新城疫免疫失败的原因及机理

鸡新城疫(New Castle Disease,ND) 是由鸡新城疫病毒引起的一种高度接触性、危害养鸡业的主要传染病之一。在我国, 随着大规模的疫苗预防接种及隔离消毒等措施的实施, 使该病造成的损失大幅度减少。但近几年ND 的流行又出现了新的特点, 其主要特点是不表现特异性症状的ND 病例日益增多, 甚至于高抗体鸡群也发生该病, 给该病的控制和预防带来了很多困难。为什么免疫过的鸡群也会发生新城疫,本文将就新城疫免疫失败的原因及机理做一综述。1 免疫失败的原因 影响鸡新城疫免疫效果的因素有很多,其中包括疫苗因素、母源抗体的干扰、免疫程序…     

藏鸡新城疫免疫程序的探讨及预防对策

本文通过对藏鸡进行鸡新城疫疫苗免疫、抗体监测,制定出了一套适合西藏藏鸡的新城疫免疫程序:10日龄新城疫Ⅱ系疫苗或新城疫Ⅳ系疫苗滴鼻或点眼;30日龄新城疫Ⅱ系疫苗或新城疫Ⅳ系疫苗滴鼻或点眼;60日龄新城疫Ⅰ系疫苗气雾免疫或肌肉注射;120日龄新城疫灭活疫苗皮下注射;以后根据免疫监测情况进行免疫,与此同时,提出该病相应的预防措施。     

破解鸡新城疫免疫失败的原因

鸡新城疫（ND）是由鸡新城疫病毒引起的一种高度接触传染的传染病。在我国，随着大规模的疫苗预防接种及隔离消毒等措施的实施，使该病造成的损失大幅度减少。但近几年新城疫的流行又出现了新的特点，其主要特点是不表现特异性症状的病例日益增多，甚至于高抗体鸡群也发生该病，给该病的发生和预防带来了很多困难。本文将就新城疫免疫失败的原因及机理做一综述。     

鸡非典型新城疫发病原因的探讨

针对鸡新城疫在近几年呈明显下降趋势,而非典型新城疫经常发生这一情况,我们从新城疫疫苗的质量、免疫程序、免疫途径及方法、鸡群体况、饲养管理等多方面分析了新城疫免疫失败的原因,并根据各种免疫失败的原因有针对性地提出了相应的防治措施。     

鸡非典型新城疫发病原因的探讨

针对鸡新城疫在近几年呈明显下降趋势，而非典型新城疫经常发生这一情况，我们从新城疫疫苗的质量、免疫程序、免疫途径及方法、鸡群体况、饲养管理等多方面分析了新城疫免疫失败的原因，并根据各种免疫失败的原因有针对性地提出了相应的防治措施。     

中药桠土珠注射液抗新城疫病毒的体外抑制试验

鸡新城疫是由新城疫病毒引起的一种急性、高度接触性传染病.该病主要用预防接种来控制,免疫效果也比较好,但由于有时免疫程序不正确、疫苗保管不当等多种因素的影响导致免疫失败而发病.     

中药桠土珠注射液抗新城疫病毒的体外抑制试验

鸡新城疫是由新城疫病毒引起的一种急性、高度接触性传染病.该病主要用预防接种来控制,免疫效果也比较好,但由于有时免疫程序不正确、疫苗保管不当等多种因素的影响导致免疫失败而发病.发生鸡新城疫后,抗生素、磺胺类药品无治疗作用.金刚烷胺对鸡新城疫病毒有一定作用,但效果不太理想.为了探讨中药桠土珠对鸡新城疫的治疗效果,对其进行了抗新城疫病毒的体外抑制试验,以期为临床应用提供理论依据.     

鸡新城疫的病因分析及体会

<正>鸡新城疫是由鸡新城疫病毒引起的高度接触性传染病,俗称"鸡瘟",是严重危害养鸡业发展的主要疫病之一。该病在兽医临床上没有有效的治疗药物,主要靠疫苗免疫来预防其发生,但由于有肌肉注射、皮下注射、饮水、滴鼻、点眼、气雾等多种免疫方法,各种因素对疫苗免疫效果的影响是造成免疫失败、疫病发生的主要原因。因此,新城疫在我国还时有发生,对养鸡业造成了很大的经济损失。本文介绍一肉鸡养殖户发生了一起由于饮     

鸡新城疫高免蛋黄液的研制及应用

鸡新城疫（ND）又名亚洲鸡瘟或伪鸡瘟,广泛分布于世界各地,是由新城疫病毒感染引起的一种高度接触性致死性传染病。目前虽有疫苗用于预防。但因种种原因,如疫苗失效、操作技术不当、免疫时间问题等,防疫失败的可能性随时存在,在农村散养的情况下,免疫空档经常出现,如有新城疫野毒攻击则很容易出现新城疫疾病。为此。我们研制了抗鸡新城疫高免蛋黄液,并应用于生产实践,效果较好。现将其研制及应用效果报告如下。     

新城疫疫苗的正确使用方法

<正>新城疫免疫是防控鸡新城疫的重要措施。临床上用于新城疫免疫的疫苗主要有活疫苗与灭活疫苗。无论是活疫苗还是灭活疫苗,影响新城疫免疫效果的因素很多,实践中应对疫苗种类的选择、防疫程序的制订、接种途径、操作方法等给予充分的重视,才能尽量减少免疫失败或不良反应。下面就新城疫疫苗使用的注意事项做简要探讨。1新城疫疫苗使用前的准备工作1.1制定合理的免疫程序每一个鸡场都要有     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.