硅钙钾镁肥及引入柠檬酸对红壤和潮土pH值及养分含量的影响

通过土壤培养试验研究了硅钙钾镁肥(SCPM)及引入柠檬酸的复混肥(CA-SCPM)在酸性红壤和石灰性潮土上的养分供给和酸碱度调节能力.硅钙钾镁肥添加量设置为6 g/kg,硅钙钾镁肥与柠檬酸(CA)的比例为88％:12％.与对照处理相比,培养至150 d时,SCPM肥及CA-SCPM肥提高红壤pH值约1.16个单位,提高...     

Recycling of Chicken and Duck Litter Ash as a Nutrient Source for Japanese Mustard Spinach

ABSTRACT

Recycling combusted poultry litter ash as a soil amendment would potentially ameliorate problems normally associated with poultry waste management. We evaluated the effect of chicken litter ash (CLA) and duck litter ash (DLA) as nutrient sources for Japanese mustard spinach (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis) grown on a sand dune soil. Chicken and duck litter were ashed at five temperatures: 200, 400, 600, 800, and 900°C and the resulting ash samples were applied at the rate of 100 kg phosphorus (P) ha^?1. Laboratory analysis showed the highest P extraction with citric acid from CLA and DLA obtained at 600°C. Chicken litter ash was richer in P and potassium (K) than DLA but the later contained more calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). The amount of ammonium acetate soluble calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and K recovered increased with increasing temperature except for Ca and Mg at the highest temperatures, 800 and 900°C. Plants grown in pots with the CLA and DLA obtained at 400°C had the highest P concentration, yielding significantly more biomass with dense green leaf color but on average, the DLA amended soil had greater biomass. However, the P level was higher in CLA treated plants than DLA due to the higher available P level (citric acid soluble). Increases in electrical conductivity and pH of the soil were noted after harvest due to litter ash application. Our experiment demonstrated that poultry litter is potential source of P and other nutrients for horticutural crops.     

Effect of Primary Biomethanated Spentwash on Soil Properties,Nutrient Uptake,and Yield of Wheat on Sodic Soil

The experiment on the effect of primary biomethanated spentwash (PBSW) on soil properties, nutrient uptake and yield of wheat on sodic soil was carried out at a research farm of Post Graduate Institute, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra state, India, during the post-monsoon season. The experimental soil was sodic calcareous having Sawargaon series of isohyperthermic family of Vertic Haplustepts. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with nine treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of varying doses of PBSW (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 m³ ha^?1), absolute control, farmyard manure (FYM) 5 t ha^?1 + RDF-AST (recommended dose of fertilizer as per soil test), FYM 5 t ha^?1 + 50% GR (gypsum requirement) + RDF-AST and FYM 5 t ha^?1 + 100% GR + RDF-AST. The results revealed that the physical properties, namely bulk density and hydraulic conductivity, were improved in sodic soil due to the application of increased doses of PBSW. A significant reduction in pH, calcium carbonate and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and an increase in organic carbon, cation-exchange capacity (CEC) and electrical conductivity (EC) were observed in the soil, due to the addition of PBSW. The available soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and micronutrient iron, manganese, copper and zinc (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) content after the harvest of wheat was the highest in the 500 m³ ha^?1 treatment compared with all the other treatments. The exchangeable calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺) increased significantly and exchangeable Sodium (Na⁺) reduced significantly with increased doses of PBSW. The saturation paste extract analysis also showed the same trend. A significant increase in the EC of the saturation paste of extract of the soil was observed in all PBSW treatments and it was the highest (4.75 dS m^?1) in PBSW application @ 500 m³ ha^?1. The application of PBSW @ 500, 400, 300 and 200 m³ ha^?1 resembled the treatments of FYM + gypsum @ 100 GR + RDF-AST, FYM + gypsum @ 50 GR + RDF-AST and FYM + RDF-AST, respectively, regarding the biological properties of sodic soil. The PBSW application @ 500 m³ ha^?1 had recorded the highest grain (47.33 q ha^?1) and straw (72.72 q ha^?1) yield and the maximum total uptake of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn by wheat, which was at par with the treatment of FYM (5 t ha^?1) + gypsum @ 100% GR + RDF-AST.     

曲靖烤烟钾含量特征及其与主要生态因子关系研究

为了研究曲靖烤烟钾含量特征及其与主要生态因子的关系,在曲靖烟区采集烤烟样品3 506个,测定其钾含量,并采用决策树分析、回归分析等方法探究曲靖烤烟钾含量特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明,曲靖烟区烤烟钾含量平均为1.65%,且变幅较大(0.35%~3.60%),有81.86%的烟叶钾含量2.0%,钾含量在县域间差异达极显著水平;此外,海拔高度、土壤质地、土壤类型、土壤有机质、土壤速效钾、土壤有效钙、土壤有效镁均影响烤烟钾含量。海拔高度对烤烟钾含量影响的拐点分别为1 689、1 814和2 023m,且随海拔上升,烤烟钾含量下降;土壤质地粘性增加,烤烟钾含量随之增加;烤烟钾含量在不同土壤类型间差异达极显著水平,其中黄壤中的含量最高(2.07%),紫色土最低(1.59%);土壤有机质对烤烟钾含量影响的拐点分别为23.768和39.060 g·kg~(-1),且随土壤有机质增加,烤烟钾含量表现为逐渐增加趋势;土壤速效钾对烤烟钾含量影响的拐点分别为153.746、205.000和328.169 mg·kg~(-1),随土壤速效钾增加,烤烟钾含量表现为逐渐增加趋势;随土壤有效钙增加,烤烟钾含量呈下降趋势;随土壤有效镁增加,烤烟钾含量呈先上升高后下降的趋势,有效镁含量为300 mg·kg~(-1)左右时,烤烟钾含量达峰值;随着土壤钙钾比和镁钾比升高,烤烟钾含量呈减速下降的趋势。本研究结果对提高曲靖烟区烤烟钾含量具有一定指导意义。     

Boron Availability in Building up Fertility in Cerrado Soil of Tocantins

ABSTRACT

The expansion of agricultural activity in the Cerrado biome raises the importance of building soil fertility in micronutrients, however, the dynamics of these elements in different soil classes remains to be understood. The objective aimed to evaluate the availability of boron (B) in the soil in function of sources and incubation times to build the fertility of Oxisol and Entisol (Quartzipsamment). The experimental design was completely randomized with 50 treatments obtained in a 5 × 10 factorial scheme, being: five sources (boric acid, sodium octaborate, sodium tetraborate, boron oxide, and boron oxisulphate) and ten incubation times (0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 40, 55, 70, 85 and 100 days), with three repetitions. For all sources, the applied B dose was 4.0 mg dm^?3 in soil samples of 0.5 dm³, with pH corrected to 6.0. In the two soils evaluated, borate fertilization promoted significant effects (p ≤ 0.05) on the availability of B and the efficiency of fertilization over the incubation time. The highest levels of B available in soils resulted from the use of less soluble sources, representing a fertilization efficiency above 75% when using boron oxisulphate in the Oxisol and greater than 85% with the use of boron oxide in the Entisol. The sources of greater solubility achieved an average efficiency of 10.66%. It is concluded that fertilization with borate sources affects the availability of boron to the building of soil fertility, however, the most soluble ones are less efficient to maintain good availability (>0.5 mg dm^?3) after 40 days of application.     

勐海县甘蔗土壤养分空间分布特征及肥力评价

对勐海县10个甘蔗生产乡镇进行土壤调研取样,共采集0～20 cm土层样品200份,测定了土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量,运用ArcGIS的Kriging插值法分析了蔗区土壤肥力现状与空间分布特征,并采用改进后的Nemerow综合指数法评价了土壤的肥力等级.结果表明:勐海县蔗区土壤主要为...     

Influence of poultry manure–derived biochars on nutrients bioavailability and chemical properties of a calcareous soil

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of poultry manure (PM) and its derived biochars on chemical properties of a calcareous soil. PM and biochars prepared at 200°C (B200), 300°C (B300) and 400°C (B400) were applied to a calcareous soil at 2% level (w/w) and incubated for 150 days. Selected soil chemical properties and phosphorous, potassium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper availability and recovery were determined at 1, 15, 45 and 150 days of incubation. Soil nutrients availability, organic carbon (OC), electrical conductivity (EC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) increased by addition of all organic substances. Biochars prepared at higher temperatures were more effective in increasing soil OC with higher durability compared to other treatments. The addition of PM and B200 decreased soil pH, whereas B400 increased it. Although the highest soil EC was observed in B300- and B400-treated samples in the early stages of incubation, the rate of increase in soil EC was higher for PM- and B200-treated soils compared to other treatments. It was concluded that biochar prepared at 300°C had the highest positive effect on nutrients availability and lasts longer in calcareous soil compared to the other produced biochars and PM.     

种植草本植物狗牙根改良滨海黏性盐碱地的研究

本文主要研究草本植物（狗牙根）的种植对滨海重度黏性盐碱地的生态改良成效。针对江苏连云港市徐圩新区重度黏性盐碱地特点,采集种植了一年狗牙根的土样与裸地对照土样,通过原位田间试验分析种植狗牙根对重度黏性盐碱土的改良效果和机制。结果表明：在重度黏性盐碱地种植狗牙根可以降低土壤盐分、土壤pH、Ca2+、K+、Mg2+、Na+、Cl-浓度,增加土壤吸湿水、有机质、速效磷与速效钾含量,同时还可以增加土壤微生物群落多样性和丰富度。研究结果说明种植草本植物（狗牙根）对重度黏性盐碱土壤的盐碱障碍消除和地力提升效果明显,改良成效卓著。     

Liming Decreases the Vertical Mobility of Potassium in Acidic Soils

Liming increases soil negative charges and thus affects the chemical equilibrium of cations between the solid phase and the soil solution with consequences for the mobility of cations. The effects of lime and potassium chloride (KCl) addition on the vertical movement of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were investigated in two Brazilian soils. The experiment was carried out in leaching columns. Treatments included a combination of rates of KCl (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg^?1 K) and acidity levels (without and with liming). Seven water percolations (400 mL per column) were performed at weekly intervals, totaling an equivalent to 357 mm of rain. Raising the soil pH decreased the leaching of K, in both soils, up to 50% because of the increase of its electrostatic adsorption on created negative charges. Addition of KCl increased the percolation of K, Ca, and Mg proportionally to the rate applied, and it was more efficient than calcium carbonate to percolate Ca in both soils. Liming must be taken into consideration when K leaching or plant needs of K are estimated in predominantly variable-charge soils.     

广西壮族自治区与福建省荔枝园土壤养分肥力现状研究

掌握土壤养分肥力,是制定施肥策略的基础。本研究采集了广西壮族自治区荔枝主产区果园土壤样本185个,福建省荔枝主产区果园土壤样本25个,分析了土壤有机质和N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Cu、Zn、B、Mo含量,评价荔枝果园土壤养分肥力现状。结果显示:广西和福建两省荔枝果园土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、有效钙、有效镁、有效硼、有效钼含量均为低水平,广西荔枝果园有效磷和有效锌为中下,福建为中上,有效铜中等,有效硫含量较高。整体上两省荔枝园土壤养分肥力较低且不平衡。不同荔枝主产区土壤养分肥力状况差别很大,硼是广西荔枝园土壤最普遍缺乏的元素,镁、钼次之。而镁是福建荔枝园土壤最普遍缺乏的元素,硼、钙次之。     

日光温室土壤养分含量及比例与种植年限的关系

对陕西省泾阳县的日光温室蔬菜施肥情况与土壤养分状况进行了研究。结果表明,泾阳县日光温室氮磷钾养分的纯投入量平均为N·651 kg hm~(-2)、P2O5·485 kg hm~(-2)和K2O·855 kg hm~(-2),养分投入量明显偏高。温室耕层土壤速效磷、速效钾、水溶性钾和水溶性钙与种植年限之间都存在极显著的线性正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.995、0.973、0.973和0.979。种植7年后,硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量分别是农田土壤的1.8、5.1和3.6倍,水溶性钾、钙、镁分别是农田的12.2、4.5和2.6倍。随种植年限的延长,温室土壤K、Ca、Mg三者的比例严重失衡,由养分不合理施用带来的养分损失及可能引起的环境问题值得关注。     

外源硅酸钙对棕壤基础呼吸和碳酸钙含量的影响

采用室内模拟培养的方法,研究了添加硅酸钙对棕壤基础呼吸和碳酸钙含量的影响,为土壤固碳的技术选择提供理论依据。试验设硅酸钙添加量0%、1%、2%、4%和6%5个处理。结果表明,外源硅酸钙在培养前期显著抑制土壤呼吸,其抑制程度随着硅酸钙添加量的增加而增加,平均抑制率为5%(1%处理)～12%(6%处理);整个培养期间,添加硅酸钙处理的土壤碳酸钙含量较对照显著增加,且随着添加量的增加,土壤碳酸钙含量的平均增幅从83%(1%处理)上升到398%(6%处理);土壤呼吸强度和碳酸钙含量之间符合y=Ae-Bx的指数相关关系。上述结果表明,施用硅酸钙通过促进次生碳酸盐的形成从而缓解土壤CO2释放,起到固碳减排的作用。     

SLAG EFFICACY AS A LIME AND SILICON SOURCE FOR RICE CROPS THROUGH THE BIOLOGICAL METHOD

There is little information about the best silicon (Si) sources for agricultural use, and yet some products have already been marketed as sources of this element. One of these products is slag, which is used as a source for Si and lime. This study evaluated the silicon supply availability and efficacy of different silicate slag types for rice crops. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, used Entisol Quatzipsamment soil and was set up in randomized blocks with three replications. Si source reactivity was evaluated using five metallurgic slag types and Wollastonite, which is considered a standard in Si studies. Doses of each Si source were 1000 and 2000 mg dm^?3 of Si and a control (additional treatment). Soil data [soluble Si, calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺) and pH] and rice growth and yield were recorded. Data were evaluated by analysis of variance and contrasts were made for comparisons between each slag type and the additional treatment. Averages were compared by the Scott Knott test at 5% with the statistics program SISVAR. The efficacy of the slag types in supplying Si for the plants (ESSi) and in increasing Si availability in the soil (ESiA) was determined from the values of contrast estimates. Slag E3 and Wollastonite were effective in increasing soil silicon availability and, consequently, the efficacy of supplying silicon for the plants, while the other slag types had low efficacy.     

Soil Fertility Amendments and White Grub Populations of Turf

Liming materials, calcium carbonate versus calcium magnesium silicate, were compared for effects on native white grub (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) populations in a New Jersey lawn. A silt loam soil near Princeton, N.J., of mixed cool-season turf with an initial pH of 5.0 received applications of either liming material in January 2007 for a target pH of 6.5. Control plots received no lime application. Grub numbers were reduced by more than 50% in plots amended with either calcium magnesium silicate or calcium carbonate when compared with the controls. Both calcium magnesium silicate and calcium carbonate were similarly effective in achieving this benefit.     

Performance of Slag-Based Gypsum on Maize Yield and Available Soil Nutrients over Commercial Gypsum under Acidic and Neutral Soil

ABSTRACT

Effect of slag-based gypsum (SBG) and commercial gypsum (CG) on maize was investigated in acidic and neutral soils. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with seven treatments consisting of three levels (150, 450, and 750 kg ha^?1) of SBG and CG with recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) and one control was maintained. Application of SBG @750 kg ha^?1 recorded significantly higher (8.61 and 8.69 t ha^?1, respectively) cob yield of maize compared to CG and control treatments in both soil condition. Increased levels of SBG application increased soil pH and EC in both the soils, but decreased with the application of CG. Application of 750 kg SBG ha^?1 recorded significantly higher soil available nutrients like phosphorus in acidic soil and potassium in neutral soil. Higher exchangeable calcium and magnesium in acidic soil and exchangeable calcium in neutral soil were recorded with the application of CG @750 kg ha^?1. Available sulfur was significantly higher with CG @750 kg ha^?1 applied treatment in both soils. CaCl₂Si content in acidic soil varied significantly and recorded higher with application of SBG, while CaCl₂Si content in neutral soil and AASi in both soils had no significant effect by application of SBG. Significantly higher DTPA extractable micronutrients in acidic and neutral soil were noticed in SBG @750 kg ha^?1 applied treatment. However, application of SBG had no significant effect on iron and copper content in neutral soil. Higher uptake of nutrients was recorded with 750 kg SBG ha^?1 compared CG applied and other treatments.     

玉溪烟区土壤钾镁交互作用对烤烟化学及感官品质的影响

以2019年玉溪烟区9个植烟县34个主要植烟乡镇各1个代表性烟田的土壤和烤烟为研究对象，分析了土壤速效钾和有效镁及其交互作用对烤烟化学及感官品质的影响。结果表明：土壤速效钾和有效镁平均含量分别为325.9 mg/kg和207.9 mg/kg，变幅分别为93.0～713.0 mg/kg和40.0～610.0 mg/kg，土壤速效钾和有效镁缺乏的烟田分别占14.7%和23.5%。随着土壤速效钾含量的增加，烟叶钾含量先增后减，烟叶镁含量递增，烟碱和总氮含量先降后增，总糖含量、还原糖含量、糖碱比和氮碱比递减，其中土壤速效钾含量与烟叶镁含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。随土壤有效镁含量的增加，烟叶钾含量递减，烟叶镁含量递增，烟碱含量先增后降，总氮含量递增，总糖含量、还原糖含量、糖碱比和氮碱比先降后增，其中土壤有效镁含量与烟叶钾、镁含量分别呈极显著负相关和正相关(P<0.01)。土壤速效钾和有效镁含量的增加能分别显著提升烟叶清甜香和香气量(P<0.05)。土壤钾镁交互作用对烟叶总糖、还原糖含量及氮碱比均产生显著影响(P<0.05)。因此，为提升玉溪烤烟品质，应在适当施用镁肥...     

Effects of Soluble Silicate and Nanosilica Application on Rice Nutrition in an Oxisol

Silicon(Si) has been supplied to plants via application of calcium silicate to soil; however, high doses of calcium silicate are required because of its low solubility. Nanoparticles can reduce Si doses and be applied to seeding furrows. This study investigated the effects of liquid Si sources, i.e., highly soluble silicate(115.2 g L~(-1) Si and 60.5 g L~(-1) Na_2O) and nanosilica( 200 nm), on Si uptake by rice plants, plant lignification, plant C:N:P stoichiometry, plant physiology, and grain yield using an Oxisol under greanhouse condistions. The treatments included the application of nanosilica and soluble silicate to seeding furrows at Si doses of 0, 605, 1 210,and 2 420 g ha~(-1). Plant uptake and treatment effects were evaluated by measuring C and lignin contents, Si, N, and P accumulation,physiological characteristics, and grain yield of rice. The deposition of silica bodies and amorphous silica in the flag leaves was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Application of liquid Si increased Si accumulation in rice by 47.3% in relation to the control(0 g ha~(-1) Si), regardless of the Si sources used. Nanosilica application increased leaf lignin content by 112.7% when compared to that in the control. Silicon moderately affected the net C assimilation(increased by 1.83%) and transpiration rates(increased by 48.3%);however, Si influenced neither plant growth nor grain yield of rice. These results are explained by the lack of biotic or abiotic stress in rice plants during the experiment. To the best of our knowledge, in Brazilian agriculture, this is the first report on the use of nanosilica as a Si fertilizer and its effect on plant nutrition. This study provides evidence that rice plants absorb and accumulate nanoparticles;however, further studies are required to investigate the use of nanoparticles in other plant species.     

Influence of Silicon on Growth,Relative Water Contents and Uptake of Silicon,Calcium and Potassium in Wheat Grown in Nutrient Solution

Growth performance, relative water contents (RWC), and mineral nutrition were studied in Triticum aestivum L. treated with different concentrations of silicon (25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 ppm). Lower administrations of silicon (25–200 ppm) resulted in an enhancement in relative yield, relative water contents, calcium, and potassium contents. A significant (0.1% level) direct relationship between tissue silicon content and applied silicon concentrations and an inverse relationship between relative yield and higher applied silicon concentrations (400 and 800 ppm) were observed. Shoots were significantly richer in silicon content than roots. The results indicate a possible requirement of silicon for higher plants.     

曲靖烤烟镁含量特征及其影响因素

为研究曲靖烤烟镁含量特征及其影响因素,在曲靖烟区采集烤烟样品3 506个,采用决策树分析、回归分析等方法研究了曲靖烤烟镁含量特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明:曲靖烟区烤烟镁含量平均为4.10 g/kg,且变幅较大(0.36~17.70 g/kg),有46.36%面积的烟叶镁含量4 g/kg,镁含量在县域间差异达极显著水平,海拔高度、土壤类型、质地及有机质、速效钾、有效镁、有效钙含量均影响烤烟镁含量。烤烟镁含量与海拔高度呈良好的线性关系(R~2=0.720,P=0.000),随海拔增加,烤烟镁含量表现为下降的趋势。土壤质地黏性增加,烤烟镁含量呈下降的趋势;烤烟镁含量在不同土壤类型间差异达极显著水平,最高的是紫色土(4.98 g/kg),最低的是红壤(3.82 g/kg);随土壤有机质含量增加,烤烟镁含量表现为逐渐下降的趋势;随土壤有效镁和速效钾含量增加,烤烟镁含量表现为逐渐增加的趋势;随土壤有效钙含量增加,烤烟镁含量呈先升高后下降的趋势,土壤有效钙含量2 000 mg/kg左右时,烤烟镁含量达峰值;随着土壤钙镁比和钾镁比升高,烤烟镁含量呈减速下降的趋势。     

AB-DTPA浸提法研究上海中心城区绿地土壤有效态养分特征

采用AB-DTPA浸提剂联合电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法研究上海9个中心城区的509个绿地土壤的10种有效态养分含量。结果表明:上海中心城区绿地土壤有效态钾、钙、镁、锰和铁含量丰富;有效态磷、硫和钼普遍缺乏,部分土样有效磷、硫的含量超标与大量施用有机改良材料有关;有效态锌和铜均发生不同程度的累积,有些土样超标。不同时空的绿地土壤有效态养分含量与成土因素和人为活动有关。随着绿地建成年限延长,土壤有效锌和有效铜含量显著增加,但其他养分变化不显著。就上海不同区域而言,杨浦区、闸北区、浦东新区和徐汇区有效态养分含量相对较低;长宁区、静安区和黄浦区有效态养分含量较高;虹口区和杨浦区锌、铜累积程度高。公共绿地与公园土壤养分含量相当;道路绿地的有效态钾、硫、镁显著高于前两者,但有效态锌、铜和铁含量显著低于前两者。随着土壤剖面加深,土壤有效态硫、镁和钼含量呈增加趋势,而有效态磷、钾、锰、锌含量稍许降低。AB-DTPA浸提法适用于土壤中大部分有效态养分的快速分析,建议在全国推广应用。