Development of an apparatus for measuring one‐dimensional steady‐state heat flux of soil under reduced air pressure

One of the best ways to evaluate the coupled heat and mass transfer in soil is to measure the heat flux and water distribution simultaneously. For this purpose, we developed an apparatus for measuring the one‐dimensional steady‐state heat flux and water distribution in unsaturated soil under reduced air pressure. The system was tested using four samples with known thermal conductivity (0.6–8.0 W m^?1 K^?1). We confirmed that the system could measure the one‐dimensional steady‐state heat flux under a fixed temperature difference between ends of the samples over a wide range of thermal conductivity values. Time domain reflectometry was used to measure the water distribution with a repeatability of less than ± 1.0%. We used the apparatus to measure the soil heat flux and distribution of water content and temperature under steady‐state conditions with reduced air pressure. The initial volumetric water content, θ_ini, of the soil samples was set at 0.20 and 0.40 m³m^?3. For a θ_ini of 0.20, the heat flux was not significantly affected by air pressure, and the water content on the hot side decreased whilst that on the cold side increased, i.e. a pronounced water content gradient was formed. For a θ_ini of 0.40, the heat flux increased sharply with reduced air pressure, and the water content did not change, i.e. a homogeneous water distribution was observed. The increase in the heat flux with air pressure reduction is caused by the vapour transfer in soil pores. We found that a large vapour transfer took place in the soil with the homogeneous water distribution, and that the vapour transfer was less in the soil with the pronounced water content gradient. These experimental facts were entirely different from the traditional knowledge of vapour transfer in soil under temperature gradients. A lack of data on heat flux must have resulted in the previously incorrect conclusions. The new apparatus will serve to clarify the intricate phenomena of thermally induced vapour transfer in unsaturated soil in further experiments.     

Decrease in thermal conductivity with increasing temperature in nearly dry sandy soil

To clarify the role of the water bridges between soil particles on the transfer of heat we studied the dependence of thermal conductivity (λ) and electrical conductivity (E) on temperature between 278 and 338 K of sand and sand mixed with kaolin in the nearly dry state. The thermal conductivity decreased as temperature increased in the sand at volumetric water contents less than 0.07 m³ m^?3, but it increased in the sand–kaolin mixture over the measured range of water content. In the sand, the ratio of E in the soil solution to the electrical conductivity of pure water increased gradually with increasing water content at the water contents less than 0.05 m³ m^?3 and was almost constant at larger water contents. The ratio of E of the sand–kaolin mixture increased with increasing water content, particularly at the lower temperature. For both samples the ratio of E decreased as temperature increased, which suggested that the conduction of heat decreased through the decrease in the water bridges as temperature increased. Because the decrease in λwith increasing temperature could not be explained by the transfer of latent heat transfer, we considered that the temperature dependence of λwas due not only to the transfer of latent heat but also to the thermal bridge of water. We conclude that the condensation, conduction and evaporation in series involved in the latent heat transfer take place mainly through the water films. Our experimental results will help to understand the mechanism of the latent heat transfer in soil with the water films surrounding the soil particles.     

Temperature dependence of thermal conductivity of soil over a wide range of temperature (5–75°C)

The coupled heat and mass transfer in soil can be analysed by examining the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity. We have measured the thermal conductivity of two kinds of soil (Ando soil and Red Yellow soil) as a function of both temperature (5–75°C) and water content by the twin heat probe method. From our results we concluded that the thermal conductivity resulting from the latent heat transfer can be separated from the apparent thermal conductivity by subtracting the thermal conductivity at a temperature near 0°C from that at a higher temperature. The relation between the phenomenological enhancement factor (β) and the volumetric air‐filled porosity was divided into two parts: β increases linearly as the volumetric air‐filled porosity increases from zero (that is, water saturation), to the point at which soil water potential corresponds to ?320 J kg^?1; from that point to oven‐dry condition, β decreased logistically with the volumetric air‐filled porosity. From these results, we could generalize the behaviour of β.     

基于钢珠驱动的全地埋式喷灌装置研发

影响耕作、寻找出水口困难是喷灌技术推广过程中遇到的主要问题,现有园林绿化中经常使用的埋藏式喷头无法直接安装在耕作层以下,不利于耕作和农作物收割。针对上述问题,该文研发了能够直接安装在耕作层以下的地埋式喷灌装置,有利于田间耕作。该装置依靠水压力实现升降功能,非灌溉时可安装在耕作层以下,不妨碍耕作;灌溉时,依靠水压力湿润和挤压喷头顶部及其附近土壤,克服土壤阻力顶出地面,实施旋转喷头工作,无需寻找出水口;灌溉后,喷头能够降回耕作层以下,地面无任何影响植物修剪或农作物收割的设施,喷灌作业前后也不需要安装或拆卸任何设施,大大降低了灌溉劳动强度。此外,使用球体打击驱动功能的旋转机构能够实现边旋转边喷灌功能,提高了装置的抗堵塞性。     

Effect of reduced air pressure on soil thermal conductivity over a wide range of water content and temperature

To clarify the role of air molecules in coupled heat and mass transfer in soil, we measured the thermal conductivity of three kinds of soil (Ando soil, Red Yellow soil, and Toyoura sand) under reduced air pressure over a wide range of water content and temperature (10–75°C). The thermal conductivity increased sharply under reduced air pressure above a critical water content of the soil, becoming several times larger than that under normal pressure (101 kPa). The maximum thermal conductivity for each soil was obtained below 75°C and was similar to the thermal conductivity of some metals such as Mn, Hg and stainless steel. When the soil was drier than its critical water content, the thermal conductivity did not increase under reduced air pressure. The hydraulic diffusivity at the critical water content for each soil was of the order of 10^?8 m² s^?1. This suggests that the latent heat transfer is enhanced by the circulation of the condensed water. However, very little is known about the effect of circulating water on the latent heat transfer under reduced air pressure. To make this clear, the thermal conductivity would need to be measured in the steady state under reduced air pressure.     

严寒地区保温型塑料大棚土壤蓄放热特性

土壤温度及蓄放热特性是保温型塑料大棚土壤传热特性的重要体现.因此,为定性、定量地阐明棚内土壤温度变化规律和蓄放热特性,在严寒地区生产性大棚内进行了试验测试,并通过构建大棚土壤热量平衡简化方程、温差拟合等方法对土壤蓄放热特性进行了理论分析.研究结果表明:1)土壤温度波幅随深度的增加呈乘幂函数递减,通过计算得出测试地区大棚...     

恒温下相对湿度对果蔬热风干燥特性和品质的影响及调控

相对湿度作为干燥介质的重要参数,对干燥热质传质过程和干燥品质具有显著影响。但由于相对湿度对干燥过程的影响机理及优化调控机制尚不明确,导致相对湿度的调控方式多依靠经验,造成干燥效率低、品质差、能耗高等问题。对于传质过程,降低相对湿度能够增大对流传质系数,加快物料表面水分蒸发;而对于传热过程,升高相对湿度能够增大对流传热系数,加快物料升温速率。相对湿度较高时,物料升温速率快,内部水分迁移量增大,但表面水分蒸发量较小;而当相对湿度较低时,物料升温速率较慢,内部水分迁移量较小,但表面水分蒸发量较大。相对传热和传质过程的影响此消彼长,互相耦合。高相对湿度主要体现为对传热过程的影响,低相对湿度主要体现为对传质过程的影响。高相对湿度能够抑制物料表面的结壳,并能够提高复水性,降低收缩率。阶段降湿及多阶段降湿干燥方式下物料表面形成和保持了蜂窝状多孔结构,能够提高干燥效率和品质。基于监测物料温度的相对湿度调控方式被验证为较忧的相对湿度控制方式。阶段降湿干燥方式适用性的实质为：干燥过程中所体现出的对流传热热阻和内部导热热阻的相对大小,及对流传质阻力和内部传质阻力的相对大小,不同干燥条件和物料种类、厚度会影响以上传热传质阻力的大小,从而呈现出不同适应性的结果。当阶段降湿干燥过程中传热毕渥数>1且传热毕渥数>0.1时,说明阶段降湿干燥过程适用于此物料的干燥。该文综合论述了相对湿度对果蔬热风干燥过程中热质传递及干燥品质的影响,优化调控策略及适用性范围4个方面内容,明确了果蔬热风干燥过程中相对湿度的影响机理,为相对湿度的优化调控提供理论依据和技术支持。     

日光温室土墙体温度变化及蓄热放热特点

为研究日光温室土墙体温度变化规律及蓄放热特性,以泰安市下挖式土墙日光温室为研究对象,在温室北墙布置5个测试层,通过各测试层最冷季节(30 d)温室内气温、墙体温度、室外气温及室外太阳辐照度测试数据,分析了土墙日光温室内部温度及墙体内温度的分布规律。结果表明:各测试层墙体表面及0.1~0.6 m处测点的温度均呈现出随温室气温周期性变化的规律,且随着墙体厚度的增加温度的波动幅值逐渐减小,相位明显后移;0.7 m以后测点的温度幅值趋于稳定,处于稳态向室外的导热过程。基于墙体温度分布规律,对墙体白天的蓄热量、夜间的放热量及墙体夜间放热效率进行了计算,得出墙体夜间放热效率为43%,表明土墙白天蓄积热量的43%用于改善夜间温室内热环境。对墙体蓄热和放热量计算,综合评价墙体的平均放热效率,可以为土墙日光温室结构优化及热负荷计算提供指导,为各地土墙温室轻简化技术研究提供理论基础。     

A method to estimate the water vapour enhancement factor in soil

Enhanced water vapour diffusion under temperature gradients has been proposed as a mechanism to explain the discrepancies between measured and predicted water fluxes in soils. Because of the difficulties in measuring soil vapour diffusion directly, modelling approaches have been used to estimate the vapour enhancement factor (η) by matching theory to measurements. In the method proposed by Hiraiwa & Kasubuchi (2000) , soil thermal conductivity associated with conduction heat transfer (λ_c) is assumed to be equal to the apparent soil thermal conductivity (λ) measured at a low temperature, and η is significantly under‐estimated. In the present study, an improved approach for estimating η is used, in which λ_c is taken as the apparent soil thermal conductivity associated with infinite atmospheric pressure. The λ at infinite atmospheric pressure is estimated by extrapolating λ measurements made at finite air pressures. By subtracting λ_c from measured λ values at a given atmospheric pressure, the contribution of thermal vapour diffusion to heat transfer (λ_v) is obtained and then used to estimate η. In the case of a lysimeter sand, λ_v accounts for 4–25, 8–29 and 13–35% of λ at 3.5, 22.5 and 32.5°C, respectively, at soil water contents greater than 0.02 m³ m⁻³. Thus, the latent heat transfer through vapour diffusion is important even at temperatures as low as 3.5°C. The agreement between predictions from the new method and selected literature values suggests that the improved approach is able to provide accurate estimate of η. The results from this study show that the magnitude of latent heat transfer resulting from thermal vapour diffusion is strongly soil texture‐dependent. Thus, it is important to estimate η on specific soils rather than assuming η from literature values.     

表冷器-热泵联合集热系统的优化及可用能分析

为进一步提升表冷器-热泵联合集热系统的放热性能,并为系统进行节能优化提出方向和途径建议,首先计算了储热池优化水温42℃目标下的实际蓄水量,试验并分析了蓄水量的减少对系统集放热性能的影响;在此基础上,进行了两种集热方式、一种放热方式的可用能分析,进一步明确了系统在3种运行方式时可用能损失的主要位置和原因;最后,提出了表冷器-热泵联合集热系统主要工作部件节能优化的建议。试验结果表明：优化蓄水量为8.4 m³的条件下,系统的放热功率和放热性能系数分别为27.1 kW和6.2,提升了33.5%和37.8%,放热性能提升显著。可用能分析表明,水泵的可用能效率最高,最高可达98.8%;表冷器-风机的可用能效率在表冷器-风机集热方式、热泵与表冷器-风机联合集热方式、放热模式下分别为89.3%、87.8%、60.1%,传热温差造成的不可逆损失是放热模式下效率较低的原因;热泵机组可用能效率最低,仅为46.4%,是后续系统节能优化的重点。该研究为优化提升主动集放热系统的节能性,提供了方向指导和解决新思路。     

土壤蓄热-放热过程中地埋管周围土壤温度特性模拟

为探索内蒙中部地区地源热泵蓄热-放热过程中地埋管周围土壤温度变化特性,以垂直U型地埋管周围土壤为研究对象,基于有限元分析法建立了二维非稳态传热物理数学模型。在与试验结果进行验证的基础上,对土壤蓄热、放热和蓄热-放热耦合过程进行模拟研究。分析了热作用半径、单位管长换热量和土壤温度随热泵运行时间及运行模式的变化规律;单一条件下的蓄热、放热以及蓄热-放热耦合模式下土壤热平衡问题,探讨了流体入口流速、温度、土壤类型和热泵运行模式等因素对土壤温度场的影响。研究结果表明:热作用半径随蓄热时间的增加而增大且逐渐趋于平缓,热泵运行25和28 d后,热作用半径分别为3.3和3.4 m;流体入口温度对热作用半径及单位管长换热量影响较大但流体流速影响较小,流体入口温度和速度分别为40、60℃和0.6、1.2 m/s时,对应热作用半径分别为3.7、4.5和3.5、3.6 m。合理的间歇运行模式对换热量及埋管周围土壤温度的恢复均有改善;土壤导热系数越大土壤温度恢复时间与效果越佳,土壤导热系数为3.1 W/(m?K)时恢复后温度为9.3℃(土壤初温9.5℃)。此外,蓄热-放热耦合模式下换热量不等对土壤热平衡具有较大影响。试验验证表明,所建模型具有一定的准确性其相对最大误差为5.35%。     

地膜棉翻膜放苗的棉田微生态效应

对地膜棉翻膜放苗的棉田微生态效应研究表明,翻膜放苗地膜的有效覆盖度比打孔放苗增加30%～45%,增强了对棉田水温变化的影响,翻膜放苗可明显提高大行地温,且对提高和稳定小行地温也有良好的效应。放苗初期,小行土壤含水量略低于对照,有利于解决地膜棉易出现高脚苗旺长问题。翻膜放苗后加剧了土壤空隙中水汽的膨缩运动,大行土壤容重平均比对照降低0.12g·cm-3,土壤疏松,水、气、热较为协调,耕层土壤微环境得到改善,为增强根系活力和扩大吸收范围创造了条件。有效覆盖度的增加增强了覆盖的反光效应,有利于提高近地层光照强度和棉株制造光合产物的能力,并增大了苗期对蚜虫迁入的拒避作用。     

柑橘黄龙病热处理防治技术研究进展

柑橘黄龙病正在中国、巴西和美国等地广泛传播,急需快速、有效的田间防治技术。热水和湿热空气处理对柑橘病苗和嫁接枝条有脱毒作用,在温室环境中对病苗木进行光照热疗,可以减少黄龙病病菌数量,促进其健康生长并有效延长产果寿命。该文针对柑橘黄龙病防治技术的研究现状,综述了基因改良育种、苗木脱毒、化学防治、物理防治和生物防治等方法,结合热疗法在微生物和昆虫杀灭中的广泛应用,分析了田间热处理防治技术研究中存在的主要问题,提出了研究柑橘黄龙病病菌热处理温度阈值和对应时间、建立田间黄龙病病情快速诊断和热处理防治效果评价体系、研究热处理对黄龙病病菌抑制和消杀机理以及不同传热介质在柑橘树体的传热过程和特性、建立黄龙病田间快速热处理系统、研究黄龙病综合防治方法等建议,可为进一步研究柑橘黄龙病田间防治技术提供参考。     

Diffusion‐controlled mobilization of water‐dispersible colloids from three German silt loam topsoils: effect of temperature

The effects of time and temperature on the release kinetics of water‐dispersible colloids (WDCs) from three German silt loam topsoils in deionized water were investigated in batch experiments under low‐energy rotating shaking conditions. The measured critical coagulation concentrations of Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ for extracted WDC were much larger than the experimental ionic conditions. This indicates a fast dispersion rate in the first detachment step of WDC mobilization from soil aggregates. The cumulative released WDC fraction F(t) (released WDC/clay content in bulk soil) was satisfactorily fitted to the square root of shaking time by a linear function in three soils with a similar clay content. This implies diffusion‐controlled release kinetics in the second step of the WDC mobilization process. The mobilization kinetics were modelled by considering a diffusion‐controlled transport through an immobile water layer in the macropores of soil aggregates formed by silt and sand particles. The effects of temperature on the mobilization kinetics and sedimentation volumes of saturated soils were compared at 7, 23 and 35°C. A linear correlation was found between immobile water layer thickness in soil macropores (l_t) and the water volume (V_water) in soil sediment, which indicates a strong dependence of l_t on the soil texture. Temperature‐sensitive l_t and V_water influenced the effect of temperature on WDC release, which counteracts the estimated effect of temperature on particle diffusion according to the Stokes‐Einstein relation. A larger decrease in F(t) was found in grassland and forest soils than in an arable soil and can be related to greater stagnant water contents (larger l_t and V_water) in soil macropores, where particulate organic matter and polyvalent cations in their oxide forms at acidic pH will thus contribute to water immobilization.     

大气对流对土壤内热和水分迁移影响的数值模拟

对土壤中热和水分迁移过程进行了数值模拟及实验验证。理论上,通过对土壤内热和水分迁移机理分析,根据质量守恒和能量守恒原理,建立了土壤非饱和区热和水分迁移的理论模型。并对大气对流条件下土壤内热和水分迁移进行了数值模拟。实验上,对大气对流环境条件下土壤内热、水分迁移过程进行了研究。通过数值计算和实验测量,获得了不同大气对流速度作用下土壤中温度、含水率分布。     

稳态水流下肥料氮的迁移

本试验初次尝试利用电导法对稳态供水条件下施肥土壤中N的向下迁移过程及迁移数量进行定性和定量研究,揭示了溶质N的迁移与水分运动的关系,分析了影响溶质滞后迁移的有关因素。研究表明,在稳态供水条件下,NO3-N随水分的迁移呈一不完全对称锋曲线,利用电导法描述土壤中溶质N的迁移过程具较好的重现性。根据渗出液的电导率与其NO3-N含量之间关系为Y=0.236+0.005X,估算出本试验淋溶过程中,肥料N中的NO3-N的67％已经随水而淋失。N在土壤中随水分的迁移的快慢与土壤干湿程度、淋溶土层厚度,土壤颗粒组成及其土壤的持水特征等因素有关。淋溶前的土壤越干、淋溶土柱越短,N的峰期出现快;土壤颗粒越小,其对水分的吸持能力较强,N随水向下迁移的速度则减慢。本试验旨在为研究和监测农田土壤中N的淋溶及其地下水的污染提供方法和依据。     

采后热风与热水处理杀虫的水果温度场有限元模拟

热风和热水加热具有高效、环保且易于控制的优点,是一种替代化学熏蒸控制采后水果虫害的有效物理方法。但由于缺乏对加热速率、加热时间与温度分布等问题的深入与系统研究,常导致杀虫效果较差或对水果品质造成一定负面影响。为了研究水果采后热处理过程的传热机理,建立了水果热处理时的非稳态传热模型,利用有限元分析软件COMSOL建模求解,并进行了试验验证。结果表明,模拟值与实测值之间的均方根误差均低于8%,从而验证了模拟的可靠性。达到相同的热处理效果,水果热水(55℃)加热时的热处理时间仅为热风(55℃)的30%,所以热水是一种更有效的加热介质。增加热风的流速可以提高加热速率,而热水循环速度对传热速率影响较小。水果内部的传热速率主要受水果大小、介质流动速度和水果形状的影响,热扩散系数对水果加热时间的影响较小。所建立的水果传热模型及相关试验结果可为水果采后热杀虫工艺参数的确定及优化提供参考。     

Heat pipe phenomenon in soil under reduced air pressure

We measured the heat flux, temperature distribution and water content of an unsaturated Ando soil under a constant temperature gradient and reduced air pressure to investigate the mechanism of latent heat transfer in the soil and its relationship to the distribution and circulation of soil water. As the air pressure decreased, the heat flux increased for the soil samples with an initial volumetric water content ( θ _ini) greater than 0.30 m³ m⁻³, but did not change for θ _ini less than 0.20. While the temperature gradient of the sample did not change for θ _ini greater than 0.30 m³ m⁻³, it did increase on the hotter side of the sample and decreased on the colder side for θ _ini less than 0.20. The water content did not change, and a homogeneous distribution of water content was observed for θ _ini greater than 0.30 m³ m⁻³. For θ _ini less than 0.20, the water content decreased on the hotter side and increased on the colder side, forming a large water content gradient. The large transfer of latent heat was caused by the circulation of water vapour and liquid water, which resulted in the homogeneous water distribution. We concluded that the soil functions as a heat pipe through a series of micro-heat pipes centred on the soil pores. Our experimental results will help to explain the transfer mechanism of latent heat in soil as a heat pipe phenomenon.     

红壤中水热耦合转化的实验和数值模拟研究

Coupled transfer of soil water and heat in closed columns of homogeneous red soil was studied under laboratory conditions.A coupled model was constructed using soil physical theory,empirical equations and experimental data to predict the coupled transfer.The results show that transport of soil water was affected by temperaature gradient,and the largest net water transport was found in the soil column with initial water content of 0.148m^3m^-3,At the same time,temperature changes with the transport of soil water was in a nonlinear shape as heat parameters wre function of water content,and the changes of temperature were positively correlated with the net amount of water transported.Numerical modelling results show that the predicted values of temperature distribution were close to the observed values,while the predicted values of water content exhibited limited deviation at both ends of the soil column due to the slight temperature changes at both ends .It WAS indicated that the model proposed here was applicable.     

日光温室装配式土质夹心墙体热湿迁移及蓄放热性能研究

为研究日光温室装配式土质夹心墙体的热湿迁移及蓄放热性能,通过可控式墙体热湿耦合试验台控制墙体两侧温度、相对湿度的不同,实测墙内温度、相对湿度的稳态分布及瞬态变化,并对墙体的蓄放热性能进行定量计算与分析。结果表明：该层状异质结构复合墙体,热湿迁移存在耦合但并不明显;墙内填土始终保持高湿状态,有利于墙体蓄放热,是该墙体的主要蓄放热体;外侧墙板保温隔热效能明显,室外环境变化对墙体保温蓄热性能影响较小,且能使墙内热量主要向室内单向释放;墙内热量释放存在滞后效应,最长可持续6 d+6.5 h,但以快速放热期（4 d+8 h内）所释放热量为主,约占总放热量的85.64%～91.21%;所建立的数值分析方法可为不同厚度的同类墙体设计与建造提供参考,具有指导生产意义。该新型墙体设计理念先进,蓄放热性能优越,且能够快速装配、重复利用、就地还田,适于在中国大面积推广应用。