五指山猪和长白猪背最长肌蛋白组学研究

为比较五指山猪和长白猪生长后期肌肉生长发育的差异,以6、8月龄五指山猪和长白猪为试验对象,采用同位素标记相对和绝对定量技术(iTRAQ)对其背最长肌总蛋白进行鉴定,结合生物信息学技术筛选品种间和品种内差异蛋白,并对其进行KEGG通路富集分析。结果表明：4组样品中共鉴定到1713个蛋白;五指山猪和长白猪品种间比较,6、8月龄猪中分别有460、337个差异的蛋白;品种内2个生长阶段比较,五指山猪和长白猪中分别有421、275个差异蛋白;2种比较均为上调的差异蛋白数多于下调差异蛋白数;KEGG通路分析发现,在五指山猪和长白猪品种间,6、8月龄在2个品种间的差异蛋白富集到差异显著(P<0.05)的条目分别为34、33个,在品种内,五指山猪和长白猪在2个生长阶段间的差异蛋白富集到差异显著(P<0.05)的条目分别为24、14个;在品种内发现了调控骨骼肌分化过程中发挥着重要作用的PI3K/AKT信号通路和影响脂肪沉积的PPAR信号通路,在品种间除了这2种外,还发现有肌纤维类型发育相关的糖酵解/糖异生信号通路;品种内2个比较组在PPAR和PI3K/AKT信号通路分别有10、9个共同表达的基因,品种间2个比较组在糖酵解/糖异生、PI3K/AKT和PPAR信号通路分别有10、13、9个共同表达的基因,对这些信号通路中共同表达的基因进行分析后筛选到一些与肌肉生长发育和脂肪代谢相关的关键基因。     

卵巢颗粒细胞自噬与PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a信号通路的相关性

细胞自噬是哺乳动物细胞物质代谢的一个重要机制,与细胞凋亡共同参与卵巢卵泡的发育和闭锁,并发挥重要的作用。近年研究发现,磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B（phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/AKT）信号通路参与卵巢疾病的发生。PI3K和AKT的过度激活可使原始卵泡过早发育以及卵泡过快凋亡,卵巢颗粒细胞作为卵泡发育重要的支持细胞,其功能的减退或凋亡很可能引发一系列女性内分泌方面的疾病。FOXO3a转录因子是PI3K/AKT信号通路下游的重要靶蛋白之一,参与抗增殖和凋亡。本文就关于卵巢颗粒细胞自噬与PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a信号通路的相关进展加以综述。     

Ca~(2+)信号介导川芎嗪诱导小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向神经细胞的定向分化

用含2.4 mg.mL-1川芎嗪提取液对小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)进行诱导,探讨川芎嗪体外诱导BMSCs分化为神经元样细胞的作用.应用EGTA(细胞外Ca2+螯合剂)、Nifedipine(L-型Ca2+通道阻断剂)和LY294002(PI3K阻断剂)等Ca2+阻断剂分别作用细胞,RT-PCR和Western blot技术研究Ca2+信号在川芎嗪诱导BMSCs分化为神经细胞过程中的作用.结果表明:川芎嗪作用不同时间的BMSCs均可见Nestin、β-Tubulin Ⅲ、NSE和Nurrl的表达;川芎嗪诱导后的细胞浆内Nestin和NSE蛋白表达呈阳性.EGTA、Nifedipine及LY294002分别阻断细胞外Ca2+、L-型Ca2+通道及PI3K后,NSE和Nurr1基因及NSE蛋白表达较川芎嗪诱导组显著上调.以上结果说明川芎嗪能使BMSCs定向分化为神经元样细胞,细胞内、外Ca2+的减少可促进川芎嗪诱导BMSCs向神经细胞的分化,Ca2+信号在川芎嗪诱导BMSCs向神经细胞定向分化过程中起负调控作用.     

Binding of SH2 domains of phospholipase C gamma 1, GAP, and Src to activated growth factor receptors

Phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLC gamma 1) and p21ras guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activating protein (GAP) bind to and are phosphorylated by activated growth factor receptors. Both PLC gamma 1 and GAP contain two adjacent copies of the noncatalytic Src homology 2 (SH2) domain. The SH2 domains of PLC gamma 1 synthesized individually in bacteria formed high affinity complexes with the epidermal growth factor (EGF)- or platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-receptors in cell lysates, and bound synergistically to activated receptors when expressed together as one bacterial protein. In vitro complex formation was dependent on prior growth factor stimulation and was competed by intracellular PLC gamma 1. Similar results were obtained for binding of GAP SH2 domains to the PDGF-receptor. The isolated SH2 domains of other signaling proteins, such as p60src and Crk, also bound activated PDGF-receptors in vitro. SH2 domains, therefore, provide a common mechanism by which enzymatically diverse regulatory proteins can physically associate with the same activated receptors and thereby couple growth factor stimulation to intracellular signal transduction pathways.     

Role of phosphatidylinositol kinase in PDGF receptor signal transduction

The molecules with which the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor interacts to elicit the biochemical reactions responsible for cell proliferation have not been identified. Antisera directed against specific PDGF receptor peptides coprecipitated a phosphatidylinositol (PI) kinase and the PDGF receptor. Immunoprecipitates from PDGF-stimulated cells contained 10 to 50 times as much PI kinase as those from unstimulated cells. Mutation of the PDGF receptor by deletion of its kinase insert region resulted in a receptor markedly less effective than the wild type in eliciting cell proliferation and defective in PDGF-stimulated PI kinase, but still capable of PDGF-induced receptor autophosphorylation and phosphoinositide hydrolysis. These data show that the PDGF receptor is physically associated with a PDGF-sensitive PI kinase that is distinct from tyrosine kinase and is not required for PDGF-induced PI hydrolysis. The finding that the mutant PDGF receptor missing the kinase insert domain elicited known early biochemical responses to PDGF, but did not associate with or regulate PI kinase, suggests a novel role for the receptor-associated PI kinase in the transmission of mitogenic signals.     

Effect of phospholipase C-gamma overexpression on PDGF-induced second messengers and mitogenesis

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates phospholipase C (PLC) activity and the phosphorylation of the gamma isozyme of PLC (PLC-gamma) in vitro and in living cells. The role of PLC-gamma in the phosphoinositide signaling pathway was addressed by examining the effect of overexpression of PLC-gamma on cellular responses to PDGF. Overexpression of PLC-gamma correlated with PDGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-gamma and with PDGF-induced breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). However, neither bradykinin- nor lysophosphatidic acid-induced phosphoinositide metabolism was enhanced in the transfected cells, suggesting that the G protein-coupled phosphoinositide responses to these ligands are mediated by other PLC isozymes. The enhanced PDGF-induced generation of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) did not enhance intracellular calcium signaling or influence PDGF-induced DNA synthesis. Thus, enzymes other than PLC-gamma may limit PDGF-induced calcium signaling and DNA synthesis. Alternatively, PDGF-induced calcium signaling and DNA synthesis may use biochemical pathways other than phosphoinositide metabolism for signal transduction.     

Simian sarcoma virus--transformed cells secrete a mitogen identical to platelet-derived growth factor

Normal rat kidney (NRK) cells transformed by simian sarcoma virus (SSV) release into the culture medium a biologically active mitogen with properties identical to those of human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Like PDGF, the growth factor derived from SSV-NRK cells was shown to be stable to heat and sensitive to reducing agents. It was capable of inhibiting binding of labeled PDGF to the receptor on human fibroblasts. It also stimulated the phosphorylation of the same membrane protein (185 kilodaltons) in isolated plasma membranes from human fibroblasts. Immunoprecipitation of metabolically labeled proteins released by SSV-NRK cells showed that a 34-kilodalton protein was specifically precipitated by antiserum to PDGF. Upon reduction, this protein had a molecular size of 17 kilodaltons. PDGF has been shown to consist of two 14- to 18-kilodalton proteins linked by disulfide bonds.     

Common and distinct elements in cellular signaling via EGF and FGF receptors

Signaling pathways that are activated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) or fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors have been identified and compared (detailed Connections Maps are available at Science's Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment). Both receptors stimulate a similar complement of intracellular signaling pathways. However, whereas activated EGF receptors (EGFRs) function as the main platform for recruitment of signaling proteins, signaling through the FGF receptors (FGFRs) is mediated primarily by assembly of a multidocking protein complex. Moreover, FGFR signaling is subject to additional intracellular and extracellular control mechanisms that do not affect EGFR signaling. The differential circuitry of the intracellular networks that are activated by EGFR and FGFR may affect signal specificity and physiological responses.     

Lymphokine production by cultured human T cells transformed by human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus-I

Cell-free conditioned media from human T cells transformed by human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus (HTLV-I) were tested for the production of soluble biologically active factors, including several known lymphokines. The cell lines used were established from patients with T-cell leukemia-lymphoma and from human umbilical cord blood and bone marrow leukocytes transformed by HTLV-I in vitro. All of the cell lines liberated constitutively one or more of the 12 biological activities assayed. These included macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF), leukocyte migration enhancing factor (MEF), macrophage activating factor (MAF), differentiation inducing factor (DIF), colony stimulating factor (CSF), eosinophil growth and maturation activity (eos. GMA), fibroblast activating factor (FAF), gamma-interferon and, in rare instances, T-cell growth factor (TCGF). Some cell lines produced interleukin 3 (IL-3), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), or B-cell growth factors (BCGF). Such cells should prove useful for the production of lymphokines and as sources of specific messenger RNA's for their genetic cloning.     

阻断PI3K/AKT通路通过激活FoxO1抑制 猪骨骼肌卫星细胞分化

【目的】在骨骼肌生长或损伤刺激下,骨骼肌卫星细胞被激活、增殖分化形成肌管,促进骨骼肌的生长发育或修复组织创伤。FoxO1负调控骨骼肌的生成,但在骨骼肌卫星细胞分化过程中的作用未见报道。因此,笔者探索FoxO1对猪骨骼肌卫星细胞分化的影响,希望为深入研究FoxO1调控骨骼肌生长发育的作用机理奠定基础。【方法】以1-3日龄健康大白猪为材料,采用单根肌纤维法分离培养猪骨骼肌卫星细胞,接种第2天、第4天和第6天在倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态并拍照。在细胞分化第8天,用免疫荧光染色方法染肌管,DAPI染核,并在荧光倒置显微镜下观察拍照。 待细胞汇合至70%-80%时,将培养基换成含50 nmol•L-1 渥曼青霉素（wortmannin,WM）的分化培养基,分别于细胞分化第0天、第4天和第8 天收集细胞,提取总RNA和总蛋白,采用real-time qPCR和Western blotting方法检测WM对FoxO1以及骨骼肌卫星细胞分化标志基因表达的影响。【结果】猪骨骼肌卫星细胞在接种第2天开始贴壁,呈梭形。第4天细胞数量增加,部分发生融合。第6天时细胞呈方向性生长。第8天细胞进一步融合形成肌管。WM处理组的FoxO1 mRNA表达水平未发生显著变化（P＞0.05）,非磷酸化的FoxO1蛋白表达显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,而p-FoxO1蛋白表达较对照组显著下降（P＜0.05）。WM处理组的细胞在分化第8天,虽然也出现了蜂窝状生长,但是与对照组相比细胞未呈方向性生长并形成肌管。Western blotting结果显示,WM明显抑制猪骨骼肌卫星细胞分化早期标志基因MyoD、中后期标志基因MyoG和末期标志基因MyHC蛋白的表达。【结论】以WM阻断PI3K信号通路能使FoxO1去磷酸化,抑制猪骨骼肌卫星细胞的分化,延迟肌管的形成,并降低成肌分化标志基因MyoD、MyoG和MyHC的表达。总之,阻断PI3K信号通路通过激活FoxO1抑制猪骨骼肌卫星细胞分化。     

Coactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases affects the response of tumor cells to targeted therapies

Targeted therapies that inhibit receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and the downstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway have shown promising anticancer activity, but their efficacy in the brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and other solid tumors has been modest. We hypothesized that multiple RTKs are coactivated in these tumors and that redundant inputs drive and maintain downstream signaling, thereby limiting the efficacy of therapies targeting single RTKs. Tumor cell lines, xenotransplants, and primary tumors indeed show multiple concomitantly activated RTKs. Combinations of RTK inhibitors and/or RNA interference, but not single agents, decreased signaling, cell survival, and anchorage-independent growth even in glioma cells deficient in PTEN, a frequently inactivated inhibitor of PI3K. Thus, effective GBM therapy may require combined regimens targeting multiple RTKs.     

Signal transduction through the EGF receptor transfected in IL-3-dependent hematopoietic cells

An expression vector for the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor was introduced into the 32D myeloid cell line, which is devoid of EGF receptors and absolutely dependent on interleukin-3 (IL-3) for its proliferation and survival. Expression of the EGF receptor conferred the ability to utilize EGF for transduction of a mitogenic signal. When the transfected cells were propagated in EGF, they exhibited a more mature myeloid phenotype than was observed under conditions of IL-3-directed growth. Moreover, exposure to EGF led to a rapid stimulation of phosphoinositide metabolism, while IL-3 had no detectable effect on phosphoinositide turnover either in control or EGF receptor-transfected 32D cells. Although the transfected cells exhibited high levels of functional EGF receptors, they remained nontumorigenic. In contrast, transfection of v-erbB, an amino-terminal truncated form of the EGF receptor with constitutive tyrosine kinase activity, not only abrogated the IL-3 growth factor requirement of 32D cells, but caused them to become tumorigenic in nude mice. These results show that a na?ve hematopoietic cell expresses all of the intracellular components of the EGF-signaling pathway necessary to evoke a mitogenic response and sustain continuous proliferation.     

EGF receptor and erbB-2 tyrosine kinase domains confer cell specificity for mitogenic signaling

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) can efficiently couple with mitogenic signaling pathways when it is transfected into interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent 32D hematopoietic cells. When expression vectors for erbB-2, which is structurally related to EGFR, or its truncated counterpart, delta NerbB-2, were introduced into 32D cells, neither was capable of inducing proliferation. This was despite overexpression and constitutive tyrosine kinase activity of their products at levels associated with potent transformation of fibroblast target cells. Thus, EGFR and erbB-2 couple with distinct mitogenic signaling pathways. The region responsible for the specificity of intracellular signal transduction was localized to a 270-amino acid stretch encompassing their respective tyrosine kinase domains. Thus, tissue- or cell-specific regulation of growth factor receptor signaling can occur at a point after the initial interaction of growth factor with receptor. Such specificity in signal transduction may account for the selection of certain oncogenes in some malignancies.     

Phosphoproteomic analysis identifies Grb10 as an mTORC1 substrate that negatively regulates insulin signaling

The evolutionarily conserved serine-threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a critical role in regulating many pathophysiological processes. Functional characterization of the mTOR signaling pathways, however, has been hampered by the paucity of known substrates. We used large-scale quantitative phosphoproteomics experiments to define the signaling networks downstream of mTORC1 and mTORC2. Characterization of one mTORC1 substrate, the growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (Grb10), showed that mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation stabilized Grb10, leading to feedback inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and extracellular signal-regulated, mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK-MAPK) pathways. Grb10 expression is frequently down-regulated in various cancers, and loss of Grb10 and loss of the well-established tumor suppressor phosphatase PTEN appear to be mutually exclusive events, suggesting that Grb10 might be a tumor suppressor regulated by mTORC1.     

MET amplification leads to gefitinib resistance in lung cancer by activating ERBB3 signaling

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib are effective treatments for lung cancers with EGFR activating mutations, but these tumors invariably develop drug resistance. Here, we describe a gefitinib-sensitive lung cancer cell line that developed resistance to gefitinib as a result of focal amplification of the MET proto-oncogene. inhibition of MET signaling in these cells restored their sensitivity to gefitinib. MET amplification was detected in 4 of 18 (22%) lung cancer specimens that had developed resistance to gefitinib or erlotinib. We find that amplification of MET causes gefitinib resistance by driving ERBB3 (HER3)-dependent activation of PI3K, a pathway thought to be specific to EGFR/ERBB family receptors. Thus, we propose that MET amplification may promote drug resistance in other ERBB-driven cancers as well.     

三七总皂苷对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖模型细胞周期相关蛋白表达的影响

目的研究三七总皂苷(TPNS)对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)增殖细胞周期相关蛋白表达的影响。方法以血小板衍生生长因子-BB(PDGF-BB)诱导大鼠VSMC,观察含药血浆对VSMC增殖的影响,以免疫荧光流式细胞术测定增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)及细胞周期相关蛋白的表达。结果血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)剌激VSMC后,VSMC PCNA、VSMC细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclinD1)、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4(CDK4)蛋白表达增强,细胞周期抑制因子P21蛋白表达下调。阿托伐他汀含药血浆和TPNS含药血浆均可抑制PDGF诱导的VSMC PCNA、cyclinD1和CDK4蛋白表达增强及P21蛋白表达下调。TPNS与阿托伐他汀比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 PDGF剌激VSMC后,可促进细胞周期转化,细胞增殖加快。阿托伐他汀、TPNS可抑制PDGF诱导的VSMC增殖,其作用可能是通过抑制了细胞周期相关调节蛋白的表达,从而抑制了VSMC细胞周期转化和增殖。