Yield and dry matter productivity of Japanese and US soybean cultivars

The difference in yields of cultivars may be causing difference in soybean yield between Japan and the USA. The objective of this study was to identify the effect of the cultivar on dry matter production and to reveal the key factors causing the differences in yield by focusing utilization of solar radiation in recent Japanese and US soybean cultivars. Field experiments were conducted during two seasons in Takatsuki, Japan (34°50′), and in a single season in Fayetteville (36°04′), AR, USA. Five Japanese and 10 US cultivars were observed under near-optimal conditions in order to achieve yields as close to their physiological potential as possible. The seed yield and total aboveground dry matter (TDM) were measured at maturity as long as radiation was intercepted by the canopy. The seed yield ranged from 3.10t ha^?1 to 5.91t ha^?1. Throughout the three environments, the seed yield of US cultivars was significantly higher than that of Japanese cultivars. The seed yield correlated with the TDM rather than the HI with correlation coefficients from .519 to .928 for the TDM vs. .175 to .800 for the HI, for each of the three environments. The higher TDM of US cultivars was caused by a higher radiation use efficiency rather than higher total intercepted radiation throughout the three environments. The seasonal change in the TDM observed in four cultivars indicated that dry matter productivity was different between cultivars, specifically during the seed-filling period.     

干旱胁迫对亚有限大豆植株鲜重建成与分配的影响

通过控水盆栽试验,分别在大豆始花期、始粒期和全生育期进行干旱胁迫,分析干旱胁迫对亚有限大豆品种光合产物分配的影响.结果表明:在不同干旱处理下,叶柄鲜重、叶片鲜重、茎秆鲜重、荚皮鲜重、籽粒鲜重、根鲜重、根瘤鲜重和单株根瘤数均随着干旱胁迫强度加大而下降.在全生育期和始花期干旱胁迫下,地上鲜重占总鲜重的比例随干旱程度的增加而...     

生殖生长期源库改变对大豆籽粒产量和品质的影响

利用蛋白质，脂肪含量不同的两个大豆品种，在Ｒ１和Ｒ５期，通过去叶或去英，研究源库改变对大豆籽粒产量和品质的影响，结果表明，Ｒ１期和Ｒ５期去叶１／３对产量和品质影响不大；然而，Ｒ１期全去叶，减少了单株英数，产量降低，但对品质影响不明显；Ｒ５期全去叶，降低了每英粒数和百粒重，有利于蛋白质积累，而不利于脂肪积累，产量降低，Ｒ５期去英１／３增加了单英粒数和百粒重，产量略有提高，脂肪积累增多，蛋白质含量降低     

高产春大豆豆荚与叶片的光合性能研究

以黑农38等6个不同基因型大豆为材料,在鼓粒期对豆荚和叶片的面积在主茎上垂直分布、荚皮和叶片的叶绿素含量、光合速率等生理参数进行了研究.结果表明:高产春大豆在鼓粒期间荚面积为叶片面积的19.83%～35.44%,荚皮叶绿素含量为叶片的5.67%～8.20%,荚的真光合速率为叶片的13.32%～55.98%.黑农38的荚面积占叶面积百分比值、叶片的真光合速率均最高,分别为34.85%、26.4μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1);豆荚的真光合速率以吉育67最高,为8.48μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),石豆2号最低,为2.24μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1).荚的主要光合生理参数基因型之间的差异大.要进一步提高大豆产量,应发挥鼓粒期荚的光合潜力.     

Pod Dehiscence in Soybean : Assessing Methods and Varietal Difference

Abstract

The varietal difference of pod dehiscence in 25 soybean cultivars consisting of 16 Japanese and 9 Thai cultivars was examined at 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after placing in a desiccator (desiccator method) and 2, 4 and 7 hrs after placing in an oven at 60ºC (oven-dried method). The cultivars examined were divided into susceptible and resistant groups according to the degree of pod dehiscence. Most of the Japanese cultivars (excepting Suzuotome) and NS1 were susceptible while most of the Thai cultivars (excepting NS1) and Suzuotome were resistant to dehiscence. The degrees of pod dehiscence measured by the desiccator and oven-dried methods were nearly the same, and the moisture content of the pods not dehisced was always higher than that of the dehisced pod. The effect of ambient humidity on pod dehiscence was examined in five soybean cultivars SJ5, Shirotae, Tamahomare, CM60 and Fukuyutaka. When the pods were exposed to 15 or 25% relative humidity (RH), the pods of susceptible cultivars, Shirotae, Tamahomare and Fukuyutaka, started to dehisce at 24 hrs after the start of the treatment, but those of resistant cultivars, SJ5 and CM60, did not dehisce for 72 hrs. None of the cultivars dehisced under 50 and 60% RH. These results revealed that placing the pods in the desiccator for 14 days (desiccator method) or exposing the pods to 60ºC for 7 hrs in an oven (oven-dried method) were useful methods for checking the degree of dehiscence.     

大豆不同品种的酰脲和酰脲相对丰度比较

大豆幼茎段酰脲和酰脲相对丰度(URA)之间里显著正相关,品种间幼茎段酰脲与荚皮酰脲之间呈显著正相关。大豆品种间酰脲含量和酰脲相对丰度存在着明显差异,多数新品种或高产品种明显高于老品种。幼茎段酰脲相对丰度与种子蛋白质含量呈显著正相关,而幼茎段硝酸盐含量与种子蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关。     

Plant development and yield components under a tropical environment in soybean cultivars with temperate and tropical origins

Cultivar tests under tropical environments could be an approach to explore soybean productivity under high temperature. Twenty-nine soybean cultivars divided into five groups with temperate origin (Japanese and US) and tropical origin (Indonesian-old, Indonesian-modern and other tropical) were grown for two years in a tropical environment at Banten, Indonesia, with minimal season-to-season variation in air temperature and day-length. Temperate cultivars were earlier in flowering and shorter in duration from R1 to R5. Temperate cultivars had a seed yield of 157 g m^?2 (mean temperate cultivars) compared to 249 g m^?2 (tropical cultivars), which was due to having lower values of pods, seed number and TDW. In addition, the occurrence of shriveling and smaller seed size compared to plants grown in their region of origin was considerably evident in Japanese cultivars. To account for the difference of growth duration, a maturity-corrected index for yield and relevant variables was calculated to consider the amount of incident solar radiation. The yield index for all tested cultivars ranged from .49 to 1.48, and Japanese cultivars showed the lowest yield index (.67), followed by US cultivars (.87), whereas tropical cultivars had index means from 1.05 to 1.20. Although they were both of temperate origin, Japanese cultivars tended to show a lower index than US cultivars. The tendency was similar for TDW and node number. The poor performance of temperate cultivars even after correction suggests that there is a genetic variation of adaptation to a tropical environment independent of growth duration. Additionally, there was considerable performance variation within temperate cultivars.     

不同年代育成大豆品种钙的营养差异研究

用原子吸收分光光度计测定了中美当代大豆品种和中国20年代大豆品种不同器官、不同生育时期的钙含量.结果表明:大豆植株不同部位钙的百分含量依次为:叶片＞茎＞叶柄＞籽粒＞荚皮;美国当代大豆品种茎秆和籽粒中钙的百分含量高于中国当代品种;从结荚期到完熟期,中美大豆植株中钙的百分含量随着生育时期的变化而逐渐降低;施用磷酸二铵以后,大豆在结荚期到鼓粒期增加了植株对钙的吸收,但进入始熟期以后,大豆植株钙的百分含量受磷酸二铵肥力影响不大;成熟时豆秸(包括茎、荚皮)、籽粒及大豆植株钙的绝对含量表明,相同器官内,中美当代大豆品种钙绝对含量高于中国20年代品种,其中美国当代品种的籽粒和植株钙绝对含量高于中国当代品种,中美当代品种豆秸中钙绝对含量无显著差异.     

高产春大豆干物质积累与花荚形成的关系研究

为探明高产春大豆花荚期干物质积累与花荚形成的关系,田间随机区组排列法研究10个高产大豆品种(系)的花期、花荚期干物质增量分别与开花数、成荚数、产量的关系。结果表明,产量在4 527.4～5 734.2 kg·hm^-2的范围内,花期干物质增量与产量相关不显著,花荚期干物质增量与产量呈极显著正相关,总花数、总荚数均与产量呈显著正相关;花期干物质增量与开花数呈二次曲线关系,Y_1=-0.050 3X■+42.285X_1-5 312.2,R^2=0.673 9~*;花荚期的干物质增量与成荚数呈线性关系,Y_2=0.090 4X_5+419.47,R^2=0.719 4^**;开花期叶片干物质增量与开花数呈二次曲线关系,花荚期茎秆、叶片、叶柄干物质增量与成荚数均呈二次曲线关系。花期和花荚期过少或过多茎叶干物质积累量均不利于花、荚形成。花期茎叶稳健生长,荚期荚快速生长有利于增加开花数、成荚数。在花期、花荚期地上部干物质增量分别为4 373,7 801 kg·hm^-2、荚干重占33.8%,总花数为3 773.3×10~4朵·hm^-2、总荚数为1 127.3×10~4个·hm^-2,产量可达5 734.2 kg·hm^-2,其干物质成花效率、成荚效率依次为8.63朵·g^-1、1.45个·g^-1。     

模拟干热浪导致大豆症青的实证研究

近年来我国黄淮海夏大豆产区频繁出现症青，严重威胁本地的大豆生产。本研究通过人工气候室模拟干热浪胁迫，在大豆花荚期（R2-R4）进行持续3 d和7 d的干热胁迫处理，探究干热浪与大豆症青之间的关联性。研究结果表明：大豆盛花期遭遇持续3 d的模拟干热浪处理后，大豆植株生长正常，而持续7 d的处理则导致部分大豆植株出现症青。进一步的研究证实，从盛花期（R2期）到盛荚期（R4期）任何一个阶段遭遇连续7 d的模拟干热浪胁迫，都会导致大豆植株有效荚数和正常粒数严重下降，其中有效荚数降幅顺序为R3（85.14%）>R2（62.12%）>R4（50.97%），正常粒数降幅顺序为R3（81.02%）>R2（60.00%）>R4（56.32%）。因此，结荚初期（R3）持续7 d的模拟干热浪胁迫可导致大豆症青发生。同时提出，将大豆症青划分为荚而不实型、无荚型、局部型和全株滞育型四种类型。建议用底部节位新叶再生和花芽再分化现象进行大豆症青的早期诊断。     

大豆光合生理生态的研究：第13报 大豆叶片的光合速率和水分利用效率

大豆叶片的水分利用效率明显随生育期进程而变化。大体上从幼苗期到结荚期较低,而初生叶及鼓粒期、黄叶期叶片较高。光合速率随生育期进程呈单峰曲线变化,以鼓粒期最高。生殖生长期间水分利用效率的日变化是早晚较高,9:00～15:00较低且变化平缓。不同层次叶片水分利用效率,在结荚鼓粒期自而下依次增高,开花期无明显差异。     

The Occurrence of Delayed Stem Senescence in Relation to trans-Zeatin Riboside Level in the Xylem Exudate in Soybeans Grown under Excess-Wet and Drought Soil Conditions

Abstract

Delayed stem senescence (DSS) after pod maturation in soybean (Glycine max) lowers the quality of products in the mechanized harvest. The effects of drought and excess wet soil conditions on the occurrence of DSS were studied with special reference to remobilization of vegetative nitrogen and supply of cytokinin via xylem. Excess wet soil treatment was applied throughout the reproductive period to field-grown soybean in 2003 (Exp.1) and short-term drought stress treatment was applied during the reproductive period to pot-grown soybean plants in 2004 (Exp.2). The degree of DSS at pod maturing was evaluated by the DSS score from “1” for severe DSS to “5” for completely synchronous senescence of pods and vegetative parts. The DSS score in Exp.1 varied from 2.2 to 2.5 and that in Exp.2 from 2.8 to 3.7. Excess wet soil treatment in Exp.1 promoted the occurrence of DSS, while drought stress treatments during the periods of flowering to pod elongation, later seed-filling and seed maturing decreased it. The soybean plants that showed distinct DSS had lower ratios of seed number to vegetative dry weight at seed maturity and a lower rate of nitrogen remobilization from vegetative organs to seeds during the latter half of the reproductive period. The trans-zeatin riboside (t-ZR) level in xylem exudate tended to be higher in soybeans with severer DSS than in those normally matured in both experiments showing increased t-ZR concentration and/or higher exudation rate. These results suggest that DSS can be caused by a wet soil water condition, which lowers pod/seed number and increases vegetative organs mediated by the increased supply of cytokinin through xylem during seed-filling.     

!不同年代大豆品种根系伤流液重量的变化及其与地上生物量的关系

2009和2010年研究了吉林省1923～2004年育成的22个主栽大豆品种在R2、R4、R6期大豆伤流液重量与地上器官生物量的变化及其关系。结果表明:不同育成年份品种的根系伤流液重量和地上部生物量品种间存在显著差异;根系伤流液重量与地上部各器官生物量均随着育成年代的推进而增加,且二者之间呈显著正相关,表明大豆品种的遗传改良使地上部分生物量增加的同时,也导致了根系活力的提高。大豆品种根系伤流液重量与地上部分生物量在R2、R4、R6 3个时期均呈正相关,其中R4时期达到显著水平,伤流液重量与茎、叶片生物量在R4期均呈显著正相关。地上部分生物量与根系伤流液重量的比值在各时期均无明显变化,表明大豆品种的遗传改良过程中地下根系与地上部分器官是协同演进的。     

Branch development responses to planting density and yield stability in soybean cultivars

The objective of this study was to elucidate variability among soybean cultivars in yield response at different planting densities in reference to branch development. We investigated the main stem and branch seed yield and the branching characteristics of determinate Hokkaido and indeterminate US cultivars at the Rakuno Gakuen University in Ebetsu. In 2009 and 2010, two Japanese and two US cultivars were grown at three densities from 9.5 to 20 plants m^?2. In 2011 and 2012, three cultivars from each region were cultivated at three densities from 8.3 to 22.2 plants m^?2. The seed yields of the US cultivars at densities of 16.7 plants m^?2 or less were markedly higher than those of the Hokkaido cultivars, showing that their yield is less sensitive to lower planting density than Hokkaido cultivars. The difference in yield in response to planting density among cultivars was closely associated with a larger increase in branch seed yield with lower planting density, which effectively compensated for the decrease in main stem number per unit land area. The variability of branch development in response to planting density (branching plasticity) was quantified by correlating branch performance with plant spacing (land area per plant). Some US cultivars exhibited greater branching plasticity than Japanese cultivars with similar growth duration. Results of this study suggest soybean cultivar differs in responsiveness to varied planting density through different branching plasticity.     

Post-flowering leaflet removals increase pod initiation in soybean canopies

Much of the yield variation in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) crops is related to changes in pod and seed number. Pod number is the result of pod initiation and pod abscission while seed number is the result of potential seed per pod and seed abortion. However, the physiological regulation of these processes is not well understood. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the role of post-flowering changes in source size and canopy structure on pod initiation, pod abscission and seed abortion in soybean. Two soybean genotypes: DM48 and A7409 (maturity groups IV and VII, respectively) were used. Leaflet removal treatments (L) consisted of removing none (L0), one (L1) or two (L2) lateral leaflets of every developed trifoliate leaf present. Leaflet removals were applied twice: the first at full bloom and the second shortly after the beginning seed stage. Crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI), light interception (LI), and relative leaf growth rate, were determined during the periods in which numerical components are established. For the period between the first and the second leaflet removal, CGR remained unchanged among L treatments in both genotypes because LAI reductions were compensated through an increase in the net assimilation rate of the remaining leaves. The first leaflet removal increased the relative leaf growth rate and the number of pods initiated (PI) and these increases were inversely related to the remaining LAI in both genotypes. Moreover, the inverse relationship between LAI and PI was sustained at LAI below and above critical (i.e., LAI for 95% LI) and was not related to CGR or LI. The number of pod abscised also increased with the level of leaflet removal during the first and main abscission period in both genotypes and the percentage of pod abscission was directly related to the seed growth rate per unit leaf area during the abscission period. Seed abortion was inversely related to LAI after the second leaflet removal. Only the highest level of leaflet removals (i.e., L2) was able to reduce seed size in both genotypes. Whereas pod abscission, seed abortion and seed size could be related to indicators of canopy assimilatory capability pod initiation was not, suggesting that other physiological mechanism/s operate in the regulation of pod initiation. In addition, our results suggest that early (i.e., at flowering) canopy closure may negatively impact pod initiation in soybean. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to document that the number of initiated pods is inversely related to LAI in soybean canopies.     

大豆光合生理生态研究第9报 大豆不同节位叶片全氮含量的变异性

测定12个品种大豆叶片全氮含量(％)表明:各节位叶片全氮含量总平均值为4.51％。从初生叶到11—12节位叶片随节位上升,全氮含量逐渐增加。5—6、7—8、9—10节位叶片全氮含量与总平均值呈显著正相关。早熟品种植株12节位以下叶片的各节位叶片全氮含量的平均值高于晚熟品种。     

大气CO2浓度升高对大豆不同器官碳水化合物积累的影响

研究大气CO2浓度升高对非结构性碳水化合物分配积累的影响,可填补大豆气候变化生物学的部分空白,也又可为选育适应未来气候条件的大豆品种以及高产栽培策略提供理论支撑。本研究以大豆品种紫花4（ZH4）、小黄金（XHJ）、丰收10号（FS10）和嫩丰1号（NF1）为材料,利用开顶式气室模拟研究大气CO2浓度升高到550 μmol·mol-1对大豆鼓粒期（R5）和完熟期（R8）不同器官光合产物积累和分配的影响。结果表明：大气CO2浓度升高对不同器官C浓度的影响存在品种间差异。除了R5期XHJ叶片和R8期NF1根系,大豆不同器官C浓度表现出增加的趋势。大气CO2浓度升高显著增加R5期大豆叶片可溶性糖浓度（33.4%~90.0%）;而蔗糖和淀粉浓度对大气CO2浓度升高的响应受到品种因素的影响,XHJ叶片蔗糖浓度和FS10叶片淀粉浓度分别降低9.7%和13%,其余品种叶片蔗糖和淀粉浓度显著增加。在R8期,大气CO2浓度升高后大豆籽粒可溶性糖、蔗糖和淀粉浓度均表现出增加的趋势,籽粒可溶性糖浓度平均增加22%。同R5期相比,R8期大豆营养器官的碳水化合物浓度显著下降,表明营养器官碳水化合物的再利用能力决定大豆产量的增幅。ZH4、XHJ和FS10的产量平均增加32.7%,而NF1产量增加不显著。大气CO2浓度升高显著提高了大豆植株C的同化能力,但不同品种间差异显著。“源端”叶片蔗糖转化能力强,“流端”茎秆装卸同化产物效率高,以及“库强”较大的大豆品种在未来大豆品种选育和生产中应该是重点关注对象。     

不同熟期大豆品种遗传改良过程中光合特性和冠层农艺性状的变化

对1923～2008年间育成的吉林省主推的57个大豆品种按中早熟、中熟和中晚熟品种进行分类,研究了不同熟期组品种各冠层农艺性状和叶片部分光合特性指标的演化趋势及其与产量的关系。结果表明,各熟期品种的产量、百粒重、株高、单株叶面积、叶柄长、始粒期的光合速率和SPAD与育成年代均成正相关,单株分枝数与育成年代成负相关;单株荚数、单株荚重、单株粒数、单株粒重、单株茎重、始粒期SPAD与产量成正相关,其中单株荚重与产量显著相关。总体上看,中早熟和中晚熟品种各性状的演化趋势及其与产量的关系较相似,它们的百粒重、株高、单株粒数、单株叶面积、叶柄长、始粒期光合速率及始粒期SPAD与育成年代及产量都成正相关;始粒期SPAD在所有性状中表现最稳定,在各熟期组中与育成年代及产量均成正相关。     

Growth Dynamic Factors Explaining Yield Improvement in New Versus Old Soybean Cultivars

Reasons for genetic yield improvement in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) during cultivar development are not clearly understood. Since greater yield in new vs. old cultivars is largely regulated by final vegetative total dry matter (VTDM[R7]) and/or production efficiencies for node, pod, and seed yield components ([yield component no.]/?VTDM[R7] [no. g^?1]), our objective was to clarify the importance of these two factors for yield improvement in 18 public southern cultivars released between 1953 and 1999. The study was done near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, during 2007 and 2008, with a validation study in 2009. Yield increases were affected by increased production efficiencies for nodes, reproductive nodes (node bearing at least one viable pod), pods, and seeds (R² = 0.42–0.47), but not VTDM(R7). Increased yield component production efficiencies resulted in greater harvest index (HI; R² = 0.55–0.73), which in turn, resulted in greater yield (R² = 0.42). We concluded that a major factor contributing to yield increases between old and new cultivars was increased yield component production efficiency.     

始花期追施尿素对菜用大豆品质的影响

选用3个早熟和1个晚熟菜用大豆品种,探讨了始花期不同尿素追施量(0、75、150 kg·hm-2)对菜用大豆籽粒可溶性糖、蛋白质和脂肪积累的影响.结果表明:从鼓粒到籽粒成熟,菜用大豆籽粒的可溶性糖含量总体呈上升趋势,脂肪积累呈现“S”型曲线变化,蛋白质含量总体呈上升趋势,但后期出现小幅下降.早熟品种籽粒的可溶性糖含量在...