近年来,基于叶片图像的番茄病害识别研究受到广泛关注。本研究利用番茄叶部病害图像中病斑的颜色和纹理的差异,通过提取番茄病害叶片图像的颜色矩（CM）、颜色聚合向量（CCV）和方向梯度直方图（HOG）等颜色纹理特征,引入核相互子空间法（KMSM）,建立了番茄叶部病害快速识别模型（CCHKMSM）。该模型首先通过高斯核函数,将从不同类别叶部病害图像数据中抽取的颜色及纹理特征映射到高维空间;然后对映射的高维空间进行主成分分析,建立非线性病害特征空间;最后基于非线性特征空间最小正则角对病害进行识别。本研究分别以公共农业病虫害数据集PlantVillage中的9种番茄病害类和1类健康番茄叶片图像,以及实际场景下采集的3种叶部病虫害图像数据集开展算法验证试验。基于PlantVillage的试验结果表明,当每类样本集数量为350张时,本研究所提出的CCHKMSM模型识别率达到100%,模型训练时间为0.1540 s,平均识别时间为0.013 s;同时,在样本数量150张到1000张的测试区间内,模型平均识别率为99.14%。该识别率高于其他典型的机器学习模型,与基于深度学习的识别方法相当。基于实际复杂场景下采集病害图像集的实验中,通过对原始图像切割分块后,对各病害的平均识别率为96.21%。试验结果表明,本研究提出的CCHKMSM模型识别准确率高且计算量小,其训练时间和测试时间都远低于深度学习等方法。该方法对系统要求低,具有在手持设备、边缘计算终端等低配置感知系统中的应用潜力。     

基于高斯过程回归组合核函数的磷酸铁锂电池荷电状态估算

为了提高磷酸铁锂电池荷电状态(State of charge,SOC)的预测准确率,提出一种基于组合核函数的高斯过程回归估算方法。首先选取描述不同数据线性特征的核函数进行组合,建立高斯过程回归(Gaussian process regression,GPR)模型;然后将模型应用于估算HPPC实验工况下的SOC,并将其与传统单一核函数的GPR模型估算效果进行比较;最后用UDDS工况的实验数据验证GPR模型对不同类型实验数据的适应性。实验结果表明,该方法在不同工况下均能有效降低SOC估算误差,具有广阔的应用前景。     

猕猴桃膨大果的近红外漫反射光谱无损识别

在833~2500 nm光谱范围内采集了120个猕猴桃膨大果和120个正常果的近红外漫反射光谱,采用变量标准化方法对光谱进行了预处理,基于Kennard-Stone方法对样本进行了划分,分别建立了基于全光谱(FS)、主成分分析法(PCA)提取的11个主成分和连续投影算法(SPA)提取的6个特征波长的偏最小二乘(PLS)、支持向量机(SVM)和误差反向传播(BP)神经网络识别模型。结果说明,所建立的9个模型对校正集和测试集中猕猴桃膨大果和正常果的正确识别率均分别大于96.7%和93.3%。PCA提取的主成分数和SPA提取的特征波长数仅是FS中波长数的0.53%和0.29%,建立的模型更加简单,且识别效率较高。PLS和SVM模型的识别率普遍高于BP神经网络模型。9种模型中PCA-PLS识别率最高,其对校正集和测试集中膨大果和正常果的正确识别率均达到100%。该研究结果表明,近红外漫反射光谱技术可作为一种准确、高效的方法应用于猕猴桃膨大果的无损识别中。     

基于改进BPNN-SVR算法的土壤盐分参数与有机质相关性研究

研究土壤有机质含量与土壤盐分参数之间的相关关系,可以为土壤施肥、增产增收及资源有效利用等方面提供理论支撑。研究采集了试验地中165个土样,并测定了土样的HCO~-_3、SO■、Cl~-、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、K~+、Mg~(2+)等离子的含量、土壤全盐含量及土壤有机质含量等数据,研究了土壤有机质含量与土壤盐分参数之间的相关关系以及核函数对预测模型的影响。结果表明:土壤盐分参数与土壤有机质含量之间有较强的相关性,使用基于BP神经网络(BPNN)与回归型支持向量机(SVR)建立的改进BPNN-SVR模型预测土壤有机质含量具有较高的可信度。明确了最优的核函数参数后,随机抽取120个样本数据作为训练集,剩余45个样本数据为测试集,数据归一化后用改进BPNN-SVR预测训练集的决定系数达到0.938,均方差为0.074 2,测试集的决定系数达到0.941 5,均方误差为0.106 5,显示了改进BPNN-SVR优良的泛化能力和预测性能;用传统的BPNN模型预测土壤有机质作为对比试验,测试集的决定系数为0.870 3,均方差为0.116 2。因此,改进BPNN-SVR模型相较于传统BPNN模型的测试集均方差降低了30.99%,决定系数提高了8.18%。在同一训练集和测试集条件下,不同核函数对改进BPNN-SVR模型也有显著的影响,其中RBF核函数表现最佳,决定系数达0.908 6,平均相对误差(5.98%)和均方误差(0.074 6)均小于其他核函数类型。因此,基于RBF核函数的改进BPNN-SVR模型可以利用土壤盐分参数有效地估算土壤有机质含量,且精度和可靠性较高。     

近红外玉米品种鉴别系统预处理和波长选择方

以7个品种玉米籽粒的鉴别系统为研究对象,对比研究了6种预处理方法和波长选择对模型鉴别能力的影响.结果表明,在被比较的6种预处理方法中,一阶导数方法能够使模型有更好的鉴别性能.使用一阶导数预处理和全光谱区的模型平均正确识别率和正确拒识率最高,分别为98.6%和98%,有5个品种的模型的正确识别率和正确拒识率都达到了100%.波长选择对一阶导数模型没有明显作用,但能使标准正态变量变换和矢量归一化模型鉴别准确度得到较大提高.     

基于近红外漫反射光谱的损伤猕猴桃早期识别

以贮藏1d的碰撞损伤猕猴桃、挤压损伤猕猴桃和无损猕猴桃为对象,分别建立了猕猴桃的Fisher判别模型、BP神经网络判别模型与最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)判别模型,综合比较了采用全光谱波长(FS)、主成分分析(PCA)提取特征变量与连续投影算法(SPA)优选特征波长作为各模型输入变量时,对各模型判别效果的影响.研究结果表明,SPA优选特征波长相比于PCA和FS有较明显的优势;3种判别模型均能基本满足实际要求,且LSSVM模型的识别性能最佳,其中SPA-LSSVM模型对预测集碰撞损伤样品、挤压损伤样品与无损样品的正确识别率分别达到100％、95％和100％,总的正确识别率为98.2％.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。