妊娠相关糖蛋白(PAG)在奶牛早期妊娠诊断上的应用现状

妊娠相关糖蛋白(pregnancy associated glycoproteins,PAG)是反刍动物妊娠后外周血液出现的特异性蛋白,在妊娠过程中发挥着重要的作用。目前,在生产上通过检测PAG在血清中浓度能够进行奶牛的妊娠诊断。作者综述了PAG的发现、分离纯化及其在奶牛体内的代谢水平和近年奶牛早期妊娠诊断上的应用情况。     

Therapeutic Approaches to Pregnancy Loss of Non‐infectious Cause During the Late Embryonic/Early Foetal Period in Dairy Cattle. A Review

The problem of pregnancy loss during the late embryonic/early foetal period due to non‐infectious causes in dairy cattle is on the rise, especially in high milk producing cows. This review discusses recent therapeutic approaches designed to reduce the incidence of early foetal loss. These strategies are based on the fact that low plasma concentrations of progesterone are commonly related to foetal loss. Progesterone supplementation during the late embryonic/early foetal period has proven useful in curtailing losses, mainly in single pregnancies, whereas a more positive effect of treatment with GnRH than progesterone has been found in twin pregnancies. Therapeutics is not necessary in cows with an additional corpus luteum. In practical terms, suggestions include recording the number of embryos and corpora lutea on first pregnancy diagnosis and checking for normal pregnancy progression on day 60 post‐insemination.     

两种牛结核病检测方法对广西奶牛的检测

牛结核病现行防治政策是对牛尤其是奶牛进行检疫,淘汰结核病牛[1]。现在牛结核病应用较多的检疫方法有变态反应[2]、酶联免疫试验     

酶免疫分析测定法诊断奶牛早期妊娠诊断的研究与应用进展

介绍了酶免疫分析测定法的概念、种类、作用机理,及其在奶牛早期妊娠诊断的研究应用和孕酮酶免疫试剂盒的研究与应用。     

Timing of Early Foetal Loss for Single and Twin Pregnancies in Dairy Cattle

The incidence of early foetal loss is increasing under intensive management systems for dairy cattle. The aims of the present study were to determine whether there is any peak period of pregnancy loss during the early foetal period and to evaluate possible differences between single and twin pregnancies. The study population consisted of 1442 pregnant cattle from a single herd. Pregnancy was diagnosed by transrectal ultrasonography between 36 and 42 days after insemination, and then weekly until day 90 of gestation or until pregnancy loss. A total of 1310 cows (90.8%) bore single embryos and 132 (9.2%) carried twins. Pregnancy loss was registered in 139 (9.6%) cows before day 90 of pregnancy: 101 (7.7%) in single and 38 (28.8%) in twin pregnancies. The average time of pregnancy loss for all animals was 58.4 ± 12.6 days and ranged from 45 to 90 days. Seventy‐five per cent of the pregnancy losses were registered between 45 and 60 days of gestation. The average time of pregnancy loss for cows with singletons was 52.1 ± 4.1 days and ranged from 45 to 61 days and that for those with twins was 75.1 ± 12.4 days and ranged from 46 to 90 days. Seventy‐five per cent of the twin pregnancy losses were registered between 68 and 90 days of gestation. Our data show that the foetal loss in singleton pregnancies occurs earlier than in twin pregnancies. Assessment of normal development of gestation on days 60 and 90 after insemination is suggested.     

Detection of Patulin in Dairy Products by ELISA

The content of patulin in dairy products was detected by rapid ELISA assay.The pretreatment of samples was simple,with wide range of application.The standard product showed good linear relationship with the range of 0-5.4 μg/kg,and the linear relationship reached 0.999 3,with high sensitivity.It took shorter time,with a total time-consumption of 1 h.Moreover,it had good repeatability for analytical requirements.     

奶牛妊娠诊断的方法

简便而有效的奶牛早期妊娠诊断方法 ,是养牛生产及畜牧兽医工作者长期以来亟待解决的问题。奶牛饲养管理的目标除了提高产奶量外 ,就是要尽量缩短空怀期。因此 ,奶牛早期妊娠诊断是促进奶牛业发展的重要措施之一。妊娠诊断的方法有很多 ,下面仅介绍几种行之有效的方法。1　直肠检查法直肠检查法是判断奶牛怀孕的最基本而可靠的方法 ,它通过生殖器官的变化判断奶牛是否怀孕。当母牛配种 1 9～ 2 2ｄ后 ,不能摸到胎胞 ,子宫的变化也不明显。如果在奶牛输精排卵的第 1 7ｄ在上次发情排卵处 ,摸到与 1 5ｄ相等大小的发育成熟的黄体存在 ,则说明…     

应用ELISA快速检测牛羊副结核病

在96孔微板中包被抗原，加入被检血清，经温育后，抗体特异性地与抗原相结合，形成抗原一抗体结合物。洗涤去除未结合的物质，与加入的酶结合物(HRPO)相结合。再洗去未结合的酶结合物，加入底物后显色．加入终止液终止反应。用装有630nm(或620nm、650nm)滤光片的酶标仪进行检测，通过计算S／P值，判定血清中副结核抗体阴、阳性。此方法具有快速、灵敏、准确的特点。     

现场诊断奶牛早孕与发情的酶免疫分析法的改进

报道了一种建立并经改进的现场检测乳汁孕酮诊断奶牛早 和发情的酶免疫分析法，有准、早、易、安全等优点。     

PCR方法检测奶牛粪便中鼠隐孢子虫

从含有鼠隐孢子虫卵囊的奶牛粪便中,直接提取 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 用作 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 模板,用 １ 对人工合成的寡核苷酸作为 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 引物,扩增大小为 ５４０ ｂｐ 的特异片段。 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 产物经电泳鉴定,表明可从含隐孢子卵囊的奶牛粪便标本 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 抽提物中扩增出目的片段,而其他几种寄生虫及阴性对照均不能扩增出特异片段。本方法的敏感性最低可检测到含卵囊 ４００ 个／ｍ Ｌ 的样本,具有敏感性高、特异性强的特点。     

应用DHI对某奶牛群生产性能的综合分析

应用DHI对某奶牛群生产性能进行综合分析,探索在奶牛牧场管理过程中,牛奶体细胞数SCC与奶牛产奶量、健康、胎次的关系,以期应用DHI提高奶牛生产性能。应用奶牛生产性能测定(DHI)体系对900头产奶牛进行测定和分析,发现在奶牛泌乳的各个阶段,随着牛奶体细胞数增高,各胎次奶牛产奶量呈逐渐下降趋势;体细胞数随着胎次的增加而上升,奶牛产奶量随奶牛胎次的变化而变化。奶牛存在产犊间隔长,繁殖障碍和营养问题,需采取相应的改进措施。     

Towards an Automated Detection of Oestrus in Dairy Cattle

Heat detection is a key factor in the profitability of dairy herds. However, this detection demands a significant part of the breeder’s working time and is made difficult by the short duration and the discrete behavioural changes associated with oestrus in modern dairy cows. Progress has been made in monitoring cow with electronics, biosensors and computer. As a result, automated heat detection systems have been developed. Currently available tools are automated detectors of standing heat, activity‐metres and automated in‐line systems measuring milk progesterone. Camera‐software systems and monitoring of body temperature are being developed and may also be used as heat detection tools. The heat detection rate of most systems is above 80% with a specificity of detection generally higher than 90%. The accuracy, however, may vary considerably depending on the tool and model developed. The initial investment of several thousands of euros required for these automated systems becomes a source of profit in large herds, provided the recorded data are properly managed.     

奶牛布鲁氏菌病三种血清学检测方法的比较试验

采集440头奶牛血清,分别采用 RBPT、SAT 和 cELISA 检测布病非免疫抗体情况,结果采用 RBPT 和 SAT检测的阳性率为2.5%,两种方法的结果符合率为100%,采用 cELISA 检测的阳性率为4.1%,其 RBPT 的结果符合率为98.4%。本结果表明 cELISA 具有较高的敏感性。本研究可为本地区奶牛布病防控工作提供依据。     

奶牛早孕诊断技术研究进展

高繁殖率是提高奶牛场经济效益的重要保障,而早孕诊断又是提高奶牛繁殖率的重要手段之一。传统的妊娠诊断方法较难在配种后21 d内确定奶牛妊娠状态,而近年研发的新型妊娠诊断技术可以对奶牛进行有效早孕诊断。本文综述了多普勒彩超技术,中红外线光谱技术及妊娠相关蛋白、循环核苷酸、干扰素τ诱导基因检测等技术在奶牛早孕诊断中的研究进展,比较分析了这些技术的实际应用效果及优缺点,并对新的奶牛早孕诊断技术进行了展望,以期为开发和应用新型高效奶牛早孕诊断技术提供思路和借鉴。     

利用性控精液体外生产奶牛早期胚胎

实验进行了精子处理方法、洗精液中添加抗生素种类及浓度、常规培养小滴(50μL)中入胚数的筛选,按照不同荷斯坦公牛个体分选的性控精液对体外生产的牛早期胚胎发育潜力的影响。结果表明:离心法处理性控精液效果最优。利用经过分选的性控精液进行体外受精(IVF)后都较易导致污染,且受精后的体外胚胎发育效果都较差。在洗精液中添加10μL/mL头孢哌酮钠的IVF胚胎体外发育较好,囊胚率达到16.9%;且在常规培养小滴中适当减少入胚数,能有效抑制利用性控精液制备的奶牛IVF胚胎自身对培养微滴的污染。利用直接离心法处理精液,在洗精液中添加头孢哌酮钠10μL/mL,可以成功进行牛性控精子的体外受精,但目前的受精效果低于用普通精子的体外受精效果。     

牛妊娠相关糖蛋白ELISA对早期妊娠诊断效果的影响

选取273头荷斯坦奶牛,在人工输精后的28d和75d分别采用牛妊娠相关糖蛋白(PAG)ELISA和直肠检查的方法进行妊娠诊断,比较PAG ELISA和直肠检查法的结果,旨在评价PAG ELISA对配种28d的奶牛进行早期妊娠诊断的准确性。结果表明,PAG ELISA法妊娠诊断的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确性分别为100%、75.5%、86.5%、100%和90.5%,与75d直肠检查结果相同,可用于母牛的早期妊娠诊断。妊娠诊断对于母牛保胎、分群管理及提高繁殖效率等具有非常重要的意义。     

Pregnancy Loss in Dairy Cattle: Relationship of Ultrasound,Blood Pregnancy‐Specific Protein B,Progesterone and Production Variables

Objectives were to determine associations between percentage pregnancy loss (PPL) in dairy cattle and: (i) pregnancy diagnosis by ultrasonography; (ii) pregnancy diagnosis by serum pregnancy‐specific protein B (PSPB) concentrations, with or without serum progesterone concentrations; and (iii) production and environmental factors. This study included 149 822 pregnancy diagnoses conducted over 13 years in Holstein‐Friesian cows in Hungarian dairy herds. The following were determined: PPL in cows diagnosed pregnant by transrectal ultrasonography 29–42 days after artificial insemination (AI; n = 11 457); PPL in cows diagnosed pregnant by serum PSPB 29–35 days after AI (n = 138 365); and PPL and its association with serum progesterone concentrations, PSPB and production/environmental variables. The definition of PPL was percentage of cows initially diagnosed pregnant based on ultrasonography or PSPB, but not pregnant when examined by transrectal palpation 60 –70 days after AI. The PPL was lower (p < 0.001) in cows following ultrasonographic vs PSPB diagnosis of pregnancy at 29–35 days (8.1 vs 19.3%, respectively), but was higher in cows following ultrasonographic pregnancy diagnosis on 29–35 vs 36–42 days (8.1 vs 7.1%, respectively, P < 0.05). Furthermore, 72.9% of pregnancies with ultrasound‐detected morphological abnormalities resulted in pregnancy loss. As a subset of PSPB data, a fully quantitative PSPB assay was used for 20 430 samples; PPL in cows with a high PSPB concentration (>1.1 ng/ml) was lowest (15.0%), whereas cows with low concentrations of both PSPB and progesterone (0.6–1.1 and <2 ng/ml, respectively) had the highest PPL (76.3%; p < 0.0001). Furthermore, PPL was higher in cows with advanced parity and with high milk production, when ambient temperatures were high, although body condition score (BCS) had no effect on PPL. Finally, there were no significant associations between serum PSPB and environmental temperatures or number of post‐partum uterine treatments.