Effects of foliar application of methanol on some physiological characteristics of Lavandula stoechas L. under NaCl salinity conditions

In order to study the effects of foliar applications of methanol (0, 15, and 30%) and NaCl salinity (0, 50, and 100?mM) on some physiological characteristics of Lavandula stoechas L. plants, a pot experiment was carried out at the Research Greenhouse of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. Physiological characteristics (stem and leaf dry weights, total phenolic and flavonoids compounds, chlorophyll a and K⁺ contents, and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio) were significantly affected by the interaction effects of Methanol foliar application and salinity levels. The highest K⁺ content, K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, chl a and stem dry weight, belonged to NaCl 0?×?Methanol 30% and NaCl 50?×?Methanol 30%. For the leaves’ dry weight, the greatest data were recorded for NaCl 0?×?Methanol 30% and NaCl 0?×?methanol 15%. Methanol spray promoted the total phenolic content, especially at NaCl 50?×?methanol 30% and NaCl 100?×?methanol 15% and 30% and flavonoid content at NaCl 50?×?methanol 30%. Anthocyanin content, essential oil percent, and flower dry weight were affected by NaCl salinity levels, and the highest amount of anthocyanin was recorded for the control treatment. The highest data for Essential oil was attained by the NaCl 0 and 50?mM. The Na⁺ content was affected by methanol foliar application and the highest amount was obtained in the control treatment. Both foliar application levels and salinity levels influenced the flower dry weight. The highest amount of the flower dry weight was recorded at 30% methanol spray level and 0?mM NaCl treatments. The results reveal that methanol application had significant effects on the physiological characteristics of Lavandula plants growing under salinity stress condition.     

Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Seedling Growth and Physiological Traits of Melilotus officinalis L. Grown Under Salinity Stress Conditions

This study was conducted to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculation on the leaf relative water content (LRWC), survival capacity, mycorrhizal dependency (MD), essential oil content and total protein content of Melilotus officinalis grown in a greenhouse under salinity stress. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized factorial arrangement design using five replications. Zero (0), 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) and two AM fungal levels were applied. Control (without inoculation) and inoculated (with AM fungi) treatments were considered two mycorrhizal levels. LRWC and survival capacity values in AM Melilotus officinalis were significantly higher than that in the non-AM-inoculated plants. Generally, MD, essential oil content and total protein content values were significantly higher in the AM-inoculated Melilotus officinalis compared with the non-AM-inoculated plants in all treatments. Results suggest that Melilotus officinalis could be used for the economic usage of the saline lands.     

酚酸化感作用对栝楼生理特性及根际微生态的影响

酚酸类物质对植物产生明显化感作用,威胁植物生长和加工产品质量。以栝楼(Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.)为研究对象,通过室内盆栽试验,在土壤中添加3种不同浓度(0,50,100,150,200 mg/kg,分别为CK、T1、T2、T3、T4)的对羟基苯甲酸(pHBA)、苯甲酸(BA)、肉桂酸(CA)处理液,研究酚酸对栝楼生理和土壤特性的影响,阐明酚酸化感作用的强度和规律。结果表明：(1)T1浓度pHBA能够促进栝楼根系伸长,根鲜重增长率可达19.25%;BA影响栝楼生物量的积累,T4浓度下可抑制鲜重和根鲜重至CK的35.17%和58.38%;T4浓度下CA对株高和根长的抑制效果最为明显,最大降幅达到66.19%和63.13%。(2)高浓度pHBA能降低根系活力,最大抑制率为33.55%;BA对根系活力的化感效应与浓度呈正相关,最大抑制率为47.41%。3种酚酸对蒸腾速率的作用效果略有不同,但高浓度下均表现为抑制作用。(3)pHBA与CA提高SOD、POD活性,下调CAT活性;BA使SOD、POD、CAT活性都被抑制,分别降低47.42%,59.07%,45....     

Effects of Calcium Chloride on Growth,Membrane Permeability and Root Hydraulic Conductivity in Two Atriplex Species Grown at High (Sodium Chloride) Salinity

Calcium (Ca) has an important role in plant physiology, including involvement in the responses to salt stress, and controls numerous processes. To overcome the negative impact of high salinity, the addition of supplemental Ca to the growth medium as an ameliorative agent could be necessary. Atriplex halimus subsp. schweinfurthii and Atriplex canescens subsp. linearis were grown in hydroponic conditions to investigate the effectiveness of supplementary calcium chloride (CaCl₂) applied into nutrient solution on plants grown at high (400 mM) sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration. Treatments were: 1) nutrient solution alone [control (C)]; 2) nutrient solution plus 400 mM sodium chloride (NaCl); and 3) nutrient solution and 400 mM NaCl plus supplementary 40 mM CaCl₂ supplied in nutrient solution (NaCl + CaCl₂). The experiment was set up as a completely randomized design, consisting of two species (A. halimus and A. canescens), three treatments (control, NaCl, and NaCl + CaCl₂), and five replicates. Dry weight and chlorophyll content of plants grown at high NaCl were lower than those at normal nutrient solution. Supplementary CaCl₂ ameliorated the negative effects of salinity on plant growth in both species. Root hydraulic conductivity (L ₀) decreased with elevated NaCl and increased with supplementary CaCl₂ compared to the stressed plants. Membrane permeability increased with high NaCl application and these increases in root membrane permeability decreased with supplementary CaCl₂ compared to the NaCl treatment. Sodium (Na) concentration in plant tissues increased in both species in high NaCl level. Application of supplementary CaCl₂ lowered Na concentration. Concentrations of calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) were at deficient ranges in the plants grown at high NaCl levels and these deficiencies were corrected by supplementary CaCl₂.     

Mineral Composition and Soil-Plant Relationships for Common Guava (Psidium guajava L.) and Yellow Strawberry Guava (Psidium cattleianum var. lucidum) Tree Parts and Fruits

The mineral compositions of the fruit and tree parts of common guava, Psidium guajava L., and strawberry guava, Psidium cattleianum var. lucidum, were determined. The study occurred during three seasons at six locations in Hawaii to assess guava as feed for livestock. Guava bark contained the greatest concentrations of calcium (Ca) and ash; leaves the greatest concentrations of magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), boron (B), and manganese (Mn); and the shoots had the greatest concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). The leaves and the shoots had the greatest concentrations of copper (Cu) and iron (Fe). Between guava and waiwi, guava had greater concentrations of most minerals except for Na in all plant parts, and Mg and ash in the leaves. Guava leaves and shoots meet the macromineral requirements for various phases of sheep, goat, and beef cattle life cycles with the exception of P and Na. Guava shoots do not meet Mn requirements for lactating cows.     

合成氮肥对中国茶园土壤养分供应和活性氮流失的影响

茶树是我国广泛种植的一种高需氮经济植物。目前,尽管茶园生态系统中已开展了一些模拟氮肥施用的实验,但对于合成氮肥如何影响茶园土壤性质、养分供应及活性氮的流失仍缺乏全面的评估和量化。对2004—2016年间发表的相关研究数据进行整合分析,结果显示,施用合成氮肥导致我国茶园土壤p H平均降低0.20,使土壤总无机氮升高172%,对土壤有机碳、有效磷和钾离子浓度无影响。合成氮肥使土壤钙、镁离子浓度分别降低了23%和37%,铝离子浓度上升了近54%。同时,使土壤N_2O排放和无机氮淋溶分别增加292%和127%。总体上,大量施用合成氮肥加剧了我国茶园土壤酸化和养分元素的流失,增加了活性氮的流失,威胁着我国茶园生态环境的可持续发展。