石门县早熟马铃薯新品种筛选试验

通过对5个新引进早熟马铃薯品种与当地主栽品种的早熟性、植株性状、薯块性状、经济性状及产量情况筛选试验,结果表明:东农303、中薯5号两个品种表现植株生长旺盛,早熟性好,单株结薯数多,薯块大小均匀,商品薯率与产量高,适宜石门县作为早熟马铃薯高产栽培主推品种.     

延边地区早熟马铃薯品种比较试验

通过两年试验,采用分期收获法调查了试验品种的薯块性状、单株结薯数、单株块重、商品率。结果表明:早-50的熟期最早,商品率高,单株结薯数少,产量低;东农303的熟期次之,单株结薯数多,商品率稍低,单株块重和单株商品重均最高;中薯5号、早大白、费乌瑞它熟期相近,都比早-50和东农303晚,单株结薯数适中,商品率高,单株块重和单株商品重高;中薯3号和本053熟期较中薯5号、早大白、费乌瑞它稍晚,中薯3号单株结薯数少,本053单株块重较低;双丰-5号在参试品种中熟期最晚,生育前期单株块重和商品率低,生育后期单株块重和商品率较高。早期商品率高,说明块茎形成早。产量的差异主要表现在构成产量的因素不同,如块茎膨大速度(或单薯增长率),单株结薯数,以及单株块重等。     

马铃薯新品种—延薯7号

马铃薯品种延薯7号是2002年以延薯4号作母本、以早大白作父本,有性杂交获得实生籽,经过各世代鉴定筛选而育成。该品种2008~2009年在吉林省两年区域试验中667 m2平均产量1 904 kg,比对照东农303增产9.8%;鲜薯维生素C含量18.0 mg/100 g,淀粉含量11.0%,干物质含量19.0%,还原糖含量0.40%,粗蛋白含量1.93%,中感马铃薯晚疫病。2010年1月通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

几个马铃薯品种产量及品质形成的差异

以3个马铃薯品种为供试材料,在块茎增长期进行分期取样,对不同品种的产量和品质形成状况进行比较,以摸清不同品种的块茎形成特性,为特定品种配套适宜栽培技术的实施提供参考。结果表明：供试3个品种的单株产量存在显著差异,延薯4号的产量最高,薯块膨大早,商品薯率高;东农309的产量其次,薯块膨大较早,商品薯率较高;克新13号的产量最低,薯块膨大偏晚,商品薯率中等;但3个品种的单株结薯数量和干物质含量相近,均为结薯数量适中、干物质含量中等的中晚熟鲜食型品种。在生产上应根据品种特性配套栽培技术,以保证各品种获得较好的产量和品质。     

不同马铃薯品种淀粉含量、淀粉产量及淀粉组成的评价

试验选用北方一作区8个当地主栽的马铃薯品种,在哈尔滨种植评价各品种的淀粉含量、淀粉产量和淀粉组成状况。试验结果表明:克新12号和延薯3号2个品种比较适合哈尔滨的气候和环境条件,具有较高的淀粉含量和淀粉产量。各品种马铃薯淀粉组成中直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量比例不同。直链淀粉含量低于25%的品种有:延薯3号、克新12号、尤金和陇薯3号。直链淀粉含量高于25%的品种有:晋薯11号、坝薯8号、青薯2号和东农303。     

马铃薯新品种——延薯8号

‘延薯8号’新品种是2002年以‘延薯4号’作母本、‘早大白’作父本,有性杂交获得实生籽,经过各世代鉴定筛选而育成。该品种2009～2010年在吉林省两年区域试验中667 m2平均产量2 356 kg,比对照‘东农303’增产24.80%;鲜薯维生素C含量40.50 mg/100g,淀粉含量13.31%,干物质含量20.72%,还原糖含量0.14%,粗蛋白含量2.65%;抗马铃薯晚疫病。2011年2月通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

马铃薯脱毒试管苗在不同扦插密度条件下的产量性状和经济参数的分析

为了探讨马铃薯脱毒试管苗在温室条件下的适宜扦插密度问题,利用早熟品种荷兰15号、中熟品种尤金和中晚熟品种克新13号的脱毒试管苗为试验材料,种植并生产原原种。采用单因素随机设计,设密度分别为每平方米154株、182株、222株、286株、400株和667株共6个处理,用方差分析探讨了扦插密度与结薯个数(单位面积上的商品薯数、单株商品薯数、单位面积上的结薯总个数、单株结薯总个数)、产量参数(单位面积上的商品薯产量、单株商品薯产量、单位面积上的总产量、单株产量)和经济参数(利润和经济效益)的关系。研究结果表明:荷兰15号、尤金和克新13号的脱毒试管苗扦插密度每平方米在154～667株之间时,随着扦插密度的增大,其结薯总个数均逐渐增多,单株商品薯产量和单株产量均逐渐变低;这3个品种在每平方米上的商品薯产量、总产量、利润和经济效益的变化趋势不同;通过结薯个数和经济参数的综合评价,得出荷兰15号和尤金的适宜扦插密度每平方米为400株,克新13号的适宜扦插密度为286株。     

马铃薯二倍体和四倍体栽培种主要品质性状的差异

试验对9份二倍体栽培种杂种(Solanumphureja×Solanumstenotomum,PHU-STN)无性系,9份美国四倍体品种(系)和国内栽培品种东农303进行了主要品质性状(干物质、维生素C、粗蛋白质、还原糖)的分析。结果表明,二倍体栽培种PHU-STN无性系与四倍体品种(系)在干物质含量和粗蛋白质含量上有明显差异,在维生素C含量和还原糖含量上差异不明显。其中,二倍体栽培种L5维生素C的含量最高,为20.47mg/100g鲜薯,L14蛋白质含量最高,为3.25%,L9的干物质含量最高,为36%,L2和L14的还原糖含量最低,均为0.08%;另外,综合评价来看,L1、L2、L5、L9和L12的品质性状优良,均好于四倍体的材料,并且明显好于国内栽培品种东农303。这些材料对于解决我国马铃薯产业中存在的种质资源匮乏,遗传基础狭窄问题,是非常有价值的。     

马铃薯不同品种产量及淀粉含量的差异比较

试验以6个马铃薯品种,延97-8、晋薯11号、克新12号、坝薯8号、陇薯3号和尤金为供试材料,种薯分别来源于吉林延吉、河北坝上、辽宁本溪和青海西宁4个地点,比较不同品种间产量和淀粉含量的差异以及不同来源种薯的引种效应。试验结果表明,延97-8和克新12号的单株产量最多,淀粉含量最高,但单株商品薯产量最少,结薯较琐碎;晋薯11号、陇薯3号、坝薯8号和尤金的单株产量较少,淀粉含量均较低,但商品薯较多。从地区间的引种效应来看,不同来源种薯在产量上无显著差异,从青海地区引入的马铃薯种薯在产量上要高于其它来源的种薯,来源于河北坝上和辽宁本溪的种薯在淀粉含量上显著高于其它来源地种薯。     

基施有机肥对马铃薯原原种生产及二次结薯的影响

以早熟马铃薯‘早大白’为供试品种,在防虫温室内进行了有机肥对脱毒马铃薯试管苗生长及二次结薯影响的试验,旨在探索提高微型薯产量及试管苗利用率的途径。试管苗移栽70 d后收获微型薯并尽量保护好根系,继续使其结薯,进行多次收获。结果表明:多次收获微型薯的产量远高于一次性收获的微型薯产量,因此二次结薯可大大提高试管苗的生产效率。全部追施处理二次结薯单株结薯2.3粒,而基施有机肥33 kg/667 m2条件下单株结薯3.8粒,因此基施有机肥有利于试管苗的生长。     

马铃薯杂交组合后代加工相关品质性状的评价

以马铃薯品种大西洋和东农303为母本的6个杂交组合的无性一代为试验材料,对其产量和加工相关品质性状进行评价。结果表明:综合表现最好的组合为大西洋×T1800,该组合产量高,平均单株产量可达604g;单薯重较高,平均单薯重可达80 g;高淀粉、低还原糖个体较多,后代中符合油炸加工类型的无性系比率最高。以东农303为母本的3个杂交组合后代比重偏低,但平均单株产量和平均单薯重均较高,可从这3个组合后代中筛选出高产鲜食的材料。     

脱毒马铃薯扩繁技术初探

本试验以早熟品种东农３０３、中熟品种系薯１号和晚熟品种晋薯７号为试验材料，采用Ｌ１２（４×３￣２）正交试验法，分室内和室外两组同时进行试验，结果表明，出芽天数随着温度的上升而减少；大薯块出芽数极显著高于中小薯块；出芽数则随着掰芽次数的增加而减少；系薯１号的出芽数明显高于晋薯７号，与东农３０３差异不显著．产量结果表明，主因素为品种；其次为薯块大小；掰芽次数间差异不显著；母薯则极显著高于掰芽次数．综合结果分析，脱毒马铃薯掰芽扩繁是一项节省种薯，提高繁殖系数的有效措施；以选择适宜当地种植的高产高效和大薯块掰芽为好；三次掰芽扩繁移栽和母薯直播是可行的马铃薯扩繁技术措施．     

Changes in ascorbic acid content during growth and short-term storage of potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Changes in ascorbic acid levels were followed in apical and basal portions of Russet Burbank and Kennebec tubers during growth and development. Influence of nitrogen fertilization during growth and short-term storage on ascorbic acid level of the tuber was also studied. Changes in ascorbic acid content during growth showed two distinct phases, the first phase being characterized by an increase in ascorbic acid content with growth and development of the tuber, followed by a second phase which showed a decrease in ascorbic acid content with increasing maturity. The shift from the first phase to the second phase occurred earlier for Kennebec than for Russet Burbank. Increased nitrogen fertilization resulted in a delay of this shift from the first to the second phase. The apical portion of the tuber consistently showed higher ascorbic acid content than the basal portion. Kennebec tubers were higher in vitamin C content than tubers of Russet Burbank cultivar. High nitrogen fertilization resulted in less ascorbic acid content during growth. Storage of tubers for four weeks at 5.5°C also resulted in a marked decrease in ascorbic acid content of tubers. Nitrogen fertilizer rate during growth had no influence on the decrease in ascorbic acid content of tubers in storage.     

株行距和施肥量对木薯产量及生长的影响

采用裂区试验设计方法,研究株行距和施肥量对华南5号木薯产量和生长的影响.结果表明:在本试验株行距和施肥量条件下,施肥量对木薯产量和生长的影响比株行距大.密植(0.6～0.8 m)有利于提高淀粉产量、鲜薯产量和鲜薯淀粉含量,以0.8m株行距最佳,而疏植(1.2～1.4m)有利于提高单株薯数、单株鲜薯重、单株鲜茎叶重、收获指数和茎径.施肥有利于提高淀粉产量、鲜薯产量、单株鲜薯重、单株鲜茎叶重、茎径、株高和单株薯数,但降低鲜薯淀粉含量和收获指数.丰产栽培技术要兼顾单位面积株数、单株鲜薯重和鲜薯淀粉含量.建议在土壤肥力差和少施肥时,用0.6 m株行距;土壤肥力中等且较高施肥时.采用0.8 m株行距;土壤肥力中上且优越水肥管理,采用1.0 m株行距.     

Yield-enhancing and tuber-downsizing effects of transplantation cultivation method of case-held tuber seedlings in the sweet potato cultivar Beniharuka

We developed transplantation cultivation method of case-held tuber seedlings (CTS), which was derived from direct planting method of seed tubers, and applied this method to the sweet potato cultivar Beniharuka. A plastic case made of polypropylene was designed for cultivation of CTS. Seed tubers of cultivar Beniharuka in the range of 30–80 g were cut in half. The half-cut tubers were placed inside the plastic cases, and the cases were filled with a commercial soil mix. The case-held tubers were incubated under natural sunlight in a glass house. After 3–4 wk, the CTS were transplanted into a field. Mother tuber (seed tuber) enlargement was suppressed by the plastic confinement of the cases, and daughter tubers were formed above the case as vine-root-originated tubers. In the field experiments in 2012 and 2013, daughter tuber yields were increased 19% and 21% by case-held tuber seedling transplanting (CTST) over conventional vine-planting (VP), the number of daughter tubers per plant in CTST were 36 and 68% higher than in VP, and the mother tuber yields were limited to 2.1 and 4.3% of the total fresh yield of mother and daughter tubers, respectively in 2012 and 2013. Application of CTST method to cultivar Beniharuka enhanced tuber yield, increased the number of daughter tubers per plant, downsized daughter tubers compared to VP, and mother tuber enlargement was suppressed by case-holding. The CTST method is expected to produce more and smaller good in shape tubers of cultivar Beniharuka compared to VP.     

A plot design to sequentially harvest early generation selections and its use in evaluating fresh market characteristics of three new cultivars

A plot design was developed to compare changing yield and quality characteristics of early generation selections in our potato breeding program over a 6-wk harvest season. In this design all replicates for one harvest date are located within one row to facilitate harvesting and the variety plot arrangements in adjacent rows are identical to eliminate inter-variety plant competition effects. To illustrate the usefulness of this design, three new fresh market cultivars, Norkotah Russet, HiLite Russet, and Frontier Russet, and a standard commercial cultivar, Norgold Russet, were harvested every 10 to 14 days from late July through early September to measure earliness and optimum time of harvest for each cultivar. Each cultivar was found to have a characteristic maturation pattern. Total and marketable yields and tuber size distribution generally improved in all four cultivars as the harvest season progressed. However, the yield of marketable tubers of Norkotah and Frontier peaked and then decreased later in the season as many tubers became oversized (over 340 gms). Tuber number per plot was a stable attribute and was judged to be the most important factor determining performance of each line. Norkotah and Frontier produced fewer tubers and showed rapid tuber bulking and early production of marketable tubers of preferred sizes. HiLite produced more tubers than the other cultivars so had higher percentages of undersized tubers in late July and early August, but it produced high yields and desirable size distributions in late August and early September. Specific gravities for all three new cultivars decreased during early August, increased in mid-August as plants died, and then declined. HiLite and Frontier had higher solids than Norgold and Norkotah throughout the season.     

马铃薯4X—2X选系在不同密度下产量及产量性状的表现

本试验采用裂区试验设计。以品种（系）为主区因素、密度为副区因素，研究７个４Ｘ—２Ｘ选系（Ａ１～Ａ７）及其４Ｘ亲本东衣３０３（Ａ８）以及密度（Ｂ１～Ｂ３）对产量和产量性状的影响。品种（系）间在小区总量、小区块茎数、小区商品薯重、小区商品薯数方面差异极显著。Ａ６品系小区块茎数极显著的低于东农３０３，但小区总产、小区商品薯重、小区商品薯数和东农３０３差异没有达到极显著水平．不同密度对小区总产和小区块茎数的影响分别达到了显著和极显著的水平，但对小区商品薯重和小区商品薯数没有显著的影响。较高密度下（Ｂ１，株距３０ｃｍ）小区总产和小区块茎数极显著高于Ｂ２（株距３５ｃｍ）和Ｂ３（株距４０ｃｍ）。在小区块茎数方面，品种（系）×密度互作显著。     

Reduction of potato damage during grading by radiant heating

Summary The effect of using radiant heat to quickly warm potatoes and reduce damage in handling after cold storage was investigated. Two treatments were investigated: tubers dropped 350 mm with no radiant heat applied, and tubers dropped with radiant heat applied. Both treatments were compared with a control set of tubers which were taken directly out of store. The mean damage index per tuber was significantly reduced following radiant heat treatment although there were cultivar and size variations. The temperature profile under radiant heat was also measured which showed an increase in the outside flesh temperature of 8–12°C depending on tuber colour.     

Modoc: A potato variety with bright red skin and early maturity for fresh market

Modoc is an early maturing, red-skinned, whitefleshed potato cultivar for fresh market use. The Agricultural Experiment Stations of Oregon, North Dakota, California, Idaho, and Washington jointly released Modoc in 2003. Modoc was derived from a 1989 cross of ND1196-2R and ND2225-1R performed at North Dakota State University. Modoc retains bright skin color in storage and is suited for marketing directly from the field or storage. It produces slightly lower total yield than Red LaSoda or Dark Red Norland, but higher marketable yield and more desirable tuber size and shape. Modoc tubers seldom exhibit growth cracks, secondary growth, hollow heart or other external or internal defects. Dry matter content of Modoc tubers is similar to Dark Red Norland and Red LaSoda (18.9% compared to 18.8% and 17.7%, respectively). Culinary quality of Modoc was rated equal to Dark Red Norland and Red LaSoda for boiling and microwaving preparation methods. Modoc tubers are similar to standard varieties in sugar, vitamin C, and glycoalkaloid (4.5 mg/100 g) concentration. Modoc foliage clearly expresses PVY symptoms and has not demonstrated high susceptibility to viral or fungal diseases during a decade of seed production and evaluation.