马铃薯产量与主要农艺性状的相关性及灰色关联度分析

以2013-2016年3轮贵州省马铃薯区试六盘水试点38个马铃薯品种(系)的主要农艺性状为研究对象,分析了主要农艺性状与产量的相关性和灰色关联度结果表明:在相关性分析中,株高与单株块茎质量、平均单薯质量和大中薯率、单株块茎数与单株块茎质量、单株块茎质量与平均单薯质量和大中薯率、平均单薯质量与大中薯率之间均极显著正相关,而主茎数与平均单薯质量和大中薯率之间均极显著负相关;生育期与株高呈显著正相关,而单株块茎数与平均单薯质量呈显著负相关;其他性状间呈正相关或负相关,且未达显著水平;产量与株高、单株块茎质量、平均单薯质量和大中薯率之间均呈极显著正相关。在关联度分析中,鲜薯产量与各农艺性状之间的关联度依次为:单株块茎质量大中薯率平均单薯质量株高单株块茎数出苗率生育期主茎数。单株块茎质量、大中薯率、单薯质量和株高这4个主要性状与产量性状关联度较高,关联系数均大于0.7571,是影响产量的主要因素。因此,马铃薯在高产栽培和新品种选育方面,选择主茎数和株高适中、单株质量大、平均单薯质量大和大中薯率高的品种(系)是马铃薯获得高产和选育高产品种的有效途径。     

不同小整薯规格和药剂拌种处理对旱作重茬马铃薯生长及产量的影响

以定薯5号为试验材料,在马铃薯重茬地进行田间试验,研究不同小整薯规格和药剂拌种处理对马铃薯生长和产量的影响。结果表明,小整薯播种比种薯切块播种处理出苗期和成熟期提前,株高增加,单株根数、单株主茎数和单株结薯数增多,出苗率、大中薯率和产量提高。与不拌种播种相比,药剂拌种播种处理的株高增高,单株主茎数、匍匐茎数和单株结薯数增多,出苗率、大中薯率和产量提高,用72%农用链霉素0.04kg+滑石粉2kg拌种50kg种薯对马铃薯黑痣病防治效果最好,达到60.1%。     

种薯大小和穴盘育苗对秋马铃薯生长和产量的影响

马铃薯脱毒小薯整薯播种有利于提高产量。2014年进行了秋马铃薯不同脱毒小薯大小和穴盘育苗的栽培试验。结果表明,整薯播种的种薯越大,植株生长势越好,结薯数越多,产量越高。6.5 g的脱毒小薯地上部生长势弱,块茎缺乏生长后劲,产量极显著低于25 g的脱毒小薯。12.5 g的脱毒小薯能适用于整薯播种,与25 g的脱毒小薯相比,用种量可以减少50%,但株高、主茎数、茎粗、地上部重量、平均单薯重、大中薯比例和产量无显著差异。种薯穴盘育苗再移栽,不仅有利于提早出苗,比大田同期播种早出苗5 d,而且有利于促进地上部和块茎生长,尽管增产效果不显著,但是主茎数和结薯数显著减少,平均单薯重显著增大,大中薯比例增加,马铃薯商品性有较大的提高。     

马铃薯杂交无性一代植物学性状与产量相关性的研究

马铃薯个体产量由其遗传性所约,并受生长发育过程中所经受的外界环境的影响^[1]。本研究以大西洋X白引4号、威芋3号X白引3号两个杂交组合无性一代混选的单薯系作研究对象,从地上部主要性状与产量、地下结薯状况与产量、地上主茎数与地下块茎的关系等方面的测定数据进行统计分析。结果：马铃薯的产量与单株的主茎数、结薯数、薯块大度、分枝数、茎叶重和茎粗等均呈正相关,而与株高的相关性不显著或不稳定。因此,能获得丰收的马铃薯个体的地上部应具备的性状是：植株有较多的主茎（3-5）或适当的分枝;生长健壮、茎粗叶茂、株高适宜的地上形态结构,这样就可达到地下部结薯多、大中薯比例高,产量也高。     

北方区试中甘薯农艺性状与产量的多元回归和通径分析

应用多元统计方法,分析了甘薯北方区试中农艺性状与产量之间的关系。结果表明：农艺性状对鲜薯、薯干和淀粉产量的影响各不相同。回归分析发现,单株茎叶重、大中薯率、小薯率和单株结薯数与鲜薯和薯干产量之间存在显著的线性关系,单株茎叶重和干率与淀粉产量之间存在显著的线性关系。相关性分析发现,鲜薯产量与干率、淀粉率和病情指数均呈极显著负相关关系,与大中薯率显著正相关,与小薯率显著负相关。薯干产量与分枝数显著负相关,与干率呈显著正相关。淀粉产量与分枝数显著负相关,与干率和淀粉率均呈显著正相关。通径分析发现,淀粉率和大中薯率对产量的直接作用较大,而单株茎叶重、蔓长、分枝数和干率对鲜薯、薯干和淀粉产量的作用大小和作用方向均存在差异。因此,在高产栽培中,应选择茎基部粗、蔓长较短、分枝数较少、薯块大小较均匀、数量适中和大中薯率较高的品种。若进行高干率和高淀粉品种选育,还需注重干率和淀粉率等指标的选择。     

渝马铃薯3号原原种薯大小对其主要性状和原种产量的影响

研究了渝马铃薯3号原原种的不同种薯大小对其植株性状和原种产量的影响,结果表明,不同原原种薯大小对渝马铃薯3号原种生产的主要性状株高、主茎数、单株结薯数、单株薯重有明显影响,表现出随原原种薯大小的增大,其株高、主茎数、单株结薯数增加,单株薯重提高;而商品薯数量占比和商品薯重量占比与原原种薯大小无关。本研究表明,渝马铃薯3号原种生产应选择5g及以上的原原种作种薯,以保证获得较高的原种产量。     

高羊茅种子产量与主要农艺性状的通径分析

对高羊茅的7个农艺性状与单株种子产量进行了相关和通径分析.结果表明,7个农艺性状与单株种子产量均呈极显著正相关,其相关系数大小依次为单株穗数＞每穗粒数＞穗长＞千粒重＞茎重＞株高》叶片重.7个性状与单椿种子产量直接通径系数大小依次为叶片重＞株高＞单株有效穗数＞每穗粒数＞千粒重＞茎重＞穗长.叶片重、单株有效穗数和每穗粒对种子产量的贡献较大,茎重和穗长的效应较小,提高单株种子产量,要增加单株有效穗数和每穗粒数,并兼顾千粒重的提高.     

密度对超高产春大豆农艺性状的影响研究

研究了超高产条件下，不同种植密度对春大豆植株性状、产量性状和产量的影响以及单株叶面积和叶面积指数变化特点。结果表明，随密度的增加，株高和底荚高度增高，茎粗、节数、分枝数、分枝总长度降低，倒伏加重，单株有效结荚数、单株粒数、单株籽粒重降低，百粒重与种植密度关系不显著。叶面积指数随密度增加呈上升趋势，以45.0万株/hm2处理最佳，产量达5547.81kg/hm2。     

春大豆主要农艺性状方差分析及相关分析的研究

对引进的9份大豆优良种的11个主要农艺性状进行方差分析，对15个主要农艺性状进行相关分析，研究结果表明：（1）主要农艺性状中的茎粗、单株粒重经方差分析达显著水平，株高、底荚高度、主茎节数、主茎分枝数、单株总荚数、秕荚数、每荚粒数、百粒重等性状经方差分析达极显著水平；（2）主要农艺性状的变异系数大小依次为秕荚数、主茎分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株产量、底荚高度、每荚粒数、百粒重、株高、茎粗、产量、主茎节数、出苗至开花、开花至成熟、生育期；（3）产量与生育期、秕荚数呈显著正相关，与株高、底荚高度、主茎分枝数、单株产量、每荚粒数、百粒重、开花至成熟的天数呈正相关，与茎粗、主茎节数、单株荚数、单株粒数、出苗至开花的天数呈负相关。因此，要增加产量，首先应考虑百粒重大、单株生产力潜力大的品种，其次考虑底荚高度较低，每荚粒数较多的品种。     

不同种植时期地膜覆盖对木薯出苗率和产量的影响

为提出江西本地窖藏木薯种茎的出窖适宜时间及种植方法。试验于2011—2013年,设计地膜覆盖和露地方式,分别于2月下旬至4月中旬出窖,每10天种植1期,研究了木薯种茎质量变化、种茎出苗率、农艺性状、鲜薯淀粉含量和产量的差异。结果表明,2月下旬至3月上旬木薯出窖种植易受气温和降雨的影响,降雨量过大,温度过低均不适宜出窖种植,出苗率均值为45.67%。3月中下旬出窖种植的出苗率高,均值为95.38%,中旬种植的产量高于下旬,地膜覆盖高于露地。而4月上中旬种植的出苗率虽高,但木薯种茎芽点完好率低,用种量大。采用地膜覆盖方式,鲜薯淀粉含量和收获指数降低,薯数增加,薯粗和茎粗增粗,株高增高,最终木薯鲜薯产量增加。江西及同等纬度区域,本地窖藏木薯种茎3月中旬适宜出窖,采用地膜覆盖种植优于露地方式。     

马鞍型白及组培种茎农艺性状的相关性及通径分析

为研究马鞍型白及组培种茎主要农艺性状与全株重、块茎重的关系,选取30份种茎为研究材料,对全株重、块茎重与其他农艺性状进行相关性分析和通径分析。结果表明:各农艺性状与全株重、块茎重的相关性存在差异。全株重与株高、块茎总分叉长和宽呈极显著正相关,与茎宽、根数呈显著正相关;块茎重与块茎总分叉长、宽呈极显著正相关,与茎宽呈显著正相关。以块茎总分叉长、叶片数对全株重的直接作用最大,通径系数分别为0.464、-0.133;以块茎总分叉长、总叶片长对块茎重的直接作用最大,通径系数分别为0.596、-0.398。研究得出,马鞍型白及组培种茎总分叉越长,全株重和块茎重越大,在生产上,白及组培驯化苗应选取块茎总分叉较大的种茎作为优质种苗。     

Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher physiologischer Alter und Pflanzknollengrößen auf die oberirdischen Pflanzenorgane von Kartoffeln (Sorte Granola)

In a two-year field trial, the influence of the physiological age and the size of seed tubers on various growth parameters was determined
Emergence and senescence occurred earlier in plants of older physiological age. On the other hand the physiological age did not influence the number of stems, the stem dry weight, the leaf number, the leaf dry weight, the leaf area, and the specific leaf area. There was a positive correlation between seed tuber size and number of stems but a negative correlation to the stem dry weight. Bigger seed tubers and consequently a higher number of stems had initially a positive effect on the number of leaves, leaf area and leaf dry weight per plant but this was reversed in the course of the vegetation period. The specific leaf area was only influenced by the weather conditions. There was a strong, highly significant negative correlation between number of stems and branching. The correlation between number of stems and leaf area as well as leaf area duration was positive.     

The effect of seed tuber weight on characters in the first and the second clonal generation of potato populations

Summary Fifty-five populations from crosses of three Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum cultivars and seven selected S. tuberosum ssp. andigena clones adapted to the northern temperate zone have been studied in the seedling and the first and second clonal generation. This paper only deals with the effect of seed tuber weight on various important agronomic characters which are selected for in early clonal generations, independently of the type of crosses.The results showed that a distinction has to be made between the effects of differences in seed tuber weight within and between seedlings, i.e. genotypes. The effects on the first clonal generation of differences in weight of the tubers within seedlings and those of the first heaviest tubers between seedlings were similar and comparable to seed tuber weight effects within cultivars. In contrast to the within seedlings effects the between seedlings effects proved to be heritable. This is concluded from the fact that, on average, independent of seed tuber weight seedlings with larger first heaviest tubers performed better in the second clonal generation than those with smaller ones. Notably plant height, general impression, date of maturity and particularly tuber yield and mean tuber weight in the second clonal generation were related to the weight of the first heaviest tubers of the seedlings. The potentialities of these findings for an early generation selection are discussed.     

不同种茎种植对半夏产量及相关性状、品质的影响

种植不同种茎（种茎直径＜1.0 cm、1.0~1.5 cm、1.5~2.0 cm、≥2.0 cm）半夏,研究其对半夏产量及相关性状、产品总生物碱含量的影响,为毕节制定半夏高产优质栽培技术措施提供依据。结果半夏鲜块茎产量随着半夏种茎的增大而增加,且不同规格种茎间差异达极显著;半夏鲜块茎净增产量以用1.5~2.0 cm的种茎播种的最高,其次为1.0~1.5 cm的种茎;用＜1 cm的种茎种植,半夏鲜块茎的产出投入比最高,其次是1.0~1.5 cm的种茎。半夏块茎总粒数以种茎直径1.0~1.5 cm的最高,＜1 cm的最低,种茎直径为1.5~2.0 cm和≥2 cm的分列2、3位。随着种茎增大,半夏鲜块茎的小块茎数量、鲜重降低,小块茎数量和鲜重在总粒数和总鲜重中所占比例下降;大中块茎数量和鲜重在总粒数和总鲜重中所占比例均随种茎增大而上升;半夏生长中期中间叶片的长、宽和株高均随着种茎的增大而增加;半夏产品的总生物碱含量,以1.0~1.5 cm的最高,以后依次为1.5~2.0 cm、≥2.0 cm和＜1 cm。半夏生产宜采用1.0~1.5 cm的块茎作种,直径＜1.0 cm的小块茎用于种茎扩繁。     

不同木薯品种抗衰老生理与淀粉积累特性研究

以新选056、南洋红、GR891、辐选01、华南124和新选048共6个木薯品为材料,于生育后期分析其叶片过氧化物酶活性、丙二醛、可溶性糖、自由水、束缚水含量以及块根淀粉积累等,以探讨木薯衰老生理与块根淀粉积累的关系。研究结果表明,不同木薯品种生育后期抗衰老生理与淀粉积累特性有明显差异,生育后期茎叶生长和生理机能最旺盛的是华南124,最弱的是南洋红,居中的是辐选01、GR891、新选048和新选056。木薯后期茎叶生长状况对块根淀粉积累有明显影响,过早衰老,降低块根淀粉含量及块根产量;过旺使光合产物大量用于地上部分茎叶生长,而运到地下部的相对减少,从而降低块根淀粉积累和块根产量。因此,木薯生育后期茎叶生长的调控,使其保持在适当水平,是提高木薯块根淀粉积累和块根产量的一项重要措施。同时,生育后期抗衰老生理指标也可作为高产和高淀粉含量品种选育的参考。     

喀斯特山区半夏产量与4个经济性状的相关研究

目的:研究半夏4个经济性状与块茎产量关系,比较分析4个经济性状对半夏块茎产量影响的重要程度,为半夏选育提供依据。方法:将不同来源半夏种质在同一生境下栽培,考查大块茎率、中块茎率、小块茎率、块茎百粒重、单位面积块茎产量,估算性状间相关系数及其对块茎产量通径系数。结果: 块茎产量与大块茎率、块茎百粒重呈极显著正相关,与中块茎率呈微弱负相关,与小块茎率呈极显著负相关。结论: 对半夏块茎产量影响的重要程度依次为块茎百粒重＞小块茎率＞中块茎率＞大块茎率;相对增加大块茎率、块茎百粒重,降低小块茎率,中块茎率控制在一定范围,可显著提高半夏块茎产量。     

种茎对多花黄精产量和药用品质的影响

针对目前国内多花黄精种茎无标准和用种不规范的现状,研究多花黄精种茎规格、年龄对产量及药用品质的影响,旨在为多花黄精科学选种用种提供理论依据。采用双因素随机区组设计,主因素为规格,副因素为年龄,以多花黄精种茎的芽头数、茎长、茎径和茎质量为指标,采用K-means聚类法将种茎分成3个规格、3个年龄,通过调查出苗率、单株产量、单位面积产量和块茎多糖含量变化情况,分析不同规格、年龄种茎处理下2年生多花黄精产量和药用品质的差异。种茎规格、年龄与出苗率相关;种茎规格与单株产量、单位面积产量极显著相关,种茎年龄与单株产量、单位面积产量显著相关;种茎规格与多糖含量极显著相关,种茎年龄与多糖含量显著相关。推测种茎规格与年龄存在交互作用,高规格、低龄多花黄精种茎适宜作种,能显著提高多花黄精药材产量和药用品质。     

Criteria for selecting productive and stable pea cultivars

The beginning and duration of the seed set in the growth cycle determine the level and stability of the yield of a pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotype. The objective of the present study was to identify criteria for selecting genotypes, both in terms of timing of seed set and productivity. Genotypes were initially compared in field experiments for two different levels of inter-plant competition, but using the same photo-thermal conditions. These experiments showed that the initiation and, particularly, the duration of seed set were affected by plant growth rates, indicating that selection on these variables must be done by comparing genotypes under regular cropping conditions. When measuring seed production of the whole plant, we found that mean dry seed weight per podded node all over the plant and the number of podded nodes on any fertile stem were similar to those on the main stem. These results confirmed that branches and main stems have a similar reproductive pattern, and thus that any podded stem of the canopy is representative of every stem of the plant. Lastly, we showed that, when associated, the number of podded nodes, the mean dry seed weight per podded node on the main stem (or on any reproductive stem of the canopy), and the number of basal branches per plant are suitable criteria for selecting for productivity among genotypes with a similar duration of seed set. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Effect of Preceding Crop and Pre-Sprouting on Crop Growth, N Use and Tuber Yield of Maincrop Potatoes for Processing Under Conditions of N Stress

Factorial field trials were carried out on an experimental farm near Kassel, Germany, in two consecutive seasons (2003 and 2004) in order to examine the impact of leguminous and cereal preceding crops (i) on soil N availability under subsequent potatoes and (ii) the effect of preceding crop and pre‐sprouting of seed tubers on crop development, N uptake, N utilization efficiency and total and size‐graded tuber yields relevant for processing into either crisps or French fries. In addition, an approach to analyse complex field experiments using mixed models is discussed. Soil mineralized nitrate‐N at emergence of the potato crop was affected by the preceding crop and was highest when potatoes followed peas, while the short‐term alfalfa/grass/clover ley appeared too sensitive to environmental conditions in the preceding cropping season, and its efficiency in terms of N supply may be hard to predict. Pre‐sprouting advanced crop development and dry matter accumulation of the canopy, translocation of assimilates and N from canopy into tubers and allowed an increased N utilization efficiency. The positive effect of pre‐sprouting on total tuber yield was compensated up to the final harvest, but a higher percentage of marketable tuber yield for French fries (>50 mm) was found independently of the date of harvest. An increasing N supply (after peas and a following catch crop) may be efficient in terms of higher yields of the marketable size‐grades (40–65 mm) for crisps, but increase oversized tuber yields in seasons not affected by Phytophthora infestans. Average tuber fresh weight responded consistently and positively to seed‐tuber preparation (pre‐sprouting), cultivar (cv. Agria) and an increased N supply (after peas).