氮肥用量对苏中冬小麦地上部主要矿质元素含量的影响

为了明确施氮量对苏中地区冬小麦主要矿质元素含量的影响,以扬麦11和扬麦13为材料,在江苏丹阳设置3个氮素水平(0、150、300kg.hm-2),研究不同施氮量对冬小麦籽粒、茎鞘和叶片中Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu、Ca、Mg和P等矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥能显著提高冬小麦籽粒、茎鞘、叶片、面粉和麸皮中的Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu和Ca含量,但P含量明显下降。与对照(N0)相比,施氮量达300kg.hm-2时,扬麦11籽粒中的Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu和Ca含量分别增加了11.74%、32.20%、31.78%、66.87%和53.75%,P含量降低23.06%,茎鞘中Zn、Cu和Ca含量增加106.34%、136.97%和51.15%,P含量降低46.46%;扬麦13籽粒中Zn、Cu和Ca含量分别比对照(N0)增加33.03%、59.67%和56.63%,Mg和P含量分别降低14.10%和25.41%,叶片中Mn、Cu、Ca和Mg分别增加174.54%、27.15%、41.66%和29.95%。随着氮肥用量增加,籽粒中Mg含量呈下降趋势,但茎鞘和叶片中Mg含量呈递增趋势。籽粒、茎鞘和叶片中不同矿质元素含量对氮肥的响应存在品种间差异。在本试验条件下,适量施氮可以提高冬小麦籽粒中微量元素的含量。但是,氮肥用量过高可能降低籽粒中P和Mg的含量,不利于籽粒矿质营养品质的提高。     

钾肥施用对菜用大豆和普通大豆开花后氮素积累的影响

钾素营养充足,可以提高作物抗逆能力和产量。随着氮、磷肥在生产中施用的增加,钾肥已逐渐成为作物产量的最大限制因子。大豆开花后籽粒形成期是大豆氮素积累、产量提高的重要时期,文章对钾肥施用后菜用大豆和普通大豆两者开花后氮素的积累进行了比较研究。在正常氮磷种肥用量基础上,设置3种施钾处理:不施钾(K0)、种肥施钾120 kg·hm~(-2)(K1)、种肥施钾120 kg·hm~(-2)且在花、荚期喷施30 kg·hm~(-2)叶面钾肥(K2),探究菜用大豆、普通大豆开花后28~56 d内籽粒、叶片、茎中氮素积累动态。结果表明:施用钾肥增进两种类型大豆植株各部位中氮素积累。同时期内,两种类型大豆在各施肥处理下各部位的氮素积累量均为K2K1K0,大豆植株各部位中相对氮素累积量均为籽粒叶片茎。钾肥施用对提高菜用大豆籽粒氮素含量的效应高于普通大豆,与K0相比,K2处理下菜用大豆、普通大豆籽粒平均氮素含量分别增加了0.19%和0.1%。施用钾肥提高了菜用大豆叶片氮素转移效率,相比K0处理,K1、K2处理分别增加了6.1%、8.2%,而对普通大豆影响不大。钾肥施用显著增加普通大豆茎中氮素积累,但菜用大豆品种间差异较大。     

钾肥施用对菜用大豆生殖生长期可溶性糖含量及产量的影响

菜用大豆籽粒可溶性糖含量是评价其食用品质的重要指标,为探究钾素影响菜用大豆"源"、"库"端可溶性糖转化关系,在正常氮、磷种肥施用基础上,以菜用中科毛豆1号和品系121为材料,进行不施钾(K0)、种肥施钾120kg·hm-2(K1)以及种肥施钾120 kg·hm-2+花期和结荚期两次喷施钾叶面肥(K2)处理,探讨植株不同部位可溶性糖积累规律。结果表明:种肥施钾显著增加菜用大豆生殖生长期(开花后4~8周)叶片、荚皮、籽粒中可溶性糖含量,在此基础上于花期、荚期两次喷施叶面钾肥有利于可溶性糖在叶片、荚皮、籽粒中的进一步积累。开花后7周(最佳采食期)时,籽粒可溶性糖含量达到最大,此时中科毛豆1号K1、K2处理相比K0处理分别高29.2%和37.5%,而品系121分别高9.3%和24.8%。同时发现,钾肥施用显著提高了菜用大豆鲜荚采食期产量,中科毛豆1号K1、K2处理的单株鲜荚产量相比K0处理分别高8.2%和37.1%,而品系121分别高18.9%及31.6%。钾肥施用可能通过增强菜用大豆源端(叶片)可溶性糖的供应以及促进荚皮可溶性糖的运转量而对籽粒中可溶性糖的积累起到促进作用。     

不同氮磷钾水平对夏大豆产量与品质的影响

为明确河北地区不同氮磷钾水平对夏大豆产量与品质的影响,以大豆品种冀豆17为供试材料,在河北省农林科学院大河试验站设置不同的氮磷钾用量水平田间试验,分析不同氮磷钾水平对夏大豆收获期土壤养分含量、产量及其构成要素和品质的影响。结果表明：收获期0～20 cm土层速效氮、磷、钾含量分别为7.55～9.62 mg·kg^-1、14.0～27.2 mg·kg^-1、139～218 mg·kg^-1;与缺素处理相比,施氮、磷、钾使0～20 cm土层硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾分别增加16.8%～25.2%、34.3%～93.6%、18.7%～62.6%。土壤速效氮含量较低时,施氮使大豆单株有效荚数、单株粒数和产量显著增加,增幅分别为15.6%～43.8%、13.7%～42.8%和12.2%～29.4%,且大豆产量与施氮量(0～195 kg·hm^-2)显著正相关;施氮使大豆籽粒蛋白质含量增加1.31%～3.39%、脂肪含量降低2.55%～3.40%,大豆籽粒蛋白质含量随着施氮量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势。土壤速效磷、钾含量处...     

优化施肥和化控对提高大豆油分和抗旱性的影响

大豆优化施肥,即适量少施氮,增施磷钾和接种根瘤菌可提高大豆产量和油分含量.适量少施氮可增加大豆产量4.2%-6.1%,油分增加0.08-0.25百分点.增施磷钾可增加大豆产量3.3%-7%,油分增加0.27-0.41百分点.单独使用抗旱拌种剂或叶面肥对大豆产量和油分含量影响不大.采取优化施肥配合使用拌种剂和叶面肥可增加大豆产量11.3%-15.6%,油分含量增加0.44-0.63个百分点.     

菜用大豆和普通大豆叶片内源激素活性对钾素营养响应的差异研究

以菜用大豆品系121、中科毛豆1号和普通大豆东生7号为材料,采用酶联免疫吸附法,在正常施用氮肥和磷肥的基础上,施用不同的钾肥(K0:不施钾肥;K1:K_2SO_4120 kg·hm~(-2);K2:K_2SO_4120 kg·hm~(-2)并在花期和荚期喷施1%K_2SO_4叶面肥),研究了菜用大豆与普通大豆籽粒形成期叶片中内源激素的活性变化,结果表明:开花后28~56 d菜用大豆和普通大豆叶片中内源激素IAA、GA、ZR和ABA的变化动态差异明显,其中GA和ZR的变化动态趋势相反。施用钾肥提高菜用大豆叶片中IAA、GA和ZR的含量(K2K1K0),降低ABA的含量(K0K1K2),普通大豆叶片中IAA、GA和ZR的含量对钾肥施用的响应与菜用大豆不同(K1K2K0),但是钾肥施用对菜用大豆和普通大豆叶片中ABA含量的影响一致(K0K1K2)。施钾提高了菜用大豆和普通大豆籽粒形成期叶片中IAA/ABA,GA/ABA和ZR/ABA的比值,可能是提高大豆产量和改善品质的部分生理机制。     

不同氮、磷、钾水平对水稻纹枯病的影响

田间试验研究了不同氮、磷、钾水平对水稻纹枯病发生程度和产量的影响。结果表明,水稻纹枯病的发病率与N、P、K关系分别为:随氮肥施入量的增加,呈先缓慢上升,再大幅度上升的趋势;随磷肥施入量的增加,呈先小幅度上升,再大幅度下降,然后再大幅度上升的趋势;随钾肥施入量的增加,呈现大幅度下降,再大幅度上升的趋势。产量结果表明:不同氮、钾处理对水稻产量影响大,不同磷处理对水稻产量影响小。适用于寒地的施氮量97kg/hm2、施磷量52kg/hm2、施钾量29kg/hm2,使纹枯病发病轻,提高水稻产量。     

氮、磷、钾肥对水稻产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响

 采用“3414”不完全正交回归设计,在大田试验条件下研究了氮、磷、钾肥对水稻产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响,并探讨了3种肥料间的互作效应。结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥的施用均可以显著提高水稻产量,且3种肥料配施的增产效果显著优于任两种肥料配施。氮、磷、钾肥的施用可以改善部分米质性状,如提高整精米率,降低垩白度、稻谷长宽比和精米直链淀粉含量;氮、磷肥的施用还可提高糙米蛋白质含量,降低青米率。施用氮、磷、钾肥后,水稻养分总吸收量和每100 kg籽粒养分需求量显著增加,而养分干物质生产效率和养分稻谷生产效率显著下降,且3种肥料的吸收利用率、农学利用率及生理利用率均随施肥量的增加而下降。氮、磷、钾肥两两互作对水稻产量均有极显著的影响,当肥料用量处于低中水平时,互作效应均表现为协同促进作用,肥料用量超过一定水平后则表现为拮抗作用。对水稻氮、磷、钾养分吸收影响最大的交互作用分别是氮钾、氮磷和磷钾互作。总体来看,肥料对水稻生长的影响是多方面的,肥料用量及配比应在综合考虑水稻产量、品质及肥料利用率的基础上确定。     

钾肥施用增加菜用大豆生殖生长期不同部位钾素积累

利用菜用大豆品种(系)中科毛豆1号和品系121,在正常氮磷种肥用量基础上,进行不施钾(K0),种肥施钾120 kg·hm~(-2)(K1),种肥施钾120 kg·hm~(-2)+叶面喷施钾肥(K2)3种施钾处理,探究菜用大豆开花后28~56 d内茎秆、叶片、叶柄、荚皮、籽粒中钾素积累动态。结果表明:相同时期不同部位钾素积累均为K2K1K0,各部位钾的相对积累量为籽粒荚皮叶片叶柄茎。同时发现,菜用大豆茎秆、叶片、叶柄、荚皮中钾积累量均随着生育进程逐渐下降,而籽粒中钾素的积累在开花后28~42 d下降,42~49 d升高,随后略有降低。施用钾肥增加了菜用大豆植株各部位的钾积累量,施钾叶面肥可进一步增加钾积累量。     

不同氮磷钾处理对中浙优1号水稻产量、品质、养分吸收利用及经济效益的影响

采用"3414"试验设计,在2008-2010年3年中研究了不同氮磷钾施肥处理对浙中水稻籽粒产量、品质、养分吸收利用及经济效益的影响。结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥的施用可以显著提高籽粒产量,且3种肥料配施的增产效果显著优于任意两种肥料配施;其对籽粒产量的作用顺序为NKP。N3P2K2处理产量最高,为8746kg/hm2。施氮可提高稻米胶稠度、蛋白质含量和总氨基酸含量,降低碱消值;施磷可提高蛋白质含量;施钾可提高胶稠度、碱消值及蛋白质含量;氮、磷、钾肥的施用对直链淀粉含量均无显著影响。水稻养分总吸收量和100kg籽粒养分需求量随施肥量增加而增加,肥料吸收利用率及农学利用率则随施肥量增加而下降。氮、磷、钾肥吸收利用率分别为25.2%、38.3%和36.0%。N2P2K2、N2P3K2、N2P2K1和N3P2K2处理的经济效益较高,比N0P0K0处理分别提高21.1%、20.3%、20.3%和22.4%,差异达显著水平。利用肥料效应方程,得出该地区获得最高产量的氮、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)肥施用量分别为258.8kg/hm2、39.3kg/hm2和100.8kg/hm2。     

氮磷钾肥对稻米铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响

 采用田间试验，在四川省西昌市用两个水稻品种研究了氮、磷、钾肥施用量对稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响。结果表明，稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量均随着施氮量增加先上升后下降，滇屯502的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量都以施用90 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高；而合系39的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙的含量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用270 kg/hm2 N最高，说明供试籼型品种滇屯502对氮肥的敏感性较粳型品种合系39强；磷肥明显降低了稻米中铁、铜、锰、钙的含量和产量，适量增施磷肥有利于增加稻米中镁的含量和产量；适量施用钾肥有利于提高稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰含量和产量，两供试品种铁、锌、铜、锰含量均以90 kg/hm2 K2O时最高，而钾肥明显降低了稻米中镁、钙的含量和产量。     

Mineral and protein content,test weight,and yield variations of hard red spring wheat grain as influenced by fertilization and cultivar

Among the complex factors affecting grain nutritional quality, protein and mineral content are highly important. A two-year study was conducted in eastern North Dakota to determine the influence of fertility on the protein and mineral content, test weight, and yield of two hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Zero, medium (56, 12, and 47 kg/ha), and high (280, 122, and 465 kg/ha) rates of N, P, and K, respectively, were applied in a complete factorial arrangement to ‘Era’ (a semi-dwarf) and ‘Waldron’ wheat (a tall type) in 1977. Seven of these treatments were repeated in 1978. Micronutrients and S were also applied to most treatments in 1977, and micronutrients but no S to all treatments in 1978. In 1977 on a site with high residual NO₃-N, additions of N reduced yields and test weight but increased protein, P, Ca, Zn, Mn, and Fe content. At this site application of P increased grain yield, P, K, and Mg contents but reduced protein and Zn; fertilizer K increased Mn and Fe content and reduced yield, P, K, and Mg. In 1978, N additions increased grain yield, protein, Ca, and Fe but reduced Zn. The application of P and K had little influence on the composition of the grain in 1978. The two cultivars acted the same both years, with Waldron exceeding Era grain in protein (15%), P (12%), Mg (12%), Mg (12%), Zn (17%), Mn (30%), and Fe (12%). Era surpassed Waldron in test weight (2%), K (2%), and Ca (27%). Era proved to be more responsive to fertilizer additions for most grain parameters. Drier weather conditions and lower soil N status for the 1978 experiment produced grain higher in test weight and P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe content but lower in yield, protein, and Zn. Many highly significant fertilizer-grain and grain-grain interactions were observed. Since wheat grain composition may often be altered by fertilizers and cultivars, the range of these changes should become known through investigations by soil scientists, agronomists, and nutritionists; additional research should be conducted to determine if their changes are of nutritional significance.     

The influence of potassium fertilizer application on tuber yield and mineral element content of potato petioles during the growing season

Potassium was applied at rates equivalent to 0, 135, and 250 pounds per acre (0, 151, 180 kg K/ha) to study the effect of soil applied K on tuber yields and concentration of mineral elements in the petioles of potato plants during growth both measured at 14 day intervals. Petioles were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Mg, Zn, Cu, Al, Mn, and B. Seasonal trends in petiolar K content were highly correlated with tuber bulking regardless of rate of K application. Increasing K application rates generally increased petiolar levels of K and Zn (early in the season) and decreased the levels of N, Mg, Ca, Zn (late in the season), Al, Fe, Cu, and B in the petioles. Concentrations of P and Mn were unaffected by K applications. Seasonal trends in the mineral element content of petioles were not influenced by K. Results indicate that a prediction model for tuber yield based upon trends in the K content of petioles is valid under differing soil levels of K.     

Influences of Cadmium on Grain Mineral Nutrient Contents of Two Rice Genotypes Differing in Grain Cadmium Accumulation

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of Cd on grain Cd, K, P, Mg, Zn, Cu, Pb, Fe and Mn accumulation in two rice genotypes (Xiushui 63 and Xiushui 217) differing in grain Cd accumulation under four Cd levels, i.e. 0, 0.5, 2.5 and 12.5 mg/kg. Rice genotype greatly affected the grain K content, but not significantly for P, Mg, Zn, Cu, Pb, Fe and Mn contents. There were remarkable effects of additional Cd on the contents of P, Mg and Zn in grains, while not significant for K, Cu, Pb, Fe and Mn contents. No significant differences were found in the interaction of genotype by additional Cd on these nine element contents. The low grain Cd accumulation genotype Xiushui 217 had significantly higher grain K, Mg, Cu and Mn contents than the high grain Cd accumulation genotype Xiushui 63, but the case was opposite for Zn, Pb and Fe contents. It also showed that Cd addition levels significantly influenced the K, P, Mg, Zn, Cu, Pb, Fe and Mn contents in rice grains. Grain K, P, Mg, Zn, Fe and Mn contents reduced with the increasing rate of Cd addition.     

Leaf and seed micronutrient accumulation in soybean cultivars in response to integrated organic and chemical fertilizers application

Plant nutrients can be influenced by organic materials of soils. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic amendments on elements uptake by soybean cultivars in a silty loam soil in Mazandaran province, Iran. The experiment was carried out in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2006. Main plots were included 8 fertilizer treatments consisted of 20 and 40 Mg ha(-1) Municipal Solid Waste Compost (MSW), Vermicompost (VC) and Sewage Sludge (SS) which enriched with 50% chemical fertilizers needed by soil, only chemical fertilizer treatment and control. Sub plots consisted of three genotypes of soybean (032, 033 and JK). Grain yield was determined and soybean leaves and seeds were digested and analyzed for Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe. Results showed that yield and elements content in soybean leaves and seeds (Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe) were influenced by all treatments. The 40 Mg ha(-1) of sewage sludge enriched with chemical fertilizers produced maximum grain yield. Different soybean cultivars had also significant differences in terms of leaf and seed micronutrients accumulation. Maximum grain yield was observed in JK and 033. Mean comparisons showed that interaction effects of fertilizer and cultivar had significant differences on Mn, Cu and Fe content in soybean leaves, so that the maximum Cu content was observed in 032 cultivars with 40 Mg ha(-1) enriched sewage sludge and municipal waste compost. Also the highest amount of Fe was obtained for JK cultivar when the 40 Mg ha(-1) of municipal compost was used. Among different mentioned traits, Fe and Cu content in leaf and seed and Zn content in leaf had a positive and significant correlation with grain yield.     

Grain quality changes and responses to nitrogen fertilizer of japonica rice cultivars released in the Yangtze River Basin from the 1950s to 2000s

While the yield potential of rice has increased but little is known about the impact of breeding on grain quality, especially under different levels of N availability. In order to investigate the integrated effects of breeding and N levels on rice quality 12 japonica rice cultivars bred in the past60 years in the Yangtze River Basin were used with three levels of N: 0 kg N ha-1, 240 kg N ha-1,and 360 kg N ha-1. During the period, milling quality(brown rice percentage, milled rice percentage, and head rice percentage), appearance quality(chalky kernels percentage, chalky size, and chalkiness), and eating and cooking quality(amylose content, gel consistency, peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback) were significantly improved, but the nutritive value of the grain has declined due to a reduction in protein content. Micronutrients, such as Cu, Mg, and S contents, were decreased, and Fe, Mn, Zn, Na, Ca, K, P, B contents were increased. These changes in grain quality imply that simultaneous improvements in grain yield and grain quality are possible through selection. Overall, application of N fertilizer decreased grain quality, especially in terms of eating and cooking quality. Under higher N levels, higher protein content was the main reason for deterioration of grain quality, although lower amylose content might contribute to improving starch pasting properties. These results suggest that further improvement in grain quality will depend on both breeding and cultivation practices, especially in regard to nitrogen and water management.     

自由空气CO2浓度升高对水稻营养元素吸收和籽粒中营养元素含量的影响

 利用FACE（Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment）平台技术，用水培试验研究了低氮（14 mg/L）和常氮（28 mg/L）水平下，大气CO2浓度升高对水稻（Oryza sativa L.）N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn的吸收和在植株不同部位的分配，并着重分析了CO2浓度升高对稻米中营养元素含量的影响。结果表明，按照当前CO2浓度条件下营养元素的正常供应水平，而且各元素都以有效态供给时，CO2浓度升高对多数被测元素吸收总量影响不大，只增加了K、Ca、Fe的吸收总量； N、P、Mg、Mn向穗部分配增加，K、Ca、Cu、Zn、Fe向穗部的分配比例不变；水稻籽粒中P、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe和Mn含量无显著影响，N、K含量显著下降。还初步探讨了CO2浓度升高对稻米中人类必需营养元素的不足（或“隐性饥饿”）的影响。