Nitrogen utilization efficiency variability in genotypes of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) under contrasting N supply

Abstract

Identifying genotypes of high nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) under contrasting N supply is a way of improving N economy of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea Czern &; Coss) under different soil fertility. A field experiment was conducted with 22 Indian mustard genotypes grown under normal and limited N supply conditions to investigate the genotypic variations of NUtE. The genotypes ranking to NUtE was different under normal and limited N supply, however, seven genotypes (RH 1222-28, RH 1301, RH 1117, RH 601, RH 1053, NRCDR 2, RH 1441) were identified as N-responder under normal N supply, and N-efficient under limited N supply. The lowest seed yield reduction (<20%) under limited N supply was recorded in RH 601 (15%), RH 1301 (17%), RH 1215 (17%), and DRMRIJ 31 (18%) compared to normal N supply. Among these genotypes, DRMRIJ 31 and RH 1215 were the highest seed yielder (>3.0 t/ha) under normal N supply and RH 601 (>2 t/ha) under limited N supply. The linear regression analysis showed significant and positive relationship between N uptake and seed yield. Whereas, N uptake and utilization efficiency showed negative trend and decreased with increase in N uptake beyond 120?kg N/ha under normal N supply, and 60?kg N/ha under limited N supply. NUtE was positively correlated with seed yield under both normal as well as limited N supply. These results may be used to identify the key associated traits, and to isolate target genes for developing varieties/hybrids to harness better N economy.     

Peroxynitrite scavenging activity of sinapic acid (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) isolated from Brassica juncea

Peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), formed from a reaction of superoxide and nitric oxide, is one of the most potent cytotoxic species that are known to oxidize cellular constituents including essential proteins, lipids, and DNA. In this study, the ability of sinapic acid (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid), isolated from Brassica juncea, to scavenge ONOO(-) was investigated. The data obtained show that sinapic acid can efficiently scavenge native ONOO(-) as well as ONOO(-) derived from the peroxynitrite donor 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1). Spectrophotometric analyses revealed that sinapic acid suppressed the formation of ONOO(-)-mediated tyrosine nitration through an electron donation mechanism. In further studies, sinapic acid also showed a significant ability of inhibiting nitration of bovine serum albumin and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in a dose-dependent manner. Sinapic acid decreased the LDL peroxidation induced by SIN-1-derived ONOO(-). The present study suggests that sinapic acid has an efficient ONOO(-) scavenging ability, which may well be a potent ONOO(-) oxidant scavenger for the protection of the cellular defense activity against the ONOO(-)-involved diseases.     

笋子芥和茎瘤芥生物活性物质与抗氧化能力分析

为了全面了解笋子芥和茎瘤芥的营养价值,以笋子芥和茎瘤芥为研究对象,对茎肉、茎皮和叶柄等食用部位的生物活性物质含量与抗氧化能力进行分析。结果表明,不同类型和食用部位间的生物活性物质含量与抗氧化能力存在显著差异。叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、原花青素、类黄酮、总酚和抗氧化能力均呈现叶柄茎皮茎肉的趋势,维生素C与之相反;茎瘤芥中的生物活性物质含量显著高于笋子芥,而笋子芥的抗氧化能力显著高于茎瘤芥。主成分分析表明,生物活性物质含量差异主要来自于食用部位因素,其次是类型因素。遗传方差比率分析表明,叶绿素、维生素C、原花青素和类黄酮含量和抗氧化能力的变异受食用部位的影响大于类型的影响,而类胡萝卜素和总酚则相反,此外,叶绿素和维生素C受类型×食用部位互作因素的影响较大。相关性分析表明,抗氧化能力与原花青素和类黄酮含量呈显著正相关关系,表明原花青素和类黄酮对抗氧化能力可能有较大贡献。本研究为人们日常膳食及其营养搭配提供一定依据和参考。     

印度芥菜(Brassica juncea L.)重金属耐性机理研究进展

印度芥菜可富集/忍耐Cd、Zn 等多种重金属, 是研究植物修复技术的一种模式植物。高浓度的重金属离子会改变植物的基因表达、细胞形态、细胞结构, 最终使植物生长受抑, 甚至死亡。印度芥菜高效的抗氧化系统、损伤修复系统以及对重金属的螯合、区域化可部分解除重金属的毒性, 缓解重金属离子的毒害作用。利用基因工程技术在印度芥菜中导入重金属耐性及运输相关基因可大幅度提高其重金属富集能力, 在重金属污染修复方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

Inhibitory effects of viburnum dilatatum Thunb. (gamazumi) on oxidation and hyperglycemia in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes

The fruit of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. (gamazumi) was found in a previous study to have strong radical scavenging activity. The present study investigated the antioxidative functions of gamazumi crude extract (GCE) in rats having diabetes induced by the administration of streptozotocin. In rats given water (H(2)O group), plasma levels of glucose, total cholesterol, and lipid peroxide (TBARS) and erythrocyte levels of TBARS increased with time over the experimental period of 10 weeks. These increases were inhibited in rats given GCE (GCE group). After 10 weeks, hepatic, renal, and pancreatic TBARS in the GCE group were significantly lower than those in the H(2)O group. GCE contains a high concentration of polyphenols, and it is expected that they are the active components. These results demonstrate that GCE has an inhibitory effect on the oxidative stress induced by diabetes and suggest that GCE may be useful for the prevention of diabetic complications. Furthermore, as the increase of plasma glucose and total cholesterol was inhibited in the GCE group, GCE may also have anti-hyperglycemic activity in diabetes.     

Molecular distinction and population structure of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.]

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - Rapeseed-mustard is one of the most important oilseed crops and providing a major source of edible oil in the world besides having other economic importance...     

Development of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] core collection based on agro-morphological traits

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] is a major edible oil crop of India. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research—National Bureau of Plant...     

Analysis of genetic diversity in the tuber mustard (Brassica juncea var. tumida Tsen et Lee) in the Yangtze river basin of China

In the present study, analyses of SSR molecular markers were performed to investigate the genetic diversity of 133 tuber mustard cultivars. Eighty-one pairs of SSR primers from a total of 600 in Brassica produced stable amplified bands. In addition, 810 bands were detected among the cultivars, and 724 of those were polymorphic (89.38 %). The average number of bands per locus was 10.0 with a range from 5 to 16. Shannon’s information index for each SSR locus varied from 0.52 to 3.72, with an average of 2.74. The coefficients of genetic similarity in the SSR marker patterns among the 133 cultivars ranged from 0.77 to 0.91, with an average of 0.85. The cluster analysis showed that the cultivars could be classified into six clusters when the genetic similarity was 0.83, with 90.23 % of the cultivars included in Clusters 5 and 6. Principal component analysis was carried based on the SSR data. The results showed that the first three principal components could explain the genetic variation with 85.47, 0.67, and 0.61 %, and the 133 cultivars could be divided into six clusters according to the nearest phylogenetic relationship. It was indicated that the similarity was high and the genetic diversity was narrow among the 133 mustard tuber cultivars. 360 individuals from 24 cultivars were analyzed to reveal the genetic structure and genetic diversity within cultivars. A total of 925 alleles were detected in the 24 cultivars. Estimates of the mean number of alleles ‘A’, the effective allelic number ‘A_e’, the observed heterozygosity ‘H_o’, and expected heterozygosity ‘H_e’ were 6.0, 3.6, 0.64, and 0.37, respectively. An obvious genetic deviation from Hardy–Weinberg expectation was observed both among and within cultivars and a considerable genetic variation was revealed within rather than among cultivars. It is necessary to broaden the genetic basis of the breeding germplasm in tuber mustard. Based on their geographical distributions, the tuber mustard cultivars in this study can be divided into up-Yangtze river, mid-Yangtze river, and down-Yangtze river groups. Genetic diversity was highest in mid-Yangtze river group, followed by up-Yangtze river group, and then down-Yangtze river group. It was presumed that the origin center or genetic diversity center of tuber mustard was mid-Yangtze river, and the crop was transmitted along the Yangtze river in both directions.     

Growth and antioxidant responses in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plants subjected to combined effect of gibberellic acid and salinity

The effects of salt stress on plant growth parameters, lipid peroxidation and some antioxidant enzyme activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7), glutathione reductase (GR; EC EC 1.6.4.2) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) activity] were studied in the leaves of mustard. Plants were exposed to two different concentrations of NaCl stress (100 and 150 mM) for 45 days and were sprayed with GA₃ (75 ml pot^?1, conc. 75 mg l^?1) once a week. Salt stress resulted in decrease in the growth and biomass yield of mustard but the exogenous application of GA₃ enhanced these parameters significantly. Application of GA₃ counteracted the adverse effects of NaCl salinity on relative water content, electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll (Chl) content. GA₃ was sufficient to attenuate partially the stimulatory effect of NaCl supply on proline and glycinebetaine biosynthesis. GA₃ reduced lipid peroxidation in the leaves, which was increased during salt stress. The activity of all the antioxidant enzymes was increased significantly during salt stress in mustard. The exogenous application of GA₃ decreased the enzyme activity. The results of the present study indicate that usage of GA₃ reduces the harmful effects of salinity and increases resistance to salinity in mustard plant.     

UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS/MS(n) analysis of anthocyanins, flavonol glycosides, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives in red mustard greens (Brassica juncea Coss variety)

An UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS/MS(n) profiling method was used for a comprehensive study of the phenolic components of red mustard greens ( Brassica juncea Coss variety) and identified 67 anthocyanins, 102 flavonol glycosides, and 40 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. The glycosylation patterns of the flavonoids were assigned on the basis of direct comparison of the parent flavonoid glycosides with reference compounds. The putative identifications were obtained from tandem mass data analysis and confirmed by the retention time, elution order, and UV-vis and high-resolution mass spectra. Further identifications were made by comparing the UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS/MS(n) data with those of reference compounds in the polyphenol database and in the literature. Twenty-seven acylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-diglucosides, 24 acylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucosides, 3 acylated cyanidin triglucoside-5-glucosides, 37 flavonol glycosides, and 10 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were detected for the first time in brassica vegetables. At least 50 of them are reported for the first time in any plant materials.     

Use of near-infrared spectroscopy for screening the individual and total glucosinolate contents in Indian mustard seed (Brassica juncea L. Czern. & Coss.)

The potential of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for screening the sinigrin, gluconapin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, and total glucosinolate contents of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern. & Coss.) seed was assessed. Intact seed samples of this species were analyzed by NIRS and their reference values regressed against different spectral transformations by modified partial least-squares (MPLS) regression. The coefficients of determination (r (2)) for sinigrin, gluconapin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, and total glucosinolate contents were, respectively, 0.86, 0.95, 0.33, and 0.82. The standard deviation to standard error of prediction (SEP) ratio, and SEP to standard error of laboratory ratio were for these constituents as follows: sinigrin, 2.59 and 2.70; gluconapin, 4.16 and 2.08; 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, 1.18 and 1.40; and total glucosinolates, 2.18 and 1.60. By comparison of commercial sinigrin spectrum with the first MPLS loadings of the sinigrin equation, it can be concluded that the molecule of sinigrin has a specific signal in the seed spectrum of Brassica.     

Antioxidant effects of phlorotannins isolated from Ishige okamurae in free radical mediated oxidative systems

Three phlorotannins, including phloroglucinol, diphlorethohydroxycarmalol, and 6,6'-bieckol, were isolated from Ishige okamurae by column chromatography. The structures of the phlorotannins were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including NMR and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques. Antioxidant effects of phlorotannins were measured by direct free radical scavenging activities using the electron spin resonance spectrometry (ESR) technique and cellular systems in vitro. The results indicated that diphlorethohydroxycarmalol and 6,6'-bieckol showed potential radical scavenging activities against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, alkyl, and superoxide radicals. Moreover, no cytotoxicities of the phlorotannins on human fetal lung fibroblasts cell line (MRC-5), mouse macrophages cell line (RAW264.7), and human leukemic cell line (HL-60) were observed. In addition, diphlorethohydroxycarmalol and 6,6'-bieckol significantly reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species level assessed by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay in RAW264.7 cells, and myeloperoxide (MPO) activity in HL-60 cells and radical-mediated oxidation of cell membrane proteins in RAW264.7 cells were dose-dependently inhibited in the presence of diphlorethohydroxycarmalol and 6,6'-bieckol. In conclusion, these results suggested that phlorotannins could be used as novel functional foodstuffs or antioxidants in the cosmetic and drug industries.     

Conformation of Napin (Brassica juncea) in salts and monohydric alcohols: contribution of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions

Napin from mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is a seed storage protein consisting of two subunits linked through disulfide bonds and is predominantly helical in nature. Resistance to trypsin digestion and allergenicity limit its food applications. The role of disulfide linkages, electrostatic as well as hydrophobic interactions, in napin stability have been investigated through spectroscopic methods, employing different fluorescent probes and additives. The subunits are hydrophilic in nature and possess extended structure. With the addition of 0.5 M NaCl, the surface hydrophobicity of napin decreases, whereas the helical content increases by 25%. In the presence of NaCl, emission maximum shifts toward shorter wavelength and the Stern-Volmer constant decreases from 6.5 to 3.4 M-1, indicating compaction of napin. Na2SO4 has no significant effect on the structure due to the lack of a hydrophobic core. In the presence of monohydric alcohols and trifluoroethanol, there is an increase in ordered structure. These studies indicate that the structure of napin, which is hydrophilic in nature, is stabilized by electrostatic interactions, in addition to disulfide linkages.     

Antioxidant and membrane effects of procyanidin dimers and trimers isolated from peanut and cocoa

The antioxidant and membrane effects of dimer (Dim) and trimer (Trim) procyanidins isolated from cocoa (Theobroma cacao) (B- and C-bonded) and peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) skin (A-bonded) were evaluated in phosphatidyl choline liposomes. When liposomes were oxidized with a steady source of oxidants, the above dimers and trimers inhibited to a similar extent lipid oxidation in a concentration (0.33-5 microM)-dependent manner. With respect to membrane effects, Dim A1, Dim B, Trim A, and Trim C increased (Dim A1 = Dim B and Trim A = Trim C), while Dim A2 decreased, membrane surface potential. All of the procyanidins tested decreased membrane fluidity as determined by fluorescent probes at the water-lipid interface, an effect that extended into the hydrophobic region of the bilayer. Both dimers and trimers protected the lipid bilayer from disruption by Triton X-100. The magnitude of the protection was Dim A1 > Dim A2 > Dim B and Trim C > Trim A. Thus, dimers and trimers can interact with membrane phospholipids, presumably with their polar headgroup. As a consequence of this interaction, they can provide protection against the attack of oxidants and other molecules that challenge the integrity of the bilayer.     

榨菜瘤状茎膨大相关基因orf451的克隆及其表达分析

为了更好地了解榨菜(Brassica juncea var.tumida)瘤状茎膨大的分子机制,以榨菜不同发育时期的瘤状茎为材料,分离到一个c DNA-AFLP差异片段,利用c DNA末端快速扩增(rapid amplification of c DNA ends,RACE)技术克隆了包含有该差异片段的基因的c DNA全长(命名为orf451,Gen Bank登录号:KM213220),并对其序列及编码的蛋白质进行分析。结果表明,orf451的c DNA全长1 512 bp,最大开放阅读框为1 356 bp,与编码多聚半乳糖醛酸酶/糖苷水解酶的基因有很高的相似性(90%),其编码的蛋白具备多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(果胶裂解酶)和糖苷水解酶的功能域。利用实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)技术对orf451的时空表达进行分析,发现在榨菜瘤状茎形成初期orf451在表皮和外皮层表达量最高,推测orf451参与了榨菜瘤状茎膨大过程中表皮与外皮层多聚糖的水解。本研究为阐明瘤状茎生长发育调控机制提供理论依据。     

Production potential and competitive indices of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) based intercropping with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.) under different row ratios of eastern Uttar Pradesh

A field experiment was conducted during the (rabi) seasons of 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 at the research farm, Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, to find out the suitable row ratio of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) intercropping with wheat (1:9, 2:9, 1:6, 2:6) and lentil (1:4, 1:5, 2:4, 2:5) row ratios, respectively. The highest yield attributes of mustard were recorded with mustard + lentil (2:5), which was significantly superior to mustard + wheat (1:9) and mustard + lentil (1:5). Maximum seed yield and stover yield of mustard was recorded with mustard + lentil (2:4), which was being significant over other row ratios of mustard + wheat (1:6, 1:9, 2:9) but was at par with mustard + lentil (1:5) and mustard + wheat (2:6) row ratios. Mustard equivalent yield (3128 kg ha^?1) recorded under intercropping of mustard with wheat in 1:9 row ratio was significantly higher than sole cropping of mustard, wheat, and lentil, and other remaining intercropping systems. Intercropping of mustard with wheat in 1:9 row ratio showed the highest land equivalent ratio (1.51), aggressivity index (+0.15), net return (60,468 Rs ha^?1), and benefit:cost ratio (4.3) among all other intercropping treatments.     

Antioxidant effects of chromium supplementation with type 2 diabetes mellitus and euglycemic subjects

To determine the effects of chromium (Cr) supplementations on oxidative stress of type 2 diabetes and euglycemic (EU) subjects, adult having HbA(1C) values of <6.0% (EU), 6.8-8.5% (mildly hyperglycemic, MH), and >8.5% (severely hyperglycemic, SH) were supplemented for 6 months with 1000 microg/day of Cr (as Cr yeast) or with a placebo. In the beginning, the levels of the plasma Cr in the MH and SH groups were 25-30% lower than those of the EU subjects. The values of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total antioxidative status (TAS) of the MH and SH groups were significantly higher than those of the EU ones. Following supplementations, the levels of plasma TBARS in the Cr groups of MH and SH groups were significantly decreased (the inverse was found in the EU) and showed no significant changes in the placebo group. The levels of plasma TAS in the Cr groups of EU and MH were significantly decreased (the inverse was found in the SH) and showed no significant changes in the placebo group. No significant difference was found in the antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase) activities during supplementations. These data suggest that Cr supplementation was an effective treatment strategy to minimize increased oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients whose HbA(1C) level was >8.5%, and the Cr in EU groups might act as a prooxidant.     

Genotypic diversity and patterns of variation in a germplasm material of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun)

The amphidiploid species Brassica carinata A. Braun is believed to have originated in the plateaus of Ethiopia and has been cultivated there as an oilseed crop since antiquity. The species possesses agronomically important genes of rare occurrence. Although there is a large number of collections in Ethiopia, information on the extent of their genetic diversity is very limited. Thirty-six accessions of ecologically diverse regions were tested at three locations and multivariate analyses on 13 morphological and seed characters were performed. There was generally a large amount of divergence in all characters. Geographic isolation of genes, however, was not observed. Both principal component and cluster analyses disclosed complex relationships among the accessions and characters. Accessions with potential genes of interest to improve earliness, yield components and oil and protein contents have been identified. Length of growing period and yield components contributed most for divergence and clustering pattern. Oil, glucosinolate and protein contents also varied among the accessions but not so much between clusters. Increasing protein in high-glucosinolate genotypes reduced oil content and should be more efficient in genotypes of low-glucosinolate genetic background.