济南市城市居住区外部环境空间的评价

选取尽可能全面且有代表性的指标,构建评价体系,选择各时期品质较高或获奖的济南市的18个居住小区进行实地调查问卷,然后利用层次分析法确定出各指标的权重,最后应用模糊数学方法进行评价.结果表明:所选取的18个居住区的外部空间处于一般水平;外部空间环境总体布局构成、室外场所空间的设置和各类景素小空间的构建等3个一级指标评价处于一般水平;整个济南市居住区外部环境空间是属于较差或者很差的状况.     

山区镇域山洪灾害危险评价研究

以重庆市巴南区接龙镇为研究对象,在山洪灾害孕灾环境研究基础上,选取孕灾环境、汇流累积量、暴雨强度和河网密度4个指标,构建了山洪灾害危险评价指标体系,通过层次分析法确定指标权重,采用加权综合评价法构建山洪灾害危险评价模型,基于山洪灾害风险度评价技术与G IS技术,计算得到接龙镇山洪灾害危险综合指数,并对接龙镇山洪灾害危险进行综合等级划分绘制出了山洪灾害危险分区图。结果表明：接龙镇山洪灾害危险综合指数值位于8～69之间,全镇主要处于中等危险区,占总面积的80．53％;高危险区和低危险区分别占1．43％和18．04％,未出现极高危险区。     

青海省农业科技园区创新能力评价研究

农业科技园区是农业转型升级的一块重要“试验田”。分别从创新绩效、创新水平以及创新支撑3个维度对青海省农业园区的创新能力进行评价；应用文献资料法、专家打分法、层次分析法构建青海省农业园区创新能力的评价指标体系并确定各指标权重；应用指标体系并结合青海省农业科技园区发展实际，对当前青海省农业科技园区创新能力进行评价分析。     

济南玫瑰湖湿地生物多样性评价研究

在对玫瑰湖湿地物种现状进行统计分析的基础上,建立湿地生物多样性评价指标体系与赋值标准．从物种多样性和生态系统多样性两个指标对玫瑰湖’湿地生物多样性进行了评价。玫瑰湖湿地生物多样性总评分为68．5分,结果表明玫瑰湖湿地生物多样性处于一般水平。     

基于层次分析法的木材绿色干燥模糊评价

当前绿色低碳经济已经成为时代所需，木材干燥行业也应顺应潮流。目前在木材干燥过程中，尚无评价模型对整个干燥过程的绿色化程度进行综合评价，因此，针对木材绿色干燥建立了一种综合评价模型。选取评价指标，对影响木材绿色干燥过程的指标进行分类，并采用层次分析法对影响木材绿色干燥的指标进行权重分析，最后，应用模糊综合评价的方法对木材干燥过程中的各指标进行综合评价。在建立评判矩阵时，定量指标根据实际测量值选取中间型梯形分布函数建立隶属度函数；定性指标的模糊综合评判矩阵构建由专家评判进行模糊化处理确定的隶属度来确定，最终得到木材干燥绿色化的综合评价等级。     

基于AHP及TOPSIS的装配式建筑产业链合作者选择研究

结合装配式建筑的特点，从装配式建筑产业链的角度出发，构建其产业链合作者的评价选择模型。结合文献整理分析确定产品竞争力、产业链水平、企业管理3个一级指标以及12个二级指标，首先利用AHP法来确定各个指标的权重，然后根据TOPSIS法来对各备选企业进行选择排序，从中选出最优的合作企业。最后，结合一个选择预制构件厂商的算例，发现在其他评价指标差距不大时，可用产业链水平的高低作为选择合作企业顺序的依据。     

重庆市茶园工业园区土地集约利用评价

以重庆茶园工业园区为例，选取了13个评价指标，从土地利用状况、用地效益和管理绩效3个方面构建评价指标，利用特尔斐法对园区进行了土地集约利用评价。研究结果表明：茶园工业园区土地集约利用总体利用程度较高，用地效益较好，但管理绩效偏低，在此基础上提出了一系列提高园区土地集约利用水平的建议。     

GIS在云南省松材线虫病风险评估研究中的应用

运用GIS的空间分析功能和空间建模方法对云南省松材线虫病的风险进行了分析评价．根据已有资料,筛选了寄主、病原、媒介昆虫、环境和人为干扰因素5个指标作为一级评价指标,再细划为若干个二级及三级层次指标,由专家打分评判、计算各级指标因素的权重,再通过GIS的空间分析方法对各级指标进行空间模拟,生成各个因素的专题图层,最终将各因素的图层进行空间叠加生成云南省松材线虫病风险等级图．     

基于判断矩阵的广西林果产品绿色供应链运营模式研究

在借鉴传统供应链运营模式的基础上,通过对林果产品生产和销售情况的调查,建立了林果产品绿色供应链运营模式。同时,构建了林果产品绿色供应链绩效评价指标体系,运用层次分析法—模糊综合评价法,根据各指标的判断矩阵,获得客观科学的供应链绩效评价结果,从而实现有效的供应链绩效管理。以广西桂林市砂糖橘产品为例,考虑绿色供应链运作模式中所包含的各要素,选取6个一级指标以及23个二级指标,基于判断矩阵对绿色供应链绩效评价结果进行计算,绩效评价了各项指标的得分分别为：绿色采购72.51分,绿色生产74.676分,绿色设计74.506分,绿色物流72.68分,绿色营销为71.517分,绿色消费为78.876分,砂糖橘产品绿色供应链处于较高水平。基于此,相比绿色消费,绿色营销具有更大的提升空间,可为优化林果产品绿色供应链运营模式提供参考。     

基于模糊综合评价法的城市公园游憩满意度评价

依据场动力理论和实地调研情况,构建包含5个一级指标和29个二级指标因子的城市公园游憩体验满意度评价模型,并以西安市樊川公园为例进行评价分析。采用SPSS统计分析软件对198份调查问卷的变量数据进行因子分析,以此验证评价模型的科学性。采用变异系数法确定各个指标的权重,通过模糊综合评价法评判指标得分。结果表明,公园总体满意度为2.01,满意度水平介于一般至满意之间,且偏向于满意,5个一级指标的游憩满意度从高到低为：自然环境刺激＞自我提升＞基本需求＞人文景观刺激＞匮缺补偿。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.