基于示范样地实际倒伏样本的小麦抗倒机制解析

为解析影响小麦倒伏发生的关键因子与内在机制,基于示范样地,选择不同养分管理下实际倒伏三块样本(1个高倒伏田块和2个低倒伏田块,养分管理方式分别为普通化肥深施、普通化肥撒施和缓控释肥深施),对小麦株型、倒伏节间的形态、组分及维管束数量、根系构型、土壤养分供应等进行比较分析。结果表明,在同等氮肥施用量与相同播种密度下,化肥深施田块（D-CF）的倒伏率高于化肥撒施（M-CF）和缓控释肥深施田块（D-RCU）。茎基部节间是小麦倒伏发生的主要部位,节间越长,倒伏高度越高。高倒伏样本田块（D-CF）的株高显著高于M-CF和D-RCU田块,分别增加15.7%和15.1%,且D-CF田块的穗重与茎鞘叶重比最高。不同田块倒伏节间（茎基部节间）的外径、壁厚均无显著差异,但高倒伏田块D-CF的茎基部节间维管束面积和数量均低于低倒伏田块,较M-CF减少8.7%和9.0%,较D-RCU降低了11.8%和5.9%,且纤维素、半纤维素与木质素的含量显著低于D-RCU田块。D-CF田块的根尖数显著高于两低倒伏田块,且根系总长与表面积显著高于D-RCU田块。D-CF田块的5~10、10~15和15~20 cm土层的速效氮含量均最高。经相关性分析,倒伏率与株高呈显著正相关,与倒伏节间维管束数量及半纤维素、纤维素与木质素的总含量均呈显著负相关。株高分别与根系总根长、根尖数及5~20 cm土壤速效氮含量呈极显著或显著正相关,而维管束数量与5~10 cm土壤速效氮含量呈显著负相关,纤维素及木质素含量均与5~20 cm土壤速效氮含量呈显著负相关,半纤维素含量则与10~15 cm土壤速效氮含量呈显著负相关。受田间小麦根系构型及中下层土壤速效氮含量影响,株高和茎基部节间维管束数量及三素（半纤维素、纤维素、木质素）含量是小麦倒伏风险的主要影响因子。     

密度和施氮量对强筋小麦藁优2018产量和抗倒性的影响

为明确减量播种和减施氮肥对强筋小麦品种藁优2018茎秆质量和抗倒性的影响,采用双因素裂区试验,研究了种植密度(D210,210万株·hm-2;D330,330万株·hm-2;D450,450万株·hm-2)和施氮量(N0,0kg·hm-2;N120,120kg·hm-2;N240,240kg·hm-2)对小麦倒伏高发期茎秆形态的影响,以及抗倒伏指数与茎秆形态指标的相关性。结果表明,在籽粒形成期和蜡熟期,密度由D210增加至D330,小麦茎秆重心高度显著增加,基部节间充实度、秆壁厚度、茎秆机械强度和抗倒伏指数降低;茎秆重心高度以N0最小,N240最高;基部节间秆壁厚度在3个施氮量处理间差异不显著;茎秆充实度、茎秆机械强度和抗倒伏指数随施氮量增加呈降低趋势,但在乳熟期和蜡熟期N120和N240差异不显著。相关分析表明,基部第1节间抗倒伏指数与节间粗度、充实度和第1节间秆壁厚度呈极显著正相关,与第2节间秆壁厚度相关性不显著。逐步回归分析表明,种植密度对小麦抗倒性的影响大于施氮水平。籽粒产量在不同密度处理间差异性不显著,但在不同施氮量间表现为N120和N240处理显著高于N0处理。因此,210万株·hm-2至330万株·hm-2的种植密度和120kg·hm-2的氮素水平在获得较高产量的同时具有较强的抗倒伏能力,是本试验条件下小麦抗倒高产的最优组合。     

不同炭硅处理对水稻抗倒伏特性和产量的影响

以越光品种为试验材料,研究了生物炭与硅肥配施对水稻抗倒伏特性、茎秆强度、化学物质含量、酶活性的影响及相互关系。结果表明,花生壳生物炭与硅肥配施显著降低了水稻节长,增加了茎粗,进而降低了水稻的倒伏指数和倒伏面积率,并提高了茎秆中的淀粉、木质素和纤维素含量及木质素关键酶活性。其中,7.5 t/hm²生物炭与45 kg/hm²硅肥基施、叶面喷施0.02%硅肥的处理表现最优,该处理显著增强了越光的抗倒伏性,第1、第2和第3节的倒伏指数分别比对照下降36.42%、30.19%和26.83%,并实现了增产。相关分析表明,水稻的倒伏指数、倒伏面积率与茎秆强度呈极显著负相关;茎秆中淀粉、纤维素和木质素含量与茎秆强度呈显著或极显著正相关,与倒伏指数和倒伏面积率呈显著或极显著负相关;木质素含量与PAL、TAL、4CL和CAD等酶的活性呈显著正相关。研究结果可为优质水稻越光的抗倒伏栽培提供科学依据和技术支持。     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Planting Density on the Lignin Synthesis in the Culm in Relation to Lodging Resistance of Buckwheat

Abstract

Lodging is an important constraint limiting buckwheat yield and quality by bending or breaking culm on buckwheat production worldwide. This study was conducted with Ningqiao 01, a moderate lodging resistance cultivar of buckwheat, to determine whether lignin synthesis and lodging resistance of buckwheat are affected by nitrogen fertilizer and planting density. The results showed that the lignin content at the bottom of the 2nd internode was significantly and negatively correlated with lodging index and lodging percentage, but significantly and positively correlated with snapping resistance. The snapping resistance rose and then fell with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer. The snapping resistance decreased with the increase of planting density. The lodging index increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density. The lignin content and its related enzymes activities decreased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density. These results suggested that the lignin content is closely related to the lodging resistance of buckwheat, and a higher lignin content could strengthen the lodging resistance of buckwheat. The increase of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density significantly increased the risk of lodging by decreasing the lignin content and its related enzymes activities at the bottom of the 2nd internode.     

硬粒小麦抗倒性研究

为给硬粒小麦抗倒育种和栽培提供参考,以9份高产型硬粒小麦品种为材料,研究了节间形态及其与抗倒性的关系。结果表明,节间壁厚、髓腔直径及实心度与硬粒小麦的倒伏率密切相关,实际倒伏率与节间壁厚及实心度呈极显著负相关,与髓腔直径呈极显著正相关。基部第2节间的健壮程度与倒伏的关系最为密切。在硬粒小麦抗倒伏育种中应着重提高基部第2节间的质量,选择茎粗适中、实心度较高的类型,提高抗折力,改良抗倒伏能力。品种倒伏指数可作为硬粒小麦抗倒伏性能的评价指标。     

行距配置和化控对冬小麦茎秆质量和抗倒性能的影响

为明确行距配置和多效唑化控对小麦茎秆质量和抗倒性能的影响规律,采用裂区试验,研究了行距配置(12 cm等行距、15 cm等行距、12.5 cm+12.5 cm+20 cm共3个水平)和多效唑化控(对照、起身期化控、拔节期化控3个水平)对冬小麦茎秆形态的影响.结果表明,株高、茎秆重心高度和节间长度基本上以15 cm等行距处理的最小,12 cm等行距处理的最大,这2种行距配置之间拔节期和开花以后的株高及成熟时基部节间长度差异均显著(P＜0.05);而基部节间粗度、秆壁厚度、单位长度节间干重、茎秆机械强度及抗倒伏指数基本上以15 cm等行距处理的最大或较大,12 cm等行距处理的最小.起身期和拔节期喷施多效唑处理的小麦株高、节间长度和茎秆重心高度显著降低,基部节间粗度、秆壁厚度、茎秆机械强度有所增加,抗倒伏指数显著增大.除基部第二节间长度外,行距配置与化控互作对其他指标的影响不显著(P＞0.05).抗倒伏指数与株高、节间长度、重心高度呈极显著(P＜0.01)负相关(相关系数分别为-0.42、-0.76和-0.63),与茎秆机械强度、第1和第2节间单位长度干重、第2节间秆壁厚度呈显著或极显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.97、0.42、0.64和0.64),与第2、第3节间粗度和第3节间秆壁厚度相关不显著.因此,15 cm等行距种植配合起身期或拔节期多效唑化控,可提高小麦茎秆质量和抗倒性能.     

新疆春小麦品种资源抗倒性评价

为了给新疆小麦抗倒育种提供参考依据,采用田间试验与实验室分析相结合的方法,比较了两种种植密度(100×104和600×104株·hm-2)下40份新疆自育春小麦品种资源的抗倒性,分析了抗倒性与其影响因素的关系。结果表明,与低密度(100×104株·hm-2)相比,高密度(基本苗为600×104株·hm-2)条件下小麦抗倒伏能力、第二节间机械强度、壁厚、茎粗、充实度及地上部鲜重极显著降低,第二节间长度及重心高度极显著增加,茎秆机械强度的降低是小麦抗倒伏能力下降的关键因素。低密度下抗倒性与第二节间长、株高、重心高及第二节间壁厚的关系密切。其中,第二节间长度与小麦抗倒性关系最密切,第二节间越短,抗倒伏能力越强。高密度下第二节间机械强度与抗倒性的关系最密切,茎秆强度越高,抗倒性越强。壁厚可作为评价茎秆机械强度的可靠指标。依据倒伏指数的大小,将40份品种分为高抗型、普抗型、中间型、风险型和易倒型5个级别。供试材料中,80.0%的品种抗倒性较好,其中新春22号为高抗型品种,是较为理想的抗倒伏育种亲本。     

灌水次数和施钾量对冬小麦茎秆形态特征和抗倒性的影响

为进一步明确兼顾节水高产抗倒的最佳灌水与施钾量组合,以冬小麦品种藁优2018为材料,通过二因素随机区组试验,研究了3种灌水次数(不灌溉、灌拔节水、灌拔节水和扬花水)和4个施钾量(施K_2O0、75、150和225kg·hm~(-2))对冬小麦茎秆形态特征和抗倒性的影响。结果表明,随灌水次数和施钾量的增加,小麦株高和重心高度显著增高,茎秆基部2个节间的单位长度干重、直径、机械强度和抗倒指数显著增加。而茎秆壁仅随施钾量的增加而显著增厚。小麦产量和3个产量构成因素也随灌水次数和施钾量的增加而增加,但4个施钾量之间的千粒重差异不显著,K225与K150之间的穗数、穗粒数和籽粒产量差异不显著。茎秆抗倒指数与茎秆基部第1、2节间的单位长度干重、直径呈极显著正相关,与株高、重心高度也呈极显著正相关。综合各项指标,春季在拔节期和扬花期灌2次水,施K_2O 150kg·hm~(-2)有利于实现小麦高产和钾肥高效,且茎秆抗倒性能较好。     

高原粳稻抗倒性与农艺性状及亲本抗倒性的关系

 调查了26份高原粳稻品种(系)的田间抗倒性,测定了材料的株高、穗重、穗长、节间长度、节间壁厚、节间直径与节直径7类共20个性状,同时分析了品种抗倒性与系谱之间的关系。结果表明, 穗长、穗重与节间直径3类性状与抗倒性相关不显著,株高、穗下节间长度、穗下节间壁厚、穗下节直径这4类性状与品种抗倒性显著或极显著相关;品种系谱分析表明,品种（系）的抗倒性与其亲本关系密切。品种抗倒性与其亲本关系密切,选择抗倒伏品种作亲本,可以提高育成品种的抗倒性。     

Effect of planting density on lodging-related morphology,lodging rate,and yield of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum)

Increase of planting density has been widely used to increase grain yield in crops. However, it may lead to higher risk of lodging hence causing significant yield loss of the crop. To investigate the effects of planting density on lodging-related morphology, lodging rate (LR), and yield of tartary buckwheat, an experiment was carried out with a split-plot randomized block design at the experimental farm of Chengdu University (Sichuan, China) in the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. Results showed that plant density significantly affected characteristics of stem and root. In each season, with the increasing of planting density, light transmittance, main root length, number of first lateral root, root volume, internode number, and first internode diameter decreased, the plant height, first internode length, abortion rate and LR increased. Increasing density caused decreased grains number per plant, the dry matter weight and yield displayed an acceleration first and then deceleration. The correlation analysis indicated that the internode number, first internode diameter, number of first lateral roots, and root volume were significantly negatively correlated with LR, but positively correlated with stem breaking strength and lodging resistance index. The LR was significantly positively correlated with plant height and first internode length. In both years, the D2 (9 × 10⁵ plant ha^?1) and D3 (12 × 10⁵ plant ha^?1) yielded more grains than in other treatments, and the effects of density on two cultivars showed the same trend. The results suggested that planting density could alter lodging-related traits, lodging resistance, and yield of tartary buckwheat.     

甘蓝型油菜木质素合成关键基因F5H、4CL和COMT的定量表达

以甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L )抗倒伏品种浙平1号和易倒伏品种高芥1号为材料,采用荧光定量PCR方法对木质素合成关键基因F5H（阿魏酸-5-羟基化酶）、4CL（4-香豆酸CoA连接酶）和COMT（咖啡酸/5-羟基阿魏酸-O-甲基转移酶）在薹期和角果期根颈部、茎部的相对表达量进行了分析。结果显示,F5H在薹期和角果期根颈部的相对表达量,易倒伏材料高于抗倒伏材料;茎部的相对表达量,抗倒伏材料高于易倒伏材料。4CL和COMT基因在薹期根颈部、茎部和角果期根颈部的相对表达量,易倒伏材料高于抗倒伏材料;角果期茎部的相对表达量,抗倒伏材料显著（P＜0.05）高于易倒伏材料。结果表明,油菜角果期茎部木质素合成关键基因F5H、4CL和COMT的相对高量表达可能有助于增强植株的抗倒伏能力。     

抗倒酯对北方优质稻抗倒伏能力、产量和米质的影响

[目的]研究抗倒酯对优质稻抗倒伏能力及产量与米质的影响.[方法]以优质稻品种丰锦和沈农09001为试材,在分蘖期、拔节初期、孕穗期叶面喷施不同浓度(0、90、180和360 mg/L,1200 L/hm2)的抗倒酯,以倒伏指数、抗折力以及抗推力作为评价植株抗倒伏能力的指标,研究抗倒酯对优质稻抗倒伏能力及产量和米质的影响...     

植物生长调节剂拌种对扬麦13茎秆生长及籽粒产量的影响

为给高产小麦合理选用生长调节剂提供科学依据,以弱筋小麦扬麦13为试验材料,研究了不同生长调节剂(矮壮素、拌种剂、种衣剂、多效唑)拌种对不同群体小麦茎秆生长及籽粒产量的调节效应。结果表明,拌种处理均能有效降低扬麦13的株高、重心高度及基部节间长度,对茎秆粗度、茎壁厚度、茎秆干重的调节效应因生长调节剂种类不同而存在差异,其中,低密度条件下拌种剂处理的小麦茎壁厚度增加显著,而高密度条件下多效唑处理小麦的茎壁厚度增加显著。生长调节剂拌种处理提高了扬麦13的抗倒伏能力,其作用效果表现为多效唑种衣剂拌种剂矮壮素。相关分析表明,降低植株株高、基部第一节间长度,增加基部第一、二节间壁厚有利于提高植株抗倒性能。拌种处理下小麦产量均高于对照,300×104株·hm-2群体的产量高于150×104株·hm-2群体,均以种衣剂拌种处理增产最明显,平均增幅达11.68%,在倒伏年拌种处理增产效果更显著。     

不同机直播方式对南方优质晚籼稻产量及抗倒伏特性的影响

【目的】研究不同机直播方式对南方优质晚籼稻茎秆抗倒伏能力及产量的影响,为南方优质晚籼稻高产抗倒栽培提供参考。【方法】以籼型常规稻品种黄华占和籼型杂交稻品种泰优398为材料,设置旱直播、湿直播和淹水直播3个处理,分别测定优质晚籼稻的产量及产量构成、出苗率、干物质生产、叶面积指数和茎秆形态与力学特性。【结果】与湿直播方式或淹水直播方式相比,旱直播方式可显著提高供试晚稻品种的出苗率,增幅为6.10% ~ 22.96%,且干物质生产和叶面积指数均增加。同时,旱直播方式有利于提高供试晚稻品种产量,两品种增产幅度为6.99%~27.77%,其中泰优398产量增幅高于黄华占,从产量构成因素来看,机械旱直播方式下供试晚稻品种产量的提高主要得益于有效穗数增加。此外,旱直播方式下供试水稻株高相对较矮,基部各节间较短,但茎秆粗壮,茎壁较厚,有利于提高植株茎秆抗折力和秆型指数,降低弯曲力矩与倒伏指数。相关分析表明,茎粗、壁厚和秆型指数与抗折力显著正相关,而与倒伏指数显著负相关;株高、穗长、弯曲力矩与抗折力显著负相关,与倒伏指数显著正相关。【结论】采用机械旱直播方式不仅有利于增加南方优质晚籼稻产量,还能显著增加茎秆强度,提高植株抗倒伏能力,降低直播生产的风险。     

不同机直播方式对南方优质晚籼稻产量及抗倒伏特性的影响

【目的】研究不同机直播方式对南方优质晚籼稻茎秆抗倒伏能力及产量的影响，为南方优质晚籼稻高产抗倒栽培提供参考。【方法】以籼型常规稻品种黄华占和籼型杂交稻品种泰优398为材料，设置旱直播、湿直播和淹水直播3个处理，分别测定优质晚籼稻的产量及产量构成、出苗率、干物质生产、叶面积指数和茎秆形态与力学特性。【结果】与湿直播方式或淹水直播方式相比，旱直播方式可显著提高供试晚稻品种的出苗率，增幅为6.10% ~ 22.96%，且干物质生产和叶面积指数均增加。同时，旱直播方式有利于提高供试晚稻品种产量，两品种增产幅度为6.99%~27.77%，其中泰优398产量增幅高于黄华占，从产量构成因素来看，机械旱直播方式下供试晚稻品种产量的提高主要得益于有效穗数增加。此外，旱直播方式下供试水稻株高相对较矮，基部各节间较短粗、壁厚和秆型指数与抗折力显著正相关，而与倒伏指数显著负相关；株高、穗长、弯曲力矩与抗折力显著负相关，与倒伏指数显著正相关。【结论】采用机械旱直播方式不仅有利于增加南方优质晚籼稻产量，还能显著增加茎秆强度，提高植株抗倒伏能力，降低直播生产的风险。，但茎秆粗壮，茎壁较厚，有利于提高植株茎秆抗折力和秆型指数，降低弯曲力矩与倒伏指数。相关分析表明，茎     

Cell wall composition and degradability of stem tissue from lucerne divergently selected for lignin and in vitro dry-matter disappearance

Lucerne populations that had previously been divergently selected for acid detergent lignin (ADL) concentrations of whole herbage were additionally divergently selected for in vitro dry-matter disappearance (IVDMD) of basal stems. Parental plants of the four selected populations were intercrossed and the half-sib progeny evaluated in a replicated field trial in 1988 over two harvests. Cell wall composition of basal stems was determined for detergent fibre components and neutral sugars, uronic acids, Klason lignin and esterified and etherified phenolic acids of the total fibre fraction. Lignin polymer composition was measured by nitrobenzene oxidation. Degradability of cell wall polysaccharide components was determined by a 48-h in vitro ruminal fermentation. Cell wall composition was changed by both selection criteria. Klason lignin proportion of the total fibre did not differ as a result of selection, whereas the ADL concentration of neutral detergent fibre was different among selection groups. The cell wall polysaccharides of lucerne basal stems shifted towards more cellulose (glucose residues) and less hemicellulose (xylose residues) with selection for either low ADL or high IVDMD. While degradability of the cell wall polysaccharides was correlated with various measures of lignin composition and concentration, the results were variable and inconclusive. Surprisingly, Kiason lignin and ADL were positively correlated with cell wall polysaccharide degradability, and esterified ferulic acid was negatively correlated with degradation of the cell wall. Selection for herbage ADL and basal stem IVDMD of lucerne did alter cell wall degradation, but the associated changes in cell wall lignification were not consistently correlated with cell wall degradability.     

宽幅条播和种植密度对燕麦抗倒伏性及产量的影响

为明确宽幅条播对燕麦抗倒伏性和产量的调节作用及其适宜种植密度,于2019-2020年,通过裂区试验,设置2种播种方式(宽幅条播和常规条播)和三个种植密度水平[300×104株·hm-2 (D1)、450×104株·hm-2(D2)、600×104株·hm-2 (D3)],分析了播种方式与种植密度对燕麦植株抗倒伏性和籽粒...     

高、低糖甘蔗品种苗期糖分含量及代谢相关酶活性分析

以高糖(GT35)和低糖(B8)甘蔗品种苗期不同部位的叶和茎为材料,采用HPLC技术测定蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量,分析2个甘蔗品种叶和茎中蔗糖代谢相关酶活性与糖分含量的相关性和差异性。结果表明:2个甘蔗品种苗期叶中蔗糖含量与SPS和SS-s酶活性呈显著正相关,茎中己糖含量与NI酶活性呈显著正相关,茎中蔗糖含量与SPS酶活性呈显著正相关,而与SS-c、SAI和CIN酶活性呈显著负相关。GT35茎中蔗糖含量显著高于B8,叶中蔗糖含量显著低于B8。GT35茎中SPS和叶中SS-s酶活性均显著高于B8,茎中SS-s和SS-c酶活性低于B8,其中只有幼茎中SS-c酶活性与B8差异不显著。说明苗期叶中高SS-s酶活性,茎中高SPS酶活性,低SS-s和SS-c酶活性,可能是调节高糖甘蔗品种苗期茎中蔗糖积累的重要因素。     

Development of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method to Determine the Fagopyrin Content of Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tartaricum Gaertn.) and Common Buckwheat (F. esculentum Moench)

Abstract

Buckwheat contains fagopyrin, which induces photosensitization in light-skinned livestock when exposed to sunlight. Here, we developed a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to measure the fagopyrin content of buckwheat. The HPLC profile of the fagopyrin extract purified from Tartary buckwheat ‘Rotundatum’ had 3 apparent peaks. The ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectrum of each peak yielded absorbance maxima ( λ_max) at 547 nm and 591 nm, indicating that these peaks corresponded to fagopyrin and unidentified fagopyrin derivatives. We considered the total content reflected by the 3 peaks to be the fagopyrin content of buckwheat. We determined the fagopyrin content in the leaves of Tartary buckwheat ‘Rotundatum’ and common buckwheat ‘Miyazakiootsubu’ both by UV-vis photometric analysis and the newly developed HPLC method. The fagopyrin content is overestimated by UV-vis photometry because the extracts contain a considerable amount of chlorophyll. Thus, HPLC analysis is more efficacious for fagopyrin-content measurements than UV-vis photometric analysis. The HPLC analysis of fagopyrin is easy, quick and efficacious for screening buckwheat varieties with trace or no fagopyrin. There are only a few reports on the accumulation sites of fagopyrin in buckwheat. We revealed that in Tartary and common buckwheat, fagopyrin is present mainly in the leaves and flowers and slightly in the stems, hulls, and groats. The fagopyrin contents of the leaves and flowers of Rotundatum were approximately 2.6 and 2.8 times higher than those in Miyazakiootsubu, respectively.     

硅肥对寒地水稻植株性状及产量的影响

在建三江挑选2家农户的田地进行硅肥试验,以龙粳31(11叶品种)为供试品种,选用两种不同的硅肥品种和不同的矿物硅肥施用量,研究硅肥对寒地水稻植株茎秆充实度、茎粗、壁厚、抗折力和产量的影响。试验结果表明:硅肥的施用可以显著提高水稻植株的茎粗、壁厚、节间充实度和抗折力,同时在一定范围内可以提高水稻产量。就产量而言,以矿物硅225 kg/hm2的施用量最适宜。