优良冬季青绿禾草扁穗雀麦在人工草地中的建植及利用研究

本试验研究了在贵州中南部的黄棕壤土中建植扁穗雀麦人工草地时 ,不同的播种时期、播种量、播种方法、利用期及不同刈割方式对扁穗雀麦生长发育的影响。其结果表明 :在无灌溉条件下种植扁穗雀麦 ,播期是成败的关键 ,秋旱后播种最好 ;条播稍好于撒播 ,覆土远胜于不覆土 ;播量以 3 0kg/6 6 7m2 为宜 ,其鲜草产量达 6 349 7kg/6 6 7m2 。扁穗雀麦草地生长第一年产量比第二年低 19 4 % ;其越夏率可达到94 7% ,但利用不当则大幅度下降。因此 ,建议在生长第一年留种 ,第二年以始牧高 30cm ,留茬高 6 0cm时开始刈割或放牧利用 ,并在高温伏旱来临之前重施肥料 ,给它一“休养生息”条件 ,既可达高产 ,又有利于越夏     

不同刈割方式对苇状羊茅混播草地生产性能的影响

采用不同刈割高度和不同留茬高度处理对优良混播组合“苇状羊茅 +多年生黑麦草 +扁穗雀麦+白三叶”人工草地进行了刈割利用试验 ,结果表明 :该混播组合人工草地刈割利用时以草层高度40cm、留茬高度 5cm效果最好 ,可最大限度地发挥该草的生产性能和延长利用期     

刈割对混播当年生物量及再生速率的影响

研究刈割对无芒雀麦 草原3号苜蓿草地的影响.结果表明:初次刈割时间和刈割次数对草地稳定性有显著影响;在苜蓿盛花期、无芒雀麦孕穗期刈割,刈割两次,草地稳定性最好;刈割一次有利于苜蓿生长,但降低无芒雀麦的比例;刈割三次则严重影响其生长发育;无芒雀麦在刈后15 d内再生速度最快,不受刈割期的影响,苜蓿再生草快速增长期与刈割期有关,在盛花期和结荚期刈割,株高快速增长期与无芒雀麦同步,再生速度也相似,在孕蕾期和盛花末期刈割,株高快速增长期出现在刈割后15～30 d内.     

刈割对混播草地根重及翌年产草量的响应

研究刈割对无芒雀麦Bromus innermis 草原3号苜蓿Medicago varia cv.Caoyuan No.3草地组分种根重及翌年产草量的影响.结果表明:刈割次数对牧草根重和产草量有显著影响;随着刈割次数的增加,苜蓿和无芒雀麦根重下降,刈割3次比刈割1次根重分别下降53.39%和29.88%.在试验组分频率下,播种当年刈割1次,有利于苜蓿生长,翌年草地总产量最高,但降低了无芒雀麦的比例;在苜蓿孕蕾期(无芒雀麦拔节后期)初次刈割,年刈割2次,翌年草地产草量较高,群落稳定性最好;刈割3次,则严重影响其生长发育.     

刈割方式对扁穗牛鞭草与白三叶混播草地竞争的研究

试验对扁穗牛鞭草和白三叶混播草地在不同刈割方式下草地群落的密度组成变化、不同层次生物量和相对竞争强度进行了研究。结果表明：扁穗牛鞭草种群密度受留茬高度影响显著,对草层高度不明显,刈割时的草层高度30cm和留茬高度10cm的刈割方式对扁穗牛鞭草有利,此时相对竞争强度较低,扁穗牛鞭草的竞争能力较高,由于白三叶前期生长迅速,占据了地面的空间抑制了扁穗牛鞭草的生长,扁穗牛鞭草草层结构一直处于一种不稳定的状态,最终被排挤出系统。     

刈割对草甸草原羊草、无芒雀麦再生和 碳水化合物含量的影响

牧草的再生性能是草地持续利用的基础,牧草贮藏的碳水化合物对牧草再生具有重要作用。本研究针对刈割强度对羊草(Leymus chinensis)和无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)现存量、再生速度及不同部位碳水化合物的影响进行了分析研究,结果表明,羊草和无芒雀麦地上部现存量随留茬高度的降低呈降低趋势;第2次刈割后,羊草和无芒雀麦留茬4cm的再生速度均高于留茬8和12cm。刈割后无芒雀麦不同部位可溶性糖含量均在第2次刈割后16d上升,到秋季枯黄期降至最低值,且未恢复到刈割前水平。第2次刈割后16d,羊草茎基部还原糖含量可恢复到刈割前水平,而无芒雀麦茎基部还原糖含量降至刈割后最低值,到秋季枯黄期,留茬12cm羊草和无芒雀麦茎基部还原糖含量可达到刈割前水平。试验期间牧草主要生长季(6-8月)降水较少,严重抑制了羊草和无芒雀麦的再生和碳水化合物的贮藏。因此生长季降水少的干旱年份,羊草和无芒雀麦草地以留茬8~12cm、刈割1次为宜。     

刈割期和留茬高度对混播草地产草量及品质的影响

研究不同刈割期和留茬高度对无芒雀麦+新麦草+杂花苜蓿混播人工草地产草量及品质的影响。结果表明,刈割三次干草总产量,以初花期刈割,留茬5cm最高(2108.1kg/hm²),其次是抽穗期刈割,留茬7cm(2095.82kg/hm²)。粗蛋白质总产量以初花期刈割,留茬5cm最高(473.7kg/hm²),其次是初花期刈割,留茬3cm(439.8kg/hm²)。初花期刈割,留茬5cm的ADF和NDF含量均较低。在河北坝上地区无芒雀麦+新麦草+杂花苜蓿混播人工草地以初花期刈割,留茬5cm为宜。     

贵州多年生人工草地稳定持续高产技术研究

通过对多年生人工草地的试验研究,以禾本科牧草（扁穗雀麦、高羊茅、多年生黑麦草、鸭茅）＋豆科牧草（紫花苜蓿、白三叶）进行混播,可提高草地产量,其中综合牧草干物质产量和粗蛋白含量,表现较为理想的牧草混播组合是高羊茅＋多年生黑麦草＋紫花苜蓿＋白三叶,每667m2播量为1.5kg＋1.5kg＋0.25kg＋0.25kg,采用条播方式进行播种。     

贵州主要野生禾本科牧草品比试验

通过对贵州５种主要野生禾本科牧草在适应性和经济性状等方面的对比测定，结果表明：苇状羊茅和扁穗雀麦两种综合表现较好。主要体现在两种草适应性较强，抗逆性能好，产草量高，适口性好，营养价值高，耐刈性强。粗蛋白质含量苇状羊茅为７．５５％～２１．６９％，扁穗雀麦为８．５４％～１９．０２％；年鲜草产量苇状羊茅为７３．３～１０４．８ｔ／ｈｍ２，扁穗雀麦为７１．２～１０３．１ｔ／ｈｍ２；每年可刈割４～６次，且四季青绿，适于在贵州中部地区以及相同生态条件地区推广种植，是建立优质人工刈牧兼用型草地的理想禾本科牧草品种     

贵州多年生人工草地稳定持续高产技术研究

通过对多年生人工草地的试验研究,以禾本科牧草（扁穗雀麦、高羊茅、多年生黑麦草、鸭茅）＋豆科牧草（紫花苜蓿、白三叶）进行不同组合混播。结果：表现较为理想的牧草混播组合是高羊茅＋多年生黑麦草＋紫花苜蓿＋白三叶,每667 m2播量为1.5＋1.5＋0.25＋0.25 kg,播种采用条播。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …