Effect of Cereal Rye and Hairy Vetch on Pest Suppression and Corn Yield

A study was conducted in 2016 to determine the effect of cereal rye (Secale cereale) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) combination on pest suppression and corn yield in Northwest Missouri. The experiments consisted of six treatments corresponding to cereal rye and hairy vetch combinations, plus a control. The corn treatments included conventional corn and transgenic corn. Harvested ears were assessed for rating on corn earworm damage and fungal damage on ears. Similarly, corn yield was measured across the treatments on randomly selected ears. Visual assessments of weed suppression, pest suppression (corn earworm damage), and fungal ear rots revealed no significant treatment effects. However, relevant trends in higher corn yield were observed with increasing hairy vetch proportion from 33% to 66% level. Delayed termination of hairy vetch caused poor corn growth and higher true armyworm (Mythimna unipuncta) infestation.     

Role of Cover Crops and Planting Dates for Improved Weed Suppression and Nitrogen Recovery in No till Systems

ABSTRACT

Cover crops improve the recovery and recycling of nitrogen and impart weed suppression in crop production. A two-year study with six weekly plantings of cover crops including non-winterkilled species (hairy vetch, Vicia villosa L.; winter rye Secale cereale L.) and winterkilled species (oat, Avena sativa L.; forage radish, Raphanus sativus L.) were assessed for effects on growth of forage rape (Brassica napus L.) and weed suppression. Early planting of cover crops gave the highest biomass and highest nitrogen accumulation. Delaying planting from early-September to mid-October suppressed cover-crop biomass by about 40%. Forage radish produced more biomass in the fall than other cover crops but was winter killed. Spring biomass was highest with rye or vetch. All cover crops suppressed weeds, but suppression was greatest under rye or hairy vetch. Hairy vetch accumulated the largest nitrogen content. Forage rape plants yielded more biomass after a cover crop than after no-cover crop.     

The Effect of Legume Species Grown as Cover Crops in Olive Orchards on Soil Phosphorus Bioavailability

Some legume species are able to utilize phosphorus (P) from sparingly soluble P sources benefiting companion crops or those following in the rotation. Lupinus albus, Vicia villosa, and a mixture of eleven annual pasture legumes were used in olive orchards as mulched cover crops as a means of increasing the soil P availability. By soil testing and growing bioindicator P plants in the next season, it was possible to detect a slight but consistent increase in soil P availability. The results indicated that the increase in soil P availability was mainly due to the mineralization of the high P content legume residues, rather than the direct effect in the rhizosphere of the living plants. The results also suggested that the good adaptation of white lupine to low P environments might be due to a high internal P use efficiency of this species, producing high dry matter yields with low P concentration in their tissues.     

Soil Solarization: Effects on Soil Microbiological Parameters

Soil solarization, obtained by covering soil with plastic films, is a useful practice able to reduce soil pathogen populations. Light plastic films (LPFs) are nowadays widely used especially in open and greenhouse vegetable crop cultivations in Southern Italy, as they are able to raise soil temperature more than 20°C above air temperature. The solarization treatment with LPFs is characterized by a low cost and low environmental impact.

The wide use of these technique causes a concern about the side effect of solarization on soil microbial populations, which are affected the same as plant pathogens by soil heating. As scientific literature pays scant attention to the effect of soil heating on soil microbial parameters, this paper studied the effects of solarization on soil microbial biomass, soil respiration, and soil enzymatic activity in the presence of organic amendments and the soil fumigant dazomet.

Solarization appears to be an effective practice able to control nematodes, even though it may cause serious stress on the soil microbial biomass. In addition, it was demonstrated that the organic amendments exert a protective role keeping soil microbial biomass and enzymatic activities protected from the detrimental effect of heating.     

枣园生草处理对土壤养分和细菌群落的影响

为了明确枣园种植长柔毛野豌豆(Vicia villosa Roth.)对土壤养分和细菌群落的影响,本试验以5年生金丝4号(Zizyphus jujuba Mill.)为试材,研究了枣园不同生草处理(清耕、自然生草、长柔毛野豌豆)对土壤基本理化指标和土壤细菌群落的影响.结果表明,与清耕(对照)相比,枣园生草提高了 土壤含...     

The Effect of Nitrogen Catch Crops on the Nitrogen Nutrition of a Succeeding Crop: I. Effects through Mineralization and Pre-emptive Competition

Abstract

The effects of catch crops on the nitrogen nutrition of a succeeding carrot crop were investigated. An attempt was made to distinguish the effects of growth and nitrogen uptake by the catch crop from the effect of mineralization of its residues. It was found that growth and nitrogen uptake by catch crops could reduce the nitrogen supply to the succeeding carrot crop through pre-emptive competition, whereas mineralization of nitrogen from the catch crop residues increased the nitrogen supply to the carrot crop. Nitrogen uptake by the carrots was thus highest where catch crop residues were incorporated on plots where no catch crop had been grown. The effect of the mineralization was found mainly to influence topsoil mineral nitrogen contents and the early nitrogen uptake by carrots, whereas the effect of pre-emptive competition was to reduce subsoil mineral nitrogen content and the nitrogen uptake by carrots late in the growing season. The apparent recovery of catch crop nitrogen by carrots was between 8 and 33%.     

玉米豆科覆盖作物间作对潮土酶活性和真菌群落特征的影响

黄淮海地区土地复种指数高,不具备休闲条件,致使土壤养分消耗严重,土壤微生物群落多样性下降.为改善土壤状况,本研究基于两年的玉米豆科覆盖作物(紫花苜蓿、大豆、花生)间作试验,探讨玉米豆科覆盖作物间作对土壤养分、酶活性以及真菌群落特征的影响,同时分析黄淮海平原潮土区玉米豆科覆盖作物间作的可行性.结果表明:间作条件下土壤碱解...     

木醋液对盐碱土化学性质、酶活性及相关性的影响

通过土壤培养试验,将分别稀释300(M300)、100(M100)、50(M50)、20(M20)和0(未施木醋液设为CK)倍的木醋液灌施到含有盐碱土的盆钵中,研究木醋液对盐碱土化学性质、酶活性及其相关性的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,施用木醋液均可显著降低土壤酸碱度p H、电导率EC值,提高土壤易氧化碳、水溶性有机碳氮、铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)含量,但其对土壤有效磷含量影响不显著。(2)施用木醋液后,M300、M100和M50处理均显著提高了土壤α-葡萄糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、几丁质酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性;M20处理提高了土壤多酚氧化酶与过氧化物酶活性,但M20对其他土壤酶活性变化不显著。综合来看,灌施适宜浓度木醋液后,不仅可提高盐碱土酶活性,也会改善其土壤化学性质。     

种植翻压紫云英配施化肥对稻田土壤活性有机碳氮的影响

依托长期种植紫云英定位试验,以不施肥(CK)为对照,研究化肥(100%F)、紫云英配施100%、80%、60%和40%化肥(G+100%F、G+80%F、G+60%F、G+40%F)以及紫云英(G)对土壤活性有机碳氮、水稻产量、氮肥利用率及其他土壤养分的影响。结果表明,与对照不施肥相比,单施化肥对土壤水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的影响很小,土壤水溶性有机氮(WSON)和微生物生物量碳氮(SMBC、SMBN)含量分别增加了20.61%、10.49%和2.20%;单施紫云英处理土壤WSOC、WSON、SMBC和SMBN含量分别增加了25.52%、36.30%、19.16%和10.37%;紫云英配施化肥增加了土壤WSOC、WSON、SMBC和SMBN的含量,增幅分别为12.99%~22.80%、26.66%~56.61%、19.01%~29.56%和16.08%~32.90%。施肥提高了土壤活性有机碳氮占土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)的比例,紫云英配施化肥和单施紫云英效果优于单施化肥。土壤活性有机碳氮与水稻产量、SOC、TN和铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)呈显著或极显著正相关。施肥增加水稻产量,G+80%F最高(10026kg hm~(-2))。与100%F相比,化肥减施20%~40%水稻不减产,同时氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力提高,增幅分别为11.64%~149.65%和2.66%~149.92%,土壤SOC、TN和NH_4~+-N含量增加,土壤有效磷和速效钾降低。综合考虑水稻产量、氮肥利用率和土壤肥力,紫云英翻压22500 kg hm~(-2)、磷钾肥常规用量、氮肥减施20%时最优。     

沼肥对大豆产量、品质、养分和土壤化学性质的影响

为探讨沼肥在大豆上的合理施用技术,采用田间试验,研究沼肥对大豆产量、品质、养分吸收利用及土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明：与习惯施肥处理相比,100%沼渣、30%沼渣＋化肥、20%沼渣＋化肥处理的大豆产量分别增加1.02%,10.48%,0.16%;大豆粗脂肪含量分别增加2.31%,2.70%,5.07%;磷肥利用率分别增加5.04%,23.39%,8.60%;土壤有机质含量分别升高13.39%,3.68%,0.50%;20-80 cm土层内土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量降低幅度分别在13.70%～61.56%,15.98%～70.10%之间。说明试验条件下,无论沼渣单施还是沼渣与化肥配施均可提高大豆粗脂肪含量、磷肥利用率、土壤有机质含量,降低氮素的流失。     

Expression of Soil Chemical and Biological Behavior on Nutritional Quality of Aromatic Rice as Influenced by Organic and Mineral Fertilization

The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the yield and nutritional characteristics of aromatic rice as influenced by organic versus mineral fertilization. Aromatic rice was grown on four levels of cattle manure (CM; 5, 10, 15, and 20 Mg ha^?1). Other treatments were equivalent amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in different levels of manure fertilizer and mineral fertilizer. After 6 years of cropping, organically managed plots were superior to mineral-fertilized plots in terms of grain yields of rice at 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha^?1. Cattle manure at 20 Mg ha^?1 and its equivalent NPK through mineral-fertilizer treatment provided 41.1% and 37.9% increases in average grain yield (5.2 and 5.1 Mg ha^?1) over the unamended control. Protein content was greater in mineral-fertilized rice grains at all levels of CM. Soil dehydrogenase, β-glucosidae, urease, and acid phosphatase activities were greater in soil treated with CM than soil treated with the corresponding mineral fertilizer at all levels. There was buildup of soil-available N, K, and iron (Fe) in soils treated with CM. Grain hardness increased with increasing rates of nutrient application for both mineral-fertilized and organically grown rice; in contrast, amylose content was lower in treatments receiving more nutrients, irrespective of nutrient sources. In terms of functional property, phenol content in rice grain increased with increasing nutrient supply. Potassium and Fe contents were more in CM-treated rice than in mineral-fertilized treatments at greater rates of application. Results suggest that after building up the soil nutrient status, comparable yield and better nutritional and functional qualities of rice can be achieved in organically managed soils than in mineral-fertilized soils.     

The Influence of Biochar Enriched with Magnesium and Sulfur on the Amount of Perennial Ryegrass Biomass and Selected Chemical Properties and Biological of Sandy Soil

Biochar used in this study was prepared from wheat straw and enriched with 10% solutions of chemically pure salts: ammonium sulfate [(NH₄)₂SO₄] and magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄ 7H₂O). The aim of this study was to determine the growth response of Perennial ryegrass L. as well as identify changes in chemical and biological properties of sandy soil after the application of biochar. A significant increase in the amount of Perennial ryegrass L. biomass was determined after amending the soil with unenriched biochar and biochar enriched with (NH₄)₂SO₄. The highest immobilization of available forms of Mg was observed for biochar enriched with (NH₄)₂SO₄. The highest dehydrogenase activity was determined in the soil with biochar enriched with MgSO₄ 7H₂O.     

稻草原位还田对双季稻田土壤理化与生物学性状的影响

于2010-2011年通过大田试验研究等量施肥条件下稻草不同原位还田方式(稻草全量还田、稻草烧灰还田和稻草不还田)对双季稻田土壤理化特性和生物学性状的影响.结果表明:稻草全量还田2年(4季)有利于改善土壤物理性状和提高耕作层土壤有机质、不同形态碳素、碱解氮、速效氮和缓效钾含量.土壤中3大类微生物总量以稻草还田处理大于稻草不还田和稻草烧灰还田,其土壤细菌、真菌的数量增加,而放线菌的数量减少;土壤蔗糖酶活性明显增加,而脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化不大.土壤脲酶活性与土壤全氮含量呈显著相关,蔗糖酶活性与有机质、全氮含量呈显著或极显著相关,过氧化氢酶活性与全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量呈显著或极显著相关.     

不同种植年限苜蓿对土壤理化性质、微生物群落和苜蓿品质的影响

随着种植年限的延长,苜蓿地土壤质量及牧草品质逐步退化。通过对不同种植年限苜蓿土壤理化性质、牧草品质的测定,分析比较了土壤质量及牧草质量的变化。结果表明:在苜蓿生长季内,土壤含水量随月份的递增其变化规律各异,随取土深度的增加呈先增加后降低的变化趋势;随种植年限的延长,碱解氮和速效钾含量逐渐下降,速效磷含量呈先增加后降低的变化规律;各种植年限苜蓿地土壤微生物区系以细菌为主,真菌数量最少,微生物总数以4年生苜蓿地最高,3年生最低;苜蓿品质随种植年限延长而逐渐下降,即栽培年限对苜蓿地的土壤质量及牧草品质均有不同程度的影响。     

山西省主要类型土壤镁素供应状况及镁肥施用效果

采用田间调查、土壤盆栽和大田试验相结合的方法,研究山西省主要类型土壤镁素供应状况及镁肥施用效果.结果表明,山西省主要类型土壤耕层(0-20 cm)交换性镁含量在78.1～641.8 mg/kg范围内.平均含量为255.1 mg/kg.不同类型土壤交换性镁含量高低依次为潮土>褐土>栗褐土>石灰性褐土>黄绵土>褐土性土.土壤交换性镁含量与土壤主要化学性质密切相关.生物消耗试验表明,褐土和石灰性褐土的镁生物有效性较高,其次是褐土性土和黄绵土,栗褐土和潮土的镁生物有效性最低.与不施镁肥相比,施镁大豆增产2.77%～9.04%,玉米增产2.98%～10.21%;大豆籽粒粗蛋白含量提高4.56%～7.52%,玉米籽粒粗蛋白、总淀粉和总糖含量分别提高9.96%～15.36%,2.41%～6.42%和8.52～12.50%.相关分析表明,大豆籽粒中镁含量与籽粒产量、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量呈显著线性正相关;玉米籽粒中镁含量与籽粒产量呈显著线性正相关,与粗蛋白含量呈曲线关系,而与粗脂肪含量呈现显著线性负相关.研究表明,山西省主要类型土壤交换性镁含量处于较高水平,不同类型土壤交换性镁含量及生物有效性存在显著差异,籽粒中镁与籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量密切相关,适量施用镁肥可提高农作物产量、改善营养品质.     

牧草的不同利用方式对果-草人工生态系统土壤理化及生物学性状的影响

采用单因素随机区组试验研究了果-草人工生态系统中牧草的不同利用方式对土壤理化及生物学性状的影响.结果表明;刈割覆盖、刈割压埋、畜肥还园3种利用方式均能较清耕提高土壤水分含量,降低土壤密度,稳恒土壤温度,提高土壤养分含量,增加土壤微生物数量,提高土壤酶活性.相关性分析发现,除全P与纤维分解菌、纤维分解酶、多酚氧化酶为负相关外,其余养分与生物因子间均呈正相关,且多数养分与生物因子呈显著或极显著相关;经通径分析发现,脲酶、硅酸盐细菌、纤维分解酶是促进有机质积存的主要生物因素,蔗糖酶是影响N、P、K速效养分的最主要因子,过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、纤维分解菌只是选择性地对有机质的积存和N、P、K速效养分的形成起作用.     

秋施有机肥对土壤生物学、理化性状及玉米产量的影响

以黑龙江省海林农场白浆土为研究对象,在等氮量条件下（秋季有机肥配施来年春季无机肥）,设置100%有机肥（T₁）,30%有机肥+70%无机肥（T₂）,20%有机肥+80%无机肥（T₃）,100%无机肥（T₄）和不施肥（CK）5个处理,研究长期施肥对土壤生物学、理化性状以及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:玉米生育期内,土壤微生物数量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,且施用高量有机肥有助于细菌和放线菌群落结构的形成,无机肥和不施肥适于真菌生长;有机无机肥配施处理在提高土壤酶活性方面占据绝对优势,脲酶和蔗糖酶活性始终显著高于其他处理,且有机肥较无机肥处理更能提高玉米生育期内土壤微生物生物量;有机无机肥配施可明显提高土壤全量和速效养分,培肥地力,单施效果稍差,且差异不大,而高量有机肥在降低土壤容重、增加总孔隙度百分比方面作用显著;两年玉米累计产量30%有机肥（T₂）最高,分别比100%有机肥（T₁）和100%无机肥（T₄）提高57.34%和4.59%,稳产并高产。总体来讲,30%有机肥+70%无机肥为最佳施肥模式。     

鸭粪替代化肥处理对砀山梨园土壤和梨品质的影响

为探究鸭粪施用对土壤环境质量以及梨品质的影响,促进梨树施肥中鸭粪肥部分替代化肥的科学施用,在等氮量替代条件下,以当地习惯施肥为对照（CK）,设置30%（DM1）、40%（DM2）、50%（DM3）和60%（DM4）共5种鸭粪替代化肥处理,并于4月和7月对25a树龄的砀山酥梨进行两次施肥;于9月采集不同处理组的土壤和梨样品,检测分析土壤环境质量（土壤养分、重金属、抗生素）以及梨品质指标（可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、维生素C）。结果表明：与对照组相比,鸭粪替代组（DM1-DM4）土壤pH提升6%～21%,40-60cm土层有机质得到提升;DM3处理组对土壤中有效磷和速效钾的含量提高最为显著;各处理不同土层重金属含量均符合无公害和绿色食品产地对土壤环境的要求。鸭粪替代化肥施用可提升梨品质,较CK处理梨果中可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、维生素C分别提升5.21%～17.44%、2.50%～8.45%、0.39%～11.01%。比较各处理结果表明,鸭粪50%替代化肥处理对土壤环境质量提升效果较优,而鸭粪30%替代化肥处理对提升梨品质效果较优。     

苗期干旱胁迫下施氮对玉米氮素吸收和土壤生物化学性质的影响

研究苗期干旱胁迫下施氮对东北春玉米氮素吸收利用和土壤生物化学性质的影响,为区域玉米养分管理与逆境调控提供依据.研究设置水、氮二因素盆栽试验,土壤水分包括3个水平:田间持水量的30％(W0),50％(W1)和70％(W2);施氮量包括2个水平:不施氮(N0)和施氮0.24 g/kg(N1),测定不同水氮条件下玉米苗期的植...     

Effects of Soil Fertility Management on Growth,Yield, and Water-Use Efficiency of Maize (Zea mays L.) and Selected Soil Properties

Maize was grown for two cropping years to investigate the supplementary effect of inorganic fertilizer with cow dung on growth, yield, water-use efficiency, and soil properties. Five treatments were imposed: unfertilized control and four different fertilization packages comprising two different levels of inorganic fertilization with cow dung as supplements, sole inorganic fertilizer, and sole cow dung. Results analyzed after the two cropping years showed significant differences in growth and yield. A reduction in yield was observed for the unfertilized plots, whereas yields in the plots of supplemented inorganic fertilizer with cow dung increased and were significantly at par with the sole inorganic fertilizer plot. Water-use efficiency was improved for the fertilized plots. Significant improvement was observed in the water-stable aggregates with plots that received cow dung as organic manure either in part with inorganic fertilizer or as sole cow dung.