休眠期中华鳖消化器官中主要消化酶活性分布

为研究休眠期中华鳖中主要消化器官消化酶活性,将平均体重为672.25g的4龄鳖6只,处死后取其胃、肝、肠,采用生化方法测定其胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性。结果表明,在中华鳖的胃、肝、前肠、中肠、后肠中均有胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶。肠中蛋白酶活性由中肠、前肠、后肠递减,前肠与中肠的酶活性没有显著差异(P>0.05);肠中脂肪酶活性较胃、肝中的高;淀粉酶活性,肠中最高,胃中次之,肝脏中最低,但在肠的不同部位淀粉酶的活性没有显著差异(P>0.05)。     

泰山螭霖鱼肠道的显微和超微结构

采用光镜和扫描电镜技术 ,对泰山螭霖鱼 (Varicorhinusmacrolepis)的肠道进行了观察。结果表明 :泰山螭霖鱼无胃 ,食管之后是肠道 ,起始端膨大呈球状。肠道由前肠、中肠和后肠组成 ,肠管直径由前肠到后肠逐渐变小。各段肠壁均分为粘膜、肌层和浆膜 3层。粘膜上皮由柱状细胞和杯状细胞组成 ,肌层分内环行和外纵行 2层。粘膜向肠腔内突出形成许多粘膜褶 ,有的呈指状、杵状 ,有的有分支。由前肠到后肠 ,粘膜褶由高变低 ,数量逐渐减少 ;杯状细胞数目由多变少 ;肌层逐渐变薄。扫描电镜下 ,肠道的粘膜褶大体上呈纵向锯齿状 ,并且粘膜褶上还有次级皱褶。柱状上皮细胞表面多呈圆形 ,前肠、中肠柱状上皮细胞轮廓和界限清楚 ,常呈隆起状 ,而后肠上皮细胞表面较平坦。前肠柱状上皮细胞游离面的微绒毛长而密 ,后肠的短而稀疏。前肠的杯状细胞常常有较大的分泌孔 ,周围有分泌物 ,粘膜表面有粗大的分泌颗粒 ;后肠杯状细胞的分泌孔较小 ,粘膜表面有较多细小分泌颗粒。     

Embryonic adaptations and nutrition in the viviparous teleost Clinus dorsalis (Perciformes: Clinidae)

Embryos of Clinus dorsalis absorb nutrients from the embiyotrophe, secreted by the follicular epithelium. Autoradiographic studies revealed that the principal areas of nutrient absorption are the embryonic gut and epidermis. A histological and electron microscopic study of embryonic structure revealed an extensively hypertrophied gut with numerous flngerlike villi projecting into the gut lumen. A brushborder of microvilli is, furthermore, characteristic of the columnar gut epithelium. Epidermal surface area is increased apically on individual epidermal cells, particularly on the ventral pericardial surface. Micro ridges further increase epidermal surface area. Epidermal surface area is reduced and a mucous layer is secreted prior to parturition.     

Characteristics of mature oocytes from four species of marine teleosts

The morphology and histology of the digestive tract of the branchiuran crustacean, Chonopeltis australis Box shall, 1976 are described from serial sections. The foregut is differentiated into a preoral cavity, containing the mandibles and tongue, an ascending oesophagus, with an H-shaped lumen invested with longitudinal, circular and dilator muscles, a horizontal oesophagus with a star-shaped lumen and lacking longitudinal and dilator muscles, and an oesophageal funnel consisting of inner and recurrent walls. The midgut is differentiated into anterior and posterior chambers, separated by an S-shaped muscular tube. The arborescent midgut glands open laterally into the anterior part of the anterior midgut. Columnar epithelial cells line the anterior midgut whereas tall, papilliform cells are present in the epithelium of the posterior midgut. The transition from posterior midgut to hindgut is marked by the presence of very tall epithelial cells. The terminology describing the various parts of the digestive tract of branchiurans is discussed.     

Localisation and characterisation of ovine immunglobulin within the sheep scab mite, Psoroptes ovis

Ovine IgG was detected in homogenates of repeatedly washed Psoroptes ovis. Some of the immunoglobulin in the homogenates was fragmented although the host IgG present in mite washings was largely intact. The host immunoglobulin was immuno-localised to the surface or cytoplasm of the gut cells of feeding stages of freshly harvested P. ovis examined by cryosectioning. A similar distribution of rabbit IgG was detected in P. cuniculi. The IgG demonstrated in the mite gut represented partially digested as well as intact immunoglobulin. The presence of intact host immunoglobulin suggests that P. ovis may be susceptible to vaccination by the gut antigen approach, a method used successfully for blood-feeding ectoparasites like Boophilus microplus.     

虎纹蛙肠道微生物结构与功能分析

利用高通量测序方法对虎纹蛙前肠、中肠和后肠微生物结构和功能进行分析。结果表明,虎纹蛙(Rana rugulosa)肠道核心菌群是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)。Romboutsia属、鲸杆菌属(Cetobacterium)、叶杆菌属(Phyllobacterium)是绝对优势菌属。肠道中存在弧菌(Vibro)、邻单胞菌(Plesiomonas)、气单胞菌(Aeromonas)、爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella)不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、鞘脂单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、伊丽莎白菌(Elizabethkingia)等常见的条件致病菌和芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)、乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus)和双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)等潜在益生菌。比较发现,前肠和中肠微生物丰度和多样性显著高于后肠,且在门和属水平菌群结构差异明显;前肠和中肠微生物功能相似,与能量代谢、维生素代谢、氨基酸代谢、脂代谢、外源物质降解和代谢关联微生物丰度较高,而后肠中与核酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢关联微生物丰度较高。前肠和中肠中与信号转导、神经系统、内分泌系统、转运和分解等关联微生物丰度较高,后肠中与信号分子互作、细胞过程与信号、增殖与修复、免疫系统、翻译、转录、酶家族、环境适应、膜转运等关联微生物丰度较高。本研究解析了虎纹蛙肠道菌群结构和功能,为虎纹蛙健康养殖提供理论基础。     

The anatomy of the oesophagus, stomach and intestine in common wolffish (Anarhichas lupus L.): a basis for diagnostic work and research

The alimentary canal of laboratory-reared common wolffish (Anarhichas lupus L.) was studied using light and electron microscopy. In the oesophagus, a simple columnar microvillous epithelium with transport characteristics was observed in addition to the main striated squamous epithelium. An osmoregulatory function is proposed for the simple columnar epithelium, which was supported by wide, thin-walled vessels. In the stomach, a separate type of neck cells was observed leading into the acinar gastric glands, which morphologically consist of one cell type: chief cells. The intestine was divided into a proximal and distal segment by an intestinal valve. Pyloric caeca were not present. We propose that shallow, crypt-like structures in the intestinal mucosa are the sites of epithelial-cell proliferation in juveniles and adults. The length of microvilli decreased from approximately 4 microns in the cranial part of the proximal intestine, to 1.5 microns in the distal intestine. In the distal intestine, rod-shaped bacteria were observed between microvilli. An extensive system of thin-walled vessels was observed in the submucosa of juvenile and adult wolffish stomach and intestine. Eosinophilic granular cells were numerous in the perivascular connective tissue in the gastric and intestinal submucosa of adults and juveniles, but were not observed in larvae.     

Scanning electron and light microscopic studies of the surface epithelium of the rete testis and epididymis of the boar. I. Rete testis and efferent ducts

The use of the scanning electron microscope gave a three dimensional representation of the epithelial surface. Additionally, light microscopy revealed the representative structure of the epithelium. The rete testis showed a single layer of cubic epithelial cells. Short and dense microvilli were found on the surface. Sporadically a single, cilia-like structure was recognized. An extratesticular rete testis was identified. The flowing transition of the epithelium between the rete testis and the efferent ductuli occurred at different levels, so that both kinds of epithelial structures were recognized in the same area. The efferent ductuli were composed of a single columnar epithelium consisting of two cell types, principal cells and ciliated cells. The ciliated cells were recognized by their cilia protruding into the lumen. The principal cells showed microvilli on their surface and bleblike apical protrusions which erupt into the lumen.     

The reaction of ovine neutrophils to Histophilus ovis in relation to genital infection of rams

Histophilus ovis was shown to be phagocytized by neutrophils when the organisms enter the lumen of the reproductive tract of the ram. The phagocytosis and destruction of H. ovis by neutrophils was demonstrated in vitro by the viable count method and by electron microscopy. It was shown that immunoglobulins and complement had no influence on the phagocytosis and destruction of H. ovis. Phagocytosis and killing of H. ovis was accomplished equally well by neutrophils from immunized and non-immunized rams. Immunized rams showed a massive infiltration of neutrophils into the walls, epithelium and lumen of their ampullae when dead H. ovis were introduced into their lumen.     

The epidermal location and possible feeding site of Psorergates ovis, the sheep itch mite

Skin biopsies from two Merino sheep heavily infested with Psorergates ovis were immersed in liquid nitrogen and cut into vertical frozen sections stained with lipophilic Sudan IV or Oil Red O and haematoxylin. A survey of the lateral distribution of mite sections showed a majority (ca 80%) were in or within 0.2 mm of the follicle mouth. A survey of vertical distribution showed no mite penetration deeper than inner stratum corneum where 57% of mite sections were seen; 30% were within outer stratum corneum or scurf; 13% were on the outer surface and less than 1% were detached. Lipid was the only material seen within stained mites at a location considered to be gut. This was supported by dosing sheep with quinacrine, taking biopsies at Day 6 and Day 14 and examining frozen sections under blue light. Fluorescent lipid was seen at a location considered to be mite gut. From these results it was recommended that acaricide treatments against P. ovis be lipophilic and administered transepidermally because less than 15% of mites were at a superficial location likely to be reached by topical application.     

The Fine Structure of the Fundic Stomach Epithelium of the Western Newt

The effects of varying intensities of histamine stimulation on cells of the western newt fundic stomach epithelium have been studied. Oxyntic, mucous neck and surface mucous cells all secrete. In the oxyntic cell, the main effects are a movement of zymogen granules toward the apex, the discharge of their contents into the lumen and, eventually, their disappearance from the cytoplasm. Additionally, the tubular membrane elements (tubulo- vesicles) fuse with the apical plasma membrane with a corresponding reduction in their numbers and an increase in microvilli, which eventually are so numerous as to virtually occlude the lumina of gastric glands. Total histamine stimulation results in apparent damage to the oxyntic cells. Mucous neck and surface mucous cells release their mucigen droplets by exocytosis and are grossly changed in appearance also.     

秦岭细鳞鲑消化系统的形态学观察

运用大体解剖和常规组织学方法对秦岭细鳞鲑消化系统的组织形态进行了系统观察。结果表明,秦岭细鳞鲑的消化道由口咽腔、食道、胃和肠等4部分组成,除口咽腔外,管壁由内向外分为黏膜、黏膜下层、肌层和浆膜。口咽腔宽大,上颌、犁骨及腭骨等处布有细齿,黏膜衬以复层扁平上皮,间有较多的黏液细胞和少量的杯状细胞及味蕾;食管粗而短,黏膜向管腔突出形成多个纵行皱襞,上皮由复层扁平上皮逐渐向单层柱状过渡,上皮细胞间可见到数量较多的粘液细胞和杯状细胞,食管腺不发达;胃体积较大,呈“U”形,包括贲门部、胃体和幽门部,胃体部小凹及胃底腺结构明显,肌层发达;胃与肠相接处有63-65个幽门盲囊,肠道粗短而略微盘曲,黏膜上皮为单层柱状,未见明显的肠腺。以上结果显示,秦岭细鳞鲑消化道组织结构与其肉食性功能密切相关。肝小叶界限不清;双列肝细胞围绕中央静脉呈放射状走行,肝细胞个体大、呈多边形,核呈圆形或卵圆形,1-2个。胰脏大部分环绕前肠边缘、呈细长条索状,另可见分散于幽门盲囊及胃周围的弥散部分;其外分泌部为管泡状腺,腺细胞呈锥体形,胰岛结构明显。     

The alimentary canal of the Siberian chipmunk (Eutamias sibiricus,Laxm. 1769): macroscopic and light microscopic examination

The canalis alimentarius of the Burunduk (Eutamias sibiricus), a rodent belonging to the family Sciuridae, were examined macroscopically (12 animals) and light microscopically (three animals). The esophagus is lined with a stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium. The one-chambered stomach is of a simple type covered with a glandular mucous membrane. When empty and moderately filled, the stomach looks like a curved sack and lies intrathoracally. The filled stomach extends to the left and ventrally into the regio abdominis media. The greater omentum covers incompletely ventrally and in a part laterally the intestinal mass. The intestinal canal averages about 780 mm in length, that is 6.5 as long as the whole body. The relative length of the small intestine compared with the large intestine is 36-64%. The U-shaped Duodenum is composed of a Pars cranialis, descendens and ascendens and possesses a Plica duodenocolica as well as a Plica duodenocolica accessoria. The Jejunum averages about 420 mm length and is mainly located in the right and ventral part of the regio abdominis media. As in other rodents, the cecum is well developed. The length of the ascending colon averages about the body length and forms an Ansa proximalis and two parallel loops, Ansa media and Ansa distalis coli, both lying in the right Cavum abdominis. Peculiar for the colon are Noduli lymphatici solitarii surrounding cavities lined by a surface epithelium. According to the anatomical structure of the gut and based on physiological diet facts the Burunduk is not a mere herbivore but has to be classified as an omnivore depending upon uptake of animal food protein.     

Ultrastructure of the Uterotubal Junction in Preovulatory Pigs

The ultrastructure of the surface epithelia from the uterotubal junction (UTJ), and the adjacent tubal isthmic and endometrial regions, was studied in preovulatory oestrus gilts, either unmated or inseminated 12 h before with fresh boar semen. The simple columnar epithelium of the UTJ consisted of non-ciliated (secretory) and ciliated cells. Secretory vesicles occurred in the secretory cells, especially in inseminated gilts. Lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages were found dispersed basally among the epithelial cells. Phagocytosis of epithelial cells undergoing apoptosis was seen throughout the UTJ at oestrus, increasing after insemination. Neutrophilic granulocytes were found in the lamina propria of the uterine component of the UTJ, but only occasionally in the epithelium. After insemination, neutrophils invaded the uterine epithelium, to actively participate in intraepithelial phagocytosis or move into the lumen, engulfing spermatozoa. Neutrophils were absent from the UTJ proper and the isthmic epithelium, irrespective of the presence of spermatozoa in the lumen. Those spermatozoa in the uterine lumen that escaped phagocytosis had severely damaged plasma membranes, whereas those in the UTJ proper--concentrated towards the deep furrows of the diverticulae--mostly showed normal sperm ultrastructure.     

Histomorphometric and Progesterone Receptor Immunohistochemical Analysis in the Oviduct of Newly Hatched Chicks Treated with Follicle-Stimulating Hormone during Embryonic Development

In this study we evaluated the histomorphology and ultra-structure of the oviduct of newly hatched chicks, as well as the immunohistochemical expression of progesterone receptor (PR) in this tissue after follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) treatment on days 13, 15 and 17 of embryonic development. Results indicated a marked difference in the histology of the oviduct of newly hatched chicks treated with FSH. Magnum mucosa from these animals presented a pseudostratified epithelium with evaginations from the lumen into the epithelium and from the latter into the stroma beneath where tubular glands are formed. In contrast magnum mucosa from control animals presented columnar epithelium with no evaginations. In magnum epithelium FSH also induced the formation of cilia and microvilli projections into the lumen as well as an increase in the wall and lumen areas and in the density of nuclei per unit-area. PR immunoreactivity was only observed in the oviduct of FSH treated animals. PR was located in the nucleus of epithelial luminal cells, mucosal stromal cells and smooth muscle cells. These findings suggest that FSH induces an adequate hormonal milieu for the cytodifferentiation and PR gene expression in the chick oviduct.     

捻转血矛线虫中肠超微结构

捻转血矛线虫中肠由单层上皮细胞所组成，未见明确的细胞界限，并向肠腔内伸出相互平行、排列整齐的微绒毛，长约6.5μm，微绒毛中心由纵贯微绒毛并相互平行的微丝构成；细胞核位于细胞中部，核膜清楚，体形大，形状不规则，有一较大的核仁，异染色质凝集成块状，电子致密度甚高。分散于核质中；上皮细胞中部细胞器丰富，有粗面内质网、线粒体、高尔基体及溶酶体；基部为胶原纤维样，并含有丰富的内质网。     

不同龄期意峰消化道酶谱带分布及糖转化酶的研究

采用聚丙烯凝胶电泳对不同日龄的意大利蜜蜂（Apis melifera ligustica）的消化道酶进行谱带分析，不同日龄意大利蜜蜂消化道酶带分布和对糖转化酶的活性有差异。7-18日龄意大利蜜蜂糖转化酶活性最高，而1-3日龄最低。相同日龄意大利蜜蜂消化道不同部位糖转化酶活性大小依次为中肠、前肠、后肠。     

产后奶牛子宫内膜的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜观察了 5头奶牛产后不同时期子宫内膜的变化。结果发现 ,分娩后早期 ,奶牛子宫内膜部分破损 ,与破损部位相邻的细胞在产后 1周内相继脱落 ;未破损内膜上皮细胞表面的纤毛和微绒毛形状不整、数量减少。产后2周 ,基底细胞开始生长 ,至产后 4 5 d时生长完成 ;产后 4周 ,内膜破损区域缩小 ,上皮细胞表面纤毛和微绒毛形状规则、数量增加 ;产后 4 5 d,偶见上皮细胞缺失 ;至产后 6 0 d,子宫内膜上皮细胞完整、排列有序、被覆纤毛和微绒毛。上述结果表明 ,奶牛子宫内膜在分娩后 6 0 d内完成修复。     

Strategic Localization of Toll‐like Receptor 4 in the Digestive Tract of Blunt Snout Bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)

This study was performed to determine the localization strategies of Toll‐like Receptor 4 (TLR4) in digestive tract (oesophagus, bulbodium, foregut, midgut and hindgut) of Blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) using immunohistochemical staining method. TLR4 positive cells were observed throughout the digestive tract. In the oesophagus, some positive reactions in lamina propria were found around small blood vessels and there were also some positive cells within the stratified squamous epithelium. Lots of positive cells were observed in the muscular layer of the oesophagus. In bulbodium, foregut and hindgut, the expression of TLR4 was mainly restricted to the apical surface of epithelial cells located at the bottom of the mucosal folds and the mesenchymal cells in lamina propria. It was very interesting that epithelial cells in the midgut, but none in other parts, had many TLR4 positive cytoplasmic granular structures which were also periodic acid Schiff positive. These findings suggested that TLR4 was expressed in a compartmentalized manner in the Blunt snout bream (M. amblycephala) digestive tract and provided novel information about the in vivo localization of pattern recognition receptors.     

Uptake and excretion of Brucella abortus in tissues of the face fly (Musca autumnalis)

To determine their capacity to host Brucella abortus, face flies were examined 1 to 120 hours after feeding on broth containing bacteria and bovine erythrocytes. Brucella abortus was cultured in large numbers from whole flies for 12 hours after feeding, but not after 72 hours. Histologic analysis showed that brucellae were rapidly taken into the midgut, sequestered from erythrocytes, transiently stored, and shed in the feces; there was no evidence of bacterial replication within epithelial cells. Immunoperoxidase and immunogold techniques revealed that most brucellae in the gut were confined to the lumen by the peritrophic membrane, that brucellae were degraded in secondary lysosomes of midgut epithelial cells, and that intact brucellae passed into connective tissues surrounding the midgut. Bacterial excretion without midgut replication is consistent with transient, but not long-term, insect transmission in nature.