滴灌条件下不同磷肥品种对土壤磷有效性及玉米产量的影响

通过模拟试验及田间试验研究不同磷肥施用后对土壤磷有效性的动态变化和分布特点,以及玉米磷吸收和产量响应的影响。田间和模拟试验包括4个处理,分别为对照(不施磷肥)、MAP(磷酸一铵)、UP(磷酸脲)和AAP(水溶性聚磷酸铵)。模拟试验中,不同磷肥均提高土壤中有效磷含量,APP处理10—15 cm土层有效磷含量增加最多。在均匀的养分投入和管理水平下,3种磷肥品种均有土壤酸化效果,其中UP处理最为显著。田间试验中,玉米生长后期,APP处理的土壤有效磷含量在深层土壤分布较高,UP处理土壤pH较低,均有利于改善土壤的供磷能力,提高土壤有效磷含量;APP处理对根系发育有显著的促进作用,玉米组织磷含量和磷吸收量最大,产量最高(14.40 t/hm^2)。3种磷肥中,APP处理移动性较好,土壤深层有效磷含量增加,利于根系生长和养分的吸收,提高产量。水溶性聚磷酸铵(APP)是一种适合于玉米灌溉施肥的肥料。     

石灰性土壤施用不同磷肥对玉米苗期生长和土壤无机磷组分的影响

研究旨在探讨不同磷肥品种对玉米生长发育和土壤无机磷组分的影响,以期为磷肥高效利用提供参考.采用盆栽试验,设置6个处理:磷酸一铵(MAP)、过磷酸钙(SSP)、聚磷酸铵(APP)、氮磷复合肥硝酸磷肥(NiP)、硫酸铵+过磷酸钙混施(SA+P),试验60天后测定了玉米的生物学指标和玉米植株磷素含量,同时测定了土壤有效磷与土...     

等养分条件下不同有机肥替代率对玉米生长及土壤肥力的影响

为探究不同有机肥替代率对玉米减肥增效的效果,并明确最佳替代率,在等养分条件进行田间小区试验,设置不施肥对照(CK)、常规施肥(CF)、有机肥替代率分别为8％、16％、24％(分别记作8％OF,16％OF和24％OF)5个处理,研究不同有机肥替代率对玉米生长发育、产量、经济效益和土壤肥力的影响.结果表明,不同有机肥替代率...     

Phosphorus Uptake and Translocation in Field-Grown Maize after Application of Rare Earth-Containing Fertilizer

ABSTRACT

In recent decades, rare earths and rare-earth containing fertilizers along with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers have been used by agriculturists to improve crop yield and quality. The interaction between rare earths and N has been explained in soils, yet little is known of the effect of rare earths on P nutrition of field-grown crops. When maize plants entered the early stem-elongation stage, a rare earth-containing fertilizer (lanthanum (La) and cerium (Ce) as major rare earths) was applied to the soil with irrigation water. Ten days after application of rare earths, there was no significant dose-dependent accumulation of P in the roots and shoots, with one exception where P concentrations increased in the roots at a dosage of 100 kg rare earths ha^{? 1}. However, at maturity, the application of rare earths at less than 10 kg ha^{? 1} significantly improved P uptake by field-grown maize and P transport to the grain. The application of rare earths at less than 10 kg ha^{? 1} increased crop yield. Other studies have shown that at rates less than 10 kg rare earths ha^{? 1}, there was no accumulation of heavy metals and rare earths in the grain, and that the present mean application rate of rare earths (< 0.23 kg ha^{? 1} year^{? 1}) currently applied in China was unlikely to affect the safety of grains in arable soils. Together, these field studies can give a scientific understanding of benefits and risks when utilizing rare earths in agriculture, and of the interaction between rare earths and P nutrition in field-grown crops.     

双季玉米种植下长期施肥改变红壤氮磷活化能力

为了系统研究南方丘陵区红壤氮磷养分活化程度对长期施肥和玉米连作模式的响应规律,研究选取江西进贤红壤旱地双季玉米长期试验的不施肥(CK)、氮肥(N)、磷肥(P)、氮磷配施(NP)、氮磷钾配施(NPK)、2倍氮磷钾配施(HNPK)和氮磷钾肥与有机肥配施(NPKOM)等处理,分析其27a内(1986—2013年)土壤全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效磷和氮磷活化度的时间序列变化,并研究了土壤氮磷的增加速率以及土壤有机碳与氮磷活化度的相互关系。结果表明,各处理对氮磷活化度的提升效果存在明显差异。试验27a间,施氮处理对氮活化度的提升效果在60.25%~105.35%之间,以NPK处理为最高,HNPK和NPKOM次之;施磷处理对磷活化度的提升效果在2.29~15.40倍之间,以NPKOM处理为最高,HNPK和P处理次之。NPKOM处理对碱解氮和速效磷的提升作用在所有处理中均为最高。施肥处理提升氮磷活化度的主要原因是提升了碱解氮和有效磷。与试验前相比,连续27a施肥后,NPKOM处理的土壤全氮和全磷仅增加了25.02%和145.16%,而碱解氮和全磷则分别增加了131.46%和38.39倍,导致氮磷活化度分别增加了85.14%和15.40倍。土壤氮活化度与土壤有机碳不存在线性关系,而磷活化度则表现出随土壤有机碳含量增加而逐渐增加的趋势,且土壤有机碳含量与磷素活化度呈显著的正相关关系(R~2=0.264 1,P0.05)。因此,在红壤旱地双季玉米种植模式中,有机无机肥配施是提升土壤氮磷养分含量和氮磷活化度的重要措施,磷的活化程度明显高于氮,但速效氮磷养分的大幅增加也可能导致环境风险。     

不同施肥对鲜食玉米生长及肥料农学利用率的影响

通过田间小区试验,分析比较了不同施肥处理对鲜食玉米生长指标、产量、品质、光合特性、土壤酶活性以及肥料农学利用率等指标的影响.试验共设置5个处理,分别为:CK(不施用任何肥料),T1(常规化肥用量+普通有机肥),T2(常规化肥用量+生物有机肥),T3(化肥减施30％+生物有机肥),T4(化肥减施30％+生物有机肥+氨基酸...     

Influence of Residual and Fresh Subsurface Phosphorus Fertilizer Bands on Soil Phosphorus Profile Distribution and Maize Growth and Shoot Phosphorus Uptake

A field study was conducted at Beresford, SD, to examine how residual fertilizer phosphorus (P) bands influenced the distribution of Bray-1 extractable P in the soil profile and maize (Zea mays L.) shoot growth and P uptake in a ridge-till system. Liquid ammonium polyphosphate (10-34-0) was injected each fall for three consecutive years in either one or two concentrated subsurface bands in a 5 × 5 cm configuration with respect to the planted seed at rates to provide either 0, 10, 20, or 40 kg P/ha. Soil samples were removed once in the spring before planting with a rectangular block sampler along a 30 cm transect perpendicular to the ridge row to a depth of 15 cm after the third year of the P application. The large sample was separated into eight 7.5 × 7.5 cm × 7.5 cm block sections. Soil was analyzed for Bray-1-extractable orthophosphate-P in each of the sample blocks, composited for increasingly greater soil volumes, and compared with shoot growth and P uptake at the sixth and twelfth leaf and silking stage of growth. Applied-P rate had a strong effect on Bray-1-P levels, increasing them from 7.5 to 195.1 mg P/kg as P rate increased from 0 to 40 kg P/ha. The locations of the previously applied P bands were highly variable in the sampling profile. Coefficients of variation (c.v.) for Bray-1-P levels varied from 1.9 to 141.4 for sampling-block locations and increased as P rate increased. This result indicated that, within treatment replication, there was little consistency with fertilizer P-band placement with respect to the planted seed, and the variability increased with higher P applications. Applied-P rate influenced shoot dry weight, shoot P concentration, and shoot P uptake in the sixth leaf and twelfth leaf growth stages only. The band number had no influence on these parameters. When increasingly larger volumes were considered to improve the accuracy of sampling position with the predictability of the Bray-1 P levels and shoot parameters, the smallest soil volume and sampling position close to the planted seed was as accurate a predictor of shoot parameter responses as the Bray-1 P levels derived from soil composites of larger sampling volumes.     

不同分子量碳源对砂姜黑土磷素有效性和玉米磷吸收的影响

为探究不同分子量碳源对土壤磷有效性的影响，以安徽省典型砂姜黑土为供试土壤，通过盆栽种植玉米试验，开展了不同碳源(果糖、蔗糖、纤维素)对土壤中磷形态转化和玉米磷吸收影响的研究。结果表明：(1)土壤Olsen-P含量随时间先增加后降低。在玉米间苗7 d后果糖处理Olsen-P含量最高，15 d后纤维素处理Olsen-P含量达最大值，90 d后，相比于对照、果糖和蔗糖处理，纤维素处理土壤Olsen-P含量显著增加了79.74%、54.03%和30.03%(P<0.05)。(2)玉米间苗90 d后，相较于对照处理，纤维素处理显著降低了Fe-P和Ca10-P含量，增加了Ca8-P含量，而对照、果糖和蔗糖处理的Ca2-P含量无显著差异。与对照处理相比较，纤维素处理显著提高了活性有机磷(LOP)和中等活性有机磷(MLOP)含量，减少了中稳定性有机磷(MROP)含量。(3)纤维素处理增加了土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量和磷酸酶活性，降低了土壤p H和交换性钙含量，这是土壤磷有效性增加的重要原因；(4)与对照、果糖和蔗糖处理相比，纤维素处理下玉米磷吸收量显著增加了46.20%、19.05%和19....     

不同施肥制度对褐土及其微团聚体磷素肥力的影响

通过8年定位试验,研究了不同施肥制度下褐土及其微团聚体磷素肥力变化规律,从各级微团聚体全磷和有效磷储量角度探讨了不同施肥制度下土壤磷素肥力的变化实质。结果表明,不施肥处理主要是由于10～50μm粒级全磷储量和<10μm粒级有效磷储量减少而造成土壤磷素肥力下降;单施常量NPK化肥和增量NPK化肥处理主要通过提高<10μm粒级全磷和有效磷储量增加土壤磷素含量;有机肥(物)料配施常量NPK化肥处理则在提高小粒级微团聚体磷素贮备和供应能力的同时,增强了大粒级特别是10～50μm粒级全磷和有效磷储量,进而使土壤磷素肥力得到提高。采用有机肥(物)料配施常量NPK化肥是改善土壤磷素肥力的有效措施。     

Effect of Soil Moisture Content and Phosphorus Application on Phosphorus Nutrition of Rice Cultivated in Different Water Regime Systems

Abstract

Pot experiments were conducted in a glasshouse to investigate the effect of soil water content and phosphorus (P) supply on biomass, P uptake by rice cultivated in soils with different water regimes and soil available P. Results showed that P application rates had greater effect on P nutrition of rice than soil moisture content. Yield of rice grain was significantly decreased when soil moisture content was kept at 60% of water holding capacity (WHC) while the yields of rice grain were not significantly different when soil moistures were remained at 80% of WHC and waterlogged. This meant that it was possible for paddy rice variety to be cultivated in aerobic soil under the condition of sufficient P supply. The highest biomass of rice and highest P uptake by rice were found in the treatment with 0.0300 g P kg^?1 of P application rate and with 80% of WHC. Soil available P content decreased with the decrease of both the soil moisture content and the P applied. Rice crop exhausted soil P to a great extent leading to very low available soil P content when the rice crop was harvested, especially in the soil receiving no or small amounts of P fertilizer. All the results obtained in this experiment could provide the theoretic base for water and P management of paddy rice variety cultivated in aerobic soil in the southern hilly areas of China.     

Internal and External Phosphorus Requirements of Maize Genotypes on Typic Calciargid

External and internal phosphorus (P) requirements of hybrid maize (FHY-396) and indigenous variety (EV-7004) were compared on a Typic Calciargid soil. A sorption isotherm was constructed by equilibrating 2.5 g soil with 25 mL of a 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl₂) solution containing 2, 3, 6, 12, 25, 50, and 100 mg P L^–1. Sorption data were fitted to a modified Freundlich equation [x/m = K_f(EPC)^1/n] to compute P rates (0, 30, 60, and 120 mg kg^–1 soil) against solution levels (0, 0.09, 0.26, and 0.76 mg P L^–1) for a pot study. Applied P significantly increased shoot dry matter, P concentration, and P uptake in both the genotypes. For optimum shoot growth, internal P requirement of hybrid (2.51 mg g^–1) was 5% more than variety (2.39 mg g^–1). However, external P requirement of hybrid (0.50 mg L^–1) was remarkably more than variety (0.19 mg L^–1). This strongly advocated greater P rates for the high-yielding hybrid than for the variety.     

不同土地利用方式下紫色土磷吸附-解吸动力学特征

[目的]研究川东紫色丘陵区旱耕地、林地、果园、荒草地、茶园、水稻田6种土地利用方式下土壤磷吸附与解吸特征及其影响因素,以期为四川低山丘陵区不同土地利用方式下紫色土磷潜在流失风险评估提供理论依据。[方法]采取研究区内6种土地利用方式下的0—20cm土层土壤样品,通过土壤磷吸附解吸试验,计算土壤磷吸附—解吸参数,测定土壤相关理化指标,利用主成分分析和旋转因子分析法评估土壤磷素流失风险及其主要影响因子。[结果]土壤pH值,有机质,水溶性磷,速效磷,全磷,CaCO3,有效锌是影响磷吸附的重要因子,主因素分析得出速效磷、全磷、CaCO3有效锌对紫色土吸附磷能力贡献率分别为86.9%,89.2%,89.4%,96.9%。通过因子分析法分析土壤磷吸附解吸参数,得出可用最大吸磷量Qm,最大缓冲量MBC,易解吸磷RDP,拟合吸附量与解吸量的相关关系式中的截距值b这4个参数来综合预测紫色土磷素流失风险。[结论]研究区域6种土地利用方式下,果园与旱耕地土壤磷素流失风险较大,水稻田及茶园磷素流失风险较低。     

不同类型氮肥与施氮量下夏玉米水、氮利用及土壤氮素表观盈亏

以两个夏播玉米品种为材料，研究了不同类型氮肥与不同施氮量下华北平原夏玉米的水分与氮素利用及土壤氮素表观盈亏．结果表明：（1）随施氮量增大．产量、耗水量及水分生产效率（WPE）增大，氮肥利用率（NUE）降低；（2）夏玉米WPE与NUE具有较明显的基因型差异。WPE郑单958较大。NUE农大108较大；（3）wPE与NUE均受到氮肥类型的影响．WPE郑单958复合肥〉普通尿素〉包膜尿素．农大108处理间差异较小，以复合肥略大，普通尿素和包膜尿素相当。与普通尿素相比，包膜尿素与复合肥利用率较高，郑单958施N90kg／hm^2与农大108施N180kg／hm^2时，两者对NUE的提高尤为明显；（4）本试验条件下，经过夏玉米生长季，两品种各处理均出现土壤氮素表观亏缺，亏缺量随施氮量增大而降低，各条件下郑单958亏缺量较农大108大；氮肥类型间土壤氮素表观亏缺量表现为复合肥〉包膜尿素〉普通尿素。     

新型耕作施肥方式下夏玉米田土壤水分分布和磷素利用研究

为研究新型耕作施肥方式下的土壤水分、磷素空间动态分布、玉米磷素吸收利用及产量,在两茬夏玉米时期分别设置免耕浅施NPK肥(T1)、深松全层施NPK肥(T2)、深松两肥异位分层施NPK肥(T3)。结果表明:与T1相比,成熟期T2、T3的整株磷积累量平均分别提高15.9%和21.2%;T2、T3的磷肥生产效率、表观利用率、农学效率平均分别增加14.5%,11.0%和84.5%;其中T3的磷肥生产效率、表观利用率、农学效率分别较T2提高8.4%,11.6%和47.8%。T2、T3的土壤含水量较T1平均提高6.6%。T3处理将磷肥深施,有效提高20—40 cm土层土壤有效磷含量,较T1显著增加10.2 mg/kg。T2、T3的玉米产量较T1分别提升11.7%和22.6%;T3较T2的玉米产量提高9.7%。说明新型深松两肥异位分层施肥技术有效提高深层土壤保水性能,增加土壤下层有效磷含量,促进玉米磷素吸收,提升磷肥利用率,提高玉米产量,可以有效减少土壤水分和磷素营养损失。     

Integrated Fertilizer Management: Influence on Soil Nitrogen,Available Phosphorus,Potassium, Nutrient Uptake and Maize Yield

A field experiment was conducted on an Alfisol (kandic paleustalf) in Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria, for two seasons to assess the influence of inorganic and organic fertilizers on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), nutrient uptake and maize yield. The treatments consisted of three rates of organic fertilizer 0, 5 and 10 t ha^?1 in the form of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer (20:10:10) applied at 0 and 120 kg ha^?1. Maize (Zea mays) was used as the test crop. The results showed that the combined application of 10 t ha^?1 poultry manure and 120 kg ha^?1 NPK fertilizer enhanced the uptake of N, P and K better than other treatment combinations. Application of 10 t ha^?1 poultry manure alone gave the highest grain yield, which was 67.02% higher than the control in the first season. Complementary application of 5 t ha^?1 poultry manure with 120 kg ha^?1 NPK 20–10-10 was recommended for grain yield.     

玉米生长期间石灰性土壤Ca—P转化特征与土壤速效磷、磷酸酶活性及相关性研究

通过大田试验研究了施用磷肥后玉米生长期间石灰性土壤Ca-P组分和磷酸酶活性的变化及其相关性。结果表明:玉米生长的前期和中期施入土壤中的磷肥主要转化为速效磷和Ca2-P,生长后期主要转化为Ca8-P,很少向Ca10-P转化,在高含水量条件下有利于土壤磷由易溶态向难溶态转化,在低含水量条件下转化率随施肥量的增加而降低,在高含水量下转化率随施肥量的增加而增加;土壤磷酸酶活性在玉米生长期间表现为前、中期呈上升趋势,后期开始缓慢下降,水分对磷酸酶活性的影响小于肥效;土壤速效磷和Ca-P组分的相关性为Ca8-P>Ca2-P,土壤磷酸酶活性与速效磷和Ca-P组分的相关性为孕穗期>拔节期>蜡熟期>成熟期,土壤速效磷和磷酸酶活性都与Ca10-P不相关。     

不同有机替代减肥方式对玉米生长及土壤肥力的影响

研究不同有机替代减肥方式对玉米生长及土壤肥力的影响,为玉米生产中减肥增效提供经济可行的施肥方案和理论依据。通过大田试验,设置不施肥空白(CK)、常规施肥(CF)、腐植酸有机肥+氮肥减量10%+磷钾肥(HF)、肥料增效剂+氮肥减量10%+磷钾肥(BN)、商品有机肥+氮肥减量10%+磷钾肥(OF)5个处理。结果表明:较CF处理,HF、BN和OF处理促进了玉米的生长,增加不同生育期的玉米株高和茎粗;有效改善玉米穗部性状和产量构成,玉米产量分别增加了11.12%,6.47%,14.43%,净收益分别增加了217.24,564.99,-506.46元/hm~2;提高玉米生育期内的土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量;提高了肥料利用率、养分偏生产力和养分农学利用效率,其中氮肥分别显著提高了8.15%,9.34%,14.08%(P0.05),钾肥分别显著提高15.92%,21.13%,29.36%(P0.05)。因此,HF和BN处理可以促进玉米生长,增产增效,提高肥料利用率和土壤肥力,为有玉米生产中减肥增效提供了经济可行的施肥方案和理论依据。     

不同有机物料还田对土壤结构与玉米光合速率的影响

为解决由于长期不合理耕作及有机物料利用率低而导致土壤养分贫瘠和土壤物理性状恶化情况,本试验针对黑土宜板结和肥力保持等问题设置了不同技术措施,研究在玉米生育时期不同有机物料还田模式对土壤结构特性及玉米光合速率的影响。结果表明:收获后浅翻深松+秸秆还田和有机肥处理较常规处理,土壤容重下降了0.13 g·cm-3和0.09 g·cm-3,浅翻深松+秸秆还田、有机肥、翻压绿肥和生物肥均能降低土壤紧实度,改善土壤三相比,增加土壤通气透水性,使得土壤物理结构得到改善。有机肥、秸秆还田和生物肥处理提高玉米喇叭口期光合速率,较常规处理提高2.1~7.6μmol·m-2·s-1;秸秆还田和生物肥较常规施肥处理,蒸腾速率下降57%和56%;在玉米喇叭口期各处理气孔导度均小于对照,灌浆期秸秆还田处理较常规处理气孔导度增加,导致叶片胞间CO2浓度下降,说明气孔阻力的降低导致叶片胞间CO2浓度降低。有机物料还田后可以降低土壤容重、紧实度,土壤三项比达到合理范围,并且可以提高作物的光合速率,降低蒸腾速率,尤其是秸秆还田和有机肥处理好于其他处理。保护性耕作和有机物料还田对于提高土壤肥力、改善土壤物理特性,提高作物光合速率,增加作物产量均起到积极促进作用。     

不同培肥方式对复垦土壤玉米养分吸收及肥料利用率的影响

为研究不同培肥处理对平朔露天煤矿复垦土壤作物养分含量及肥料利用率的影响,进行了玉米盆栽试验,结果表明:不同培肥处理对玉米植株的N,P,K含量均有提高作用,玉米N,P,K在根、茎、叶器官分配顺序为叶 > 茎 > 根;有机肥、菌肥和配施低浓度化肥处理对玉米N素含量增加最明显,有机肥、菌肥和化肥配施各处理对玉米P和K含量增加最明显,其次对玉米N,P,K含量增加较明显的为有机肥配施菌肥处理,而单施有机肥处理对玉米N,P,K含量增加效果最差;有机肥、菌肥和化肥配施处理对玉米N,P,K肥利用率高于有机肥配施菌肥处理更高于单施有机肥处理,此研究为恢复矿区复垦土壤肥力水平提供理论依据。     

季节性冻融期不同秸秆还田方式下黑土温度特征

[目的] 为探究不同秸秆还田方式对季节性冻融期黑土温度的影响。[方法] 通过田间温度监测,以大豆田为研究对象,设置秸秆覆盖还田(FG)和秸秆翻混还田(FH)2种还田方式,还田量分别为秸秆总量的30%(59 670 kg/hm²),60%(119 340 kg/hm²),90%(179 010 kg/hm²),并设置裸地为对照(CK)共7种处理。各处理自地表向下沿土壤垂直剖面分别设置5,10,20,30 cm 4个土层深度,分析冻融期不同秸秆还田方式及还田量下土壤温度变化特征。[结果] (1)秸秆还田使土壤进入不同冻融阶段的时间滞后于裸地,且有效提高土壤最低温度和降低最高温度的变化范围,其中最大提温、降温率均发生在FG90处理,分别为3.0~6.1,1.5~5.2 ℃。(2)秸秆还田减弱土壤的温度变异性和与气温的相关性,最大变异系数和相关系数发生在裸地5 cm土层,分别为6.54,0.82;最小发生在FG90处理30 cm土层,分别为0.82,0.26。土壤温度变异性大小关系为CK>FG30>FH30>FH60>FG60>FH90>FG90,土壤温度与气温相关性大小关系为CK>FH30>FG30>FH60>FH90>FG60>FG90。(3)裸地冻结和解冻速率最大且冻融周期最短,冻结速率为0.19 ℃/h,解冻速率为0.60 ℃/h,最小冻结速率发生在FH90处理,为0.04 ℃/h,最小解冻速率发生在FG90处理,为0.05 ℃/h。(4)随土层深度的增加,土壤始冻阶段、始融阶段逐渐增加,但冻结时长逐渐减小,FG90处理延缓冻融效果最明显,始冻阶段、始融阶段分别为8,10天。[结论] 研究结果定量描述冻融期不同秸秆还田措施下黑土温度特征,明确不同秸秆还田措施之间对土壤温度影响的差异,对于黑土区秸秆资源合理利用及保护性耕作具有重要指导意义。