Occurrence of Fusarium strains and their mycotoxins on corn silage. 6. Formation of zearalenone and trichothecenes (type A) by indigenous Fusarium isolates

A total of 399 indigenous Fusarium strains mainly isolated from silage maize were tested for the production of zearalenone and type A trichothecenes by thin-layer chromatography and biological assays. About 45% of the isolates examined were capable of producing different levels of zearalenone and trichothecene toxins on a cracked corn substrate. The majority of these strains (75%) produced zearalenone only and no trichothecenes type A. The results of the biological tests indicated a higher rate of toxin-positive extracts than chemical analysis. Isolates of nine out of seventeen Fusarium species examined produced one or several mycotoxins looked for. The most important toxin producers were F. culmorum and F. crookwellense (zearalenone) and F. sporotrichioides (trichothecenes type A), respectively. F. avenaceum, the species most frequently isolated from silage maize, produced neither zearalenone nor trichothecenes but avenacein Y a antibiotic compound. First results of a study of the production of type B trichothecenes have shown that indigenous F. culmorum isolates were capable of producing high levels of deoxynivalenol.     

Occurrence of Fusarium strains and their mycotoxins in corn silage. 7. Formation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in a silage corn plot artificially inoculated with Fusarium culmorum and the effect of silaging on the stability of the DON formed

The formation of deoxynivalenol in a maize plot inoculated with Fusarium culmorum was studied over a growing season. Already three weeks after inoculation 4.9 mg/kg of DON were measured in the infected ears. The toxin concentration increased continuously up to harvest after eight weeks to a value of 261 mg/kg. Ensilage experiments in laboratory scale silos have shown that the DON content of naturally contaminated corn-cob-mix was not reduced during the ensilage process. It was concluded that infection of maize plants by toxin-producing Fusarium species followed by DON production in the field seems to be the most probable way of contamination of maize silage with this mycotoxin.     

The occurrence of Fusarium strains and their mycotoxins in corn silage. 4. The occurrence of zearalenone in the first cut zone of horizontal silos

Studies of the occurrence of zearalenone in the cutting surface of a horizontal silo were carried out over 12 days. On all sampling days the silage contained less than 0.1 mg/kg zearalenone (detection limit of the thin-layer chromatographic procedure). Zearalenone could not be detected in silage put into interim store over a period of 17 days either. The results document that zearalenone-producing Fusarium species have no considerable share in the decay of maize silage.     

The occurrence of Fusarium varieties and their mycotoxins on silo corn. 1. A method for the determination of zearalenone in corn and corn silage by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection

A method for the determination of zearalenone in maize and maize silage was developed which distinguishes itself by the effective and fast cleaning of the extracts with the help of a silica gel minicolumn. The samples were extracted with chloroform/methanol (9 + 1) and cleaned on a silica gel minicolumn after acid-base partition. The zearalenone was quantitatively determined optionally by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (excitation wavelength 236 nm, emission filter 418 nm) or thin-layer chromatography (TLC), p-methoxybenzene diazonium fluoroborate and aluminium chloride were used as detection chemicals. The limits of detection are 0.01 mg/kg (HPLC) and 0.1 mg/kg resp. (TLC), the average recovery is 81%. The method was used for the determination of zearalenone in grain maize, CCM silage and silage from whole maize plants.     

黑龙江省玉米穗腐病致病镰孢菌分离鉴定及产毒基因型分析

为全面阐明黑龙江省玉米穗腐病的主要致病镰孢菌种类及其分布特征,制定科学合理的防治措施,以控制真菌毒素对玉米籽粒的危害。2018年在黑龙江省21个玉米主产区县采集玉米穗腐病病样143 份,采用种子健康检测法进行镰孢菌分离,根据形态学和分子生物学特征进行鉴定,并对分离的镰孢菌进行产毒基因型检测。结果表明,共分离到200株镰孢菌分离物,鉴定出12种镰孢种,其中禾谷镰孢和拟轮枝镰孢的分离频率分别为30.00%和16.00%;亚粘团镰孢和层出镰孢的分离频率均为13.00%;布氏镰孢分离占比12.50%;温带镰孢分离占比7.50%;新知镰孢分离占比2.50%;变红镰孢分离占比2.00%;拟枝孢镰孢、梨孢镰孢和居群镰孢分离频率均为1.00%;亚洲镰孢占比0.50%。产毒素类型分析发现,亚洲镰孢菌为雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(NIV)产毒类型,禾谷镰孢与布氏镰孢含3种产毒类型,其中15-乙酰基-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-AcDON)产毒类型最多,3-乙酰基-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-AcDON)稍次之,NIV型最少;拟轮枝镰孢、层出镰孢、亚粘团镰孢、新知镰孢、变红镰孢、拟枝孢镰孢和梨孢镰孢均含有产伏马毒素的关键基因fum1,具备产伏马毒素能力,温带镰孢和居群镰孢不含有fum1基因。黑龙江玉米穗腐病致病镰孢种类较多,其中禾谷镰孢和拟轮枝镰孢为优势致病镰孢,亚粘团镰孢、层出镰孢和布氏镰孢亦分布较广,温带镰孢和新知镰孢呈现小范围分布,拟枝孢镰孢、变红镰孢、梨孢镰孢以及居群镰孢是首次在黑龙江省玉米穗腐病中分离得到,丰富了黑龙江地区玉米穗腐病致病镰孢菌的种类。     

青贮玉米植株剪切力学特性试验研究

为获得青贮玉米植株机械化收获时切碎揉搓过程的剪切力学特性,以云南地区广泛种植的路单20号、曲辰9号和红单10号青贮玉米植株为试验对象,使用万能试验机进行植株的径向剪切试验。通过试验测得青贮玉米秸秆剪切破坏力为680.38~1 613.75 N,抗剪强度为1.04~2.78 MPa;青贮玉米果穗剪切破坏力为585.91~938.47 N,抗剪强度为0.29~1.10 MPa。结果表明,在相同的加载速度下,秸秆的径向剪切破坏力和抗剪强度都随着取样高度的增加而减小。果穗的径向剪切破坏力和抗剪强度都随着果穗根部位置的增加而减小。在剪切部位相同时,秸秆和果穗的径向剪切破坏力及抗剪强度都随加载速度的增加而减小。     

Initial research on the use of mixed corn grain and stalk silage in broiler fattening

The suitability of a corn and cob maize silage (CCM) as a component rich in energy in the fattening ration was investigated in a growth experiment with male broilers. The CCM silage with a dry matter content of 60.2% contained the following substances determining its value (per 1 kg dry matter of the feed): 102 g crude protein, 61 g crude fibre and 682 energetic feed units for chickens (EFUc). CCM silage was either fed as a component of a feed mixture consisting of 70.5% CCM silage and 29.5% protein concentrate (all values of original substance) or both components of the ration were fed to broilers separately. The protein concentrate was composed as follows (values per kg): 650 g soybean oilmeal, 110 g fishmeal, 85 g tankage from rendering plants, 55 g torula yeast, 70 g mineral mixture and 30 g of a mixture of biologically active substances. The broilers of the control group received commercial fattening feed for broilers with coarse maize meal as cereal component. The feed mixture with CCM silage and separate CCM silage were accepted readily. When CCM silage and protein concentrate were offered alternatively, the same amount of CCM silage was consumed but 8% less protein concentrate. The broilers fed with CCM silage plus protein concentrate reached 96-97% of the live weight of the control animals (1.952 g/animal, 49th day), which received conventional feed, although their net energy intake was 10% lower. This proves a more favourable net energy expenditure for the test groups fed with CCM silage.     

宁夏地区玉米镰孢茎腐病病原菌的分离与鉴定

为明确宁夏地区玉米镰孢茎腐病病原菌的种类及优势病原菌,本研究于2020年采集宁夏地区玉米(Zea mays L.)茎腐病样品36份,对所采集样品进行组织学分离、纯化和单孢分离,参照Nelson等分类系统进行形态学鉴定,并结合镰孢菌特异性引物EF-1α进行序列分析。本研究共获得209株镰孢菌,包括禾谷镰孢复合种(Fusarium graminearum species complex)、拟轮枝镰孢(F. verticillioides)、木贼镰孢(F. equiseti)、层出镰孢(F. proliferatum)、胶孢镰孢(F. subglutinans)、半裸镰孢(F. incarnatum)、锐顶镰孢(F.acuminatum.)、黄色镰孢(F.culmorum)和燕麦镰孢(F.avenaceum),其分离频率依次为28.2%,23.9%,20.1%,8.1%,7.2%,6.7%,2.9%,1.9%和1.0%。其中,禾谷镰孢复合种在宁夏5市均有分布,且致病性强,为宁夏地区玉米镰孢茎腐病优势致病菌。     

The occurrence of Fusarium varieties and their mycotoxins in silo corn. 3. The effect of silaging on the zearalenone content of CCM corn

The influence of silaging on zearalenone already formed and on the growth of Fusarium culmorum in naturally contaminated CCM maize was studied. The zearalenone content remained approximately constant (13.35 +/- 2.94 mg/kg, n = 59) over the whole test period (12 weeks), whereas Fusarium culmorum could not longer be detected after 11 days. Thus the hypothesis that zearalenone survives the silaging process unchanged is experimentally strongly supported. The study confirms the view that zearalenone detected in maize silages is probably already formed in the field or during intermediate storing. Relations between the fermentation process and the toxin content of the silage could not be ascertained.     

超声波预处理对全株青贮玉米品质的影响

为研究超声波预处理对全株青贮玉米品质的影响,设置空白对照组、超声处理组(5、10、15、20、25 min)和乳酸菌对照组进行青贮玉米品质研究.结果表明:15 min和20 min超声处理后,全株玉米青贮饲料感官评定属于优良级.与对照组相比,超声处理后饲料的pH和氨氮比分别降低7.71％和7.82％,乳酸和乙酸含量分别...     

水氮互作对青贮玉米产量和青贮品质的影响

为探究水氮互作对青贮玉米(Zea may)产量、青贮后营养品质和发酵质量的影响,提高青贮玉米综合利用价值,以青贮玉米国审品种北农青贮368为试验材料,在田间条件下设置传统灌溉量(2 250 m3·hm?2, W1)、节水10% (2 025 m3·hm?2, W2)和节水20% (1 800 m3·hm?2, W3) 3个灌溉水平;传统施氮量(420 kg·hm?2, N1)、减氮10% (378 kg·hm?2, N2 )和减氮20% (336 kg·hm?2, N3) 3个施氮水平,对青贮玉米产量、青贮料的营养品质和发酵效果比较分析,并对相对饲用价值进行评价。结果表明：灌水量为2 025 m3·hm?2、施氮量为378 kg·hm?2 (W2N2)的组合青贮玉米干物质产量最高(22.78 t·hm?2),与传统水肥用量(W1N1)相比增产5.02%,水氮互作对青贮玉米干物质产量影响显著(P < 0.05)。青贮料经袋式青贮周年保存后, W1N1、W2N2和W2N3处理干物质损失率均低于1.0%。不同水氮处理对青贮后中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、淀粉和粗灰分含量影响显著(P < 0.05),对粗脂肪含量影响不大。经长期保存的青贮料pH稳定在4.0左右,相对饲用价值为136.04～164.35,乳酸含量为3.33%～4.34%,乙酸含量为1.63%～2.29%。节水减氮处理不同程度提高了乳酸含量,其中W2N2处理乳酸含量最高。W2N2和W3N3处理的乙酸含量显著低于其他处理(P < 0.05)。综合青贮玉米产量、干物质含量损失率和青贮品质等参数,本研究条件下理想水氮处理为W2N2,在该处理下可获得较高的产量和较好的青贮品质。     

"饲用玉米-黑麦草"草地农业系统的研究Ⅳ饲用玉米新品种生产性能比较

采用小区试验方式,在施肥水平、管理一致、同一播种密度的条件下,进行了不同饲用玉米Zea mays品种产量性能的比较研究.结果表明:在各个点不同饲用玉米品种产量差异达极显著水平(P＜0.01),3个点都是奥玉5102产量最高,其全株干物质平均产量达21 419.61 kg/hm2,且该品种品质好,植株健壮,叶片浓绿,保绿性好,株型半紧凑,是一个良好的饲用玉米品种.     

AM真菌与根瘤菌对紫花苜蓿镰刀菌萎蔫和根腐病的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,探究了丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌摩西管柄囊霉与苜蓿中华根瘤菌对紫花苜蓿尖孢镰刀菌萎蔫和根腐病的影响,以期为合理利用两类共生菌,提高苜蓿抗病性提供理论依据。试验共8个处理,分别为接种或不接种AM真菌、根瘤菌和病原菌以及两两组合。与对照相比,AM真菌降低紫花苜蓿萎蔫和根腐病发病率80.13%(P<0.05)。AM真菌和根瘤菌互作促进苜蓿养分吸收、叶绿素合成,互作处理较对照叶绿素含量(soil and plant analyzer development value,SPAD值)提高61.85%,茎叶N含量提高26.5倍、P含量提高54.3倍,紫花苜蓿茎叶干重提高23.4倍(P<0.05)。AM真菌促进了紫花苜蓿根瘤的形成,较对照根瘤数多111.73%;AM真菌与根瘤菌二者互作,进一步促进了紫花苜蓿生长、养分吸收,降低了紫花苜蓿发病率,同时显著影响紫花苜蓿根系相关生化指标。互作处理提高超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性41.05%,β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(β-1,3-glucanase)活性33.9%,茉莉酸(jasmonic acid,JA)浓度23.32%,木质素(lignin)16.92%,脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)、一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)和过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H 2O 2)浓度分别降低26.68%,9.63%和25.26%,丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量降低24.57%。综上所述,摩西管柄囊霉与苜蓿中华根瘤菌互作,可有效减轻紫花苜蓿镰刀菌萎蔫和根腐病的发生,二者具有良好的生防潜力。     

Grass silage versus maize silage effects on retail packaged beef quality

The effects of three preslaughter diets on heifer beef quality were investigated. Heifers (n = 45) were divided into three groups and fed for ad libitum consumption either maize silage, grass silage, or a 50:50 mixture of maize silage and grass silage. Meat quality was determined by measuring color, lipid oxidation, alpha-tocopherol levels, and fatty acid composition. Beef from the maize silage group had poorest color stability (P < 0.05), whereas beef from the grass silage diet had best (P < 0.05) color stability. The visual panel least preferred the maize silage group after 2 or more days of display, and lipid oxidation was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in this group compared to the 50:50 maize:grass silage and grass silage groups. There was a significant (P < 0.001) difference in the alpha-tocopherol levels detected in the meat from the three dietary groups. Alpha-tocopherol levels increased in the order: maize silage < 50:50 maize:grass silage < grass silage, at levels of 2.08, 2.95, and 3.84 microg/g meat, respectively. Fatty acid analysis indicated 18:3 was significantly (P < 0.001) lower in the maize silage-fed group than in the maize:grass silage and grass silage groups. However, 18:3 was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the grass silage group than in the other two groups. There were no significant differences in all other fatty acids among the three dietary groups. It was concluded that beef from grass silage-fed animals had better overall quality in terms of color, lipid oxidation, and alpha-tocopherol levels than beef from maize silage fed animals.     

全株玉米青贮与湿玉米芯饲喂肉牛效果对比

[目的]试验旨在研究全株玉米青贮与湿玉米芯饲喂肉牛效果对比,[方法]选择体重450 kg左右的西门塔尔杂交牛30头,随机分为2组,保证精饲料不变,分别饲喂全株玉米青贮与湿玉米芯,试验期70 d。[结果]结果表明,(1)全株玉米青贮组的日增重显著高于玉米芯组(P<0.01),比玉米芯组高出20.92%,全株玉米青贮组的料重比较玉米芯组低21.16%;(2)每头牛全株玉米青贮组的养殖效益为15.38元/d,比玉米芯组高出52.37%。[结论]综上所述,全株玉米青贮组的饲喂效果优于湿玉米芯组。     

2019年天津市全株玉米窖贮前营养品质调研

为加强青贮玉米贮前品质调控,实现全株玉米青贮品质全面提升,试验在已有青贮后品质调研的基础上开展贮前青贮玉米品质调研工作。试验采集天津市22个奶牛养殖场共55个批次的窖贮前的青贮玉米,进行粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、淀粉等营养指标分析。结果显示,天津市青贮玉米窖贮前干物质含量21.06%~43.85%、粗蛋白含量6.14%~10.09%、酸性洗涤纤维含量20.92%~30.41%、中性洗涤纤维含量34.38%~40.90%、淀粉含量18.74%~35.85%。根据国标青贮玉米品质分级,青贮玉米品质综合等级为一级和二级的占比58.18%,说明大部分牧场青贮玉米综合品质控制良好,但仍有部分奶牛养殖场在青贮玉米窖贮前品控方面有较大提升空间。     

青贮饲料中霉菌毒素的产生、毒性作用及脱毒研究进展

青贮饲料是反刍动物日粮中重要的组成部分,但青贮饲料在收获前、发酵期间及青贮完成后都会受到多种霉菌毒素污染。反刍动物摄入霉菌毒素后会对其健康和生产性能产生不利影响,并对食品安全及人类健康构成威胁。青贮饲料中优势霉菌包括镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、青霉属(Penicillium)和链格孢属(Alternaria)真菌,所产生的主要霉菌毒素包括单端孢霉烯族毒素、伏马菌素、玉米赤霉烯酮、黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、蓝酪霉菌毒素、霉酚酸和麦角生物碱等。本文将对上述毒素在青贮饲料中的产生、影响、预防和脱毒的方法进行简要综述,以期为生产优质青贮饲料提供理论支持。     

黑龙港地区晚春播青贮玉米品种的生产性能及适应性评价

在河北省黑龙港地区选择深州市护驾迟、威县赵村和沧县前营3个试验点,对14个青贮玉米品种的生育期、农艺性状、抗逆性、生物产量和饲用品质等指标进行综合评定,旨在筛选出晚春播条件下适宜和饲用小黑麦搭配种植的青贮玉米品种,为该地区"粮改饲"及草牧业发展提供技术支撑。结果表明:北农青贮2932、北农青贮208和辽单青贮625与饲用小黑麦搭配种植较好。3个品种生物产量均超过1 300kg/hm~2,一致表现为抗病、抗倒,生长期适中、叶量丰富、饲用品质优,适宜在黑龙港地区晚春播条件下和饲用小黑麦复种,形成饲用小黑麦-青贮玉米复种模式。     

攀枝花干热河谷地带青贮玉米引种试验

摘要：针对攀枝花干热河谷地带青贮玉米（Zea mays）种植面积逐年扩大、青贮玉米品种少的现状,对国内7个青贮玉米品种进行夏季和秋季品比试验。通过对供试7个青贮玉米品种的物候期、农艺性状指标、生物学产量、营养品质指标进行综合评定,筛选出适宜攀枝花干热河谷地带夏季种植的青贮玉米品种有雅玉青贮8、中原单32和YR5,适宜秋季种植的青贮玉米品种有YR5、YR12和雅玉04889。     

Identification of lactic acid bacteria in the feces of dairy cows fed whole crop maize silage to assess the survival of silage bacteria in the gut

In order to assess the survival of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in whole crop maize silage in the gut of dairy cows, one representative silage sample and three different feces samples were collected from dairy cows on three dairy farms in Hua Bei, China and three dairy farms in Kyushu, Japan. The composition of the bacterial community was examined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Lactobacillus acetotolerans was detected in all bunker‐made maize silage samples, regardless of the dairy farm or sampling region from which they were sourced. A total of eight LAB species were detected in the maize silage samples, of which three (L. acetotolerans, L. pontis and L. casei) appeared to survive digestion. The populations of L. acetotolerans in silage and feces were 10^6–7 and 10^3–4 copies/g, respectively, indicating that, even for the LAB species showing potential survival in the gut, competition in this niche may be harsh and the population may substantially decrease during the digestion process. It may be difficult for silage LAB to survive in the gut of silage‐fed dairy cows, because marked decrease in population can take place during the digestion process, even for surviving species.