LPS与ATP共同诱导巨噬细胞中NLRP3炎症小体的激活

【目的】以脂多糖(LPS)为刺激源,探索小鼠巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)中NOD样受体家族pyrin结构域蛋白3(NLRP3)炎性小体激活的响应机制。【方法】试验分为对照组、LPS组、LPS与ATP共同刺激组。ELISA检测NLRP3源性白介素-1β(IL-1β)表达情况;RT-PCR检测NLRP3、Caspase-1、白介素-1β(IL-1β)的转录水平;ELISA检测LPS与NLRP3其他激动剂(MSU、CPPD、SiO2、Alum)共同作用后IL-1β的表达以及PI染色检测细胞焦亡。【结果】与对照组相比,LPS刺激组对IL-1β的表达无显著影响,LPS/ATP共同刺激组IL-1β的表达显著升高;LPS/ATP刺激组NLRP3、Caspase-1、IL-1βmRNA的表达显著升高且LPS/ATP刺激组发生明显的细胞焦亡。【结论】LPS与ATP共同作用能够显著提高NLRP3、Caspase-1、IL-1β的表达,说明LPS对NLRP3炎性小体的激活是LPS与ATP共同作用实现的。     

急性热应激对鹅组织中NLRP3炎性小体基因表达的影响

本试验旨在研究NLRP3炎性小体在鹅热应激损伤中的作用.将27只雏鹅分为A、B和C 3组,对照组A组环境温度设为25 ℃,热应激组B组和C组分别在38 ℃和40 ℃环境下热处理1 h.采集各组雏鹅的脑、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、空肠等组织,将A组和C组的组织制作切片进行病理学观察,并提取各组所有组织的RNA、反转录后通过荧光定量PCR法对NLRP3信号途径相关基因及下游炎症因子表达水平进行检测,并对A、B、C各组雏鹅静脉采血,用ELISA对血清中IL-1β的含量进行检测.组织切片结果显示,40 ℃热应激组的肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、空肠等组织出现明显的显微结构损伤和炎症细胞聚集增多.荧光定量结果显示热应激促进了HSP70和HSP90基因的表达,38 ℃热应激组NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1在脾中表达水平显著高于对照组（P<0.05),IL-1β在肺组织中的表达量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),血清中IL-1β的含量也显著升高(P<0.05).试验表明热应激导致雏鹅组织炎症的发生,NLRP3炎性小体可能参与热应激处理导致的脾脏和肺脏的炎症损伤过程.     

Structure of an extracellular gp130 cytokine receptor signaling complex

The activation of gp130, a shared signal-transducing receptor for a family of cytokines, is initiated by recognition of ligand followed by oligomerization into a higher order signaling complex. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a functional homolog of human interleukin-6 (IL-6) that activates human gp130. In the 2.4 angstrom crystal structure of the extracellular signaling assembly between viral IL-6 and human gp130, two complexes are cross-linked into a tetramer through direct interactions between the immunoglobulin domain of gp130 and site III of viral IL-6, which is necessary for receptor activation. Unlike human IL-6 (which uses many hydrophilic residues), the viral cytokine largely uses hydrophobic amino acids to contact gp130, which enhances the complementarity of the viral IL-6-gp130 binding interfaces. The cross-reactivity of gp130 is apparently due to a chemical plasticity evident in the amphipathic gp130 cytokine-binding sites.     

鲤鱼白细胞介素-1β全长cDNA的克隆·鉴定及其差异表达分析（摘要）（英文）

[目的]进行鲤鱼白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）全长cDNA的克隆、鉴定及其差异表达分析。[方法]利用DD-RTPCR方法获得差异表达cDNA片段,对有丝分裂原刺激的鲤鱼外周血白细胞cDNA文库进行筛选,克隆了鲤鱼IL-1β的全长cDNA,并进行了序列分析和差异表达分析。[结果]获得的阳性克隆含有1个大小为831bp编码276个氨基酸的完整开放阅读框。聚类分析表明,鲤鱼IL-1β氨基酸序列与日本鲤鱼紧密聚为一支,氨基酸序列的同源性达95%,之后聚类顺序依次为鲫鱼、斑马鱼、猪、牛、马、人和小鼠。差异表达分析表明,经有丝分裂原刺激后前期（2h）白细胞中IL-1β的表达量显著增大,但随着时间推移（12,24h）并非一直较同期大,表达量总体趋势成峰形。[结论]为进一步研究IL-1β在体内的表达方式、功能特点和调控机理以及在炎症反应、应急反应和免疫应答的作用机制奠定了基础。     

三种炎症因子在致炎大鼠乳腺组织中的表达

为探明在酯多糖（LPS）致炎的大鼠乳腺中,黏附因子-1（ICAM-1）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白介素-1β（IL-1β）表达分布的变化。取产后5 d乳房注射LPS致炎大鼠的乳腺组织,及LPS致伤的体外培养大鼠乳腺MVECs（Microvascular Endothelial Cells）,采用免疫组化方法检测ICAM-1、TNF-α和IL-1β的表达。结果表明：LPS处理大鼠乳腺后4~24 h内,乳腺组织切片试验和体外培养大鼠乳腺微血管内皮细胞（Rat MammaryMicrovascular Enclothelial Cells,RMMVECs）试验中ICAM-1和IL-1β的表达逐渐增强,TNF-α在乳腺组织切片试验中6 h表达显著增强,之后则逐渐减弱。在体外培养RMMVECs中-α表达逐渐增强。表达部位主要在乳腺上皮细胞和血管内皮细胞,IL-1β在腺泡腔中的白细胞中也有表达。由此可见,LPS处理大鼠乳腺后ICAM-1、TNF-α和IL-1β这三种细胞因子均参与了乳腺炎症过程中的免疫反应。     

脂多糖对猪肺泡巨噬细胞分泌IL-1β及TNF-α的影响

研究了脂多糖的浓度、刺激时间对猪肺泡巨噬细胞分泌IL-1β、TNF-α的影响。分别用不同浓度的脂多糖和不同的刺激时间处理猪肺泡巨噬细胞,收集细胞,提取RNA,用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测IL-1β、TNF-αmRNA表达水平;同时收集培养上清,用ELISA检测试剂盒检测IL-1β、TNF-α蛋白表达水平。结果表明,脂多糖浓度(1~1000ng/mL)对IL-1β、TNF-α影响显著(P<0.05);刺激时间(1~24h)对IL-1β、TNF-α影响显著(P<0.05),且蛋白的表达水平迟于mRNA的表达水平。脂多糖诱导猪肺泡巨噬细胞分泌IL-1β、TNF-α具有剂量、时间依赖性。     

苦参碱对H9N2 AIV感染小鼠NLRP3炎性体信号通路的影响

【目的】流感病毒感染引发机体的炎症反应及免疫稳态失衡，由此产生的细胞因子风暴（CS）是引起感染宿主死亡的主要原因。通过探究苦参碱对H9N2 AIV感染小鼠的保护作用及其调节NLRP3炎性体信号通路的特点及作用机制，可进一步完善中药抗病毒的理论依据，为新型抗病毒药物的研发奠定基础。【方法】72只8周龄BALB/c小鼠随机分为空白组（0.1 mL无菌鸡胚尿囊液）、病毒组（0.1 mL 4×10⁵PFU/mLH9N2 AIV）、金刚烷胺组（0.1 mL 4×10⁵PFU/mLH9N2 AIV+100×10^-6 99%金刚烷胺）、苦参碱高浓度治疗组（0.1 mL 4×10⁵PFU/mLH9N2 AIV+40 mL·kg^-1苦参碱）、中浓度治疗组（0.1 mL 4×10⁵PFU/mLH9N2 AIV+20 mL·kg^-1苦参碱）和低浓度治疗组（0.1 mL 4×10⁵PFU/mLH9N2 AIV+10 mL·kg^-1苦参碱），每组12只，含病毒鸡胚尿囊液滴鼻构建小鼠病毒性肺炎模型，灌服或饮水给药治疗连续5 d，试验共进行7 d，观察不同组小鼠的体重变化。在第1、3、5、7天分别取3只小鼠无菌采血并处死，取小鼠肺组织进行病理组织学观察，RT-PCR检测小鼠肺组织中H9N2 NA、NLRP3 NLR基因表达情况，Western Blot检测苦参碱治疗后H9N2感染小鼠肺组织NLRP3炎性体信号通路相关蛋白表达量的变化，小鼠血清用ELISA法测定细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-10表达量的变化。【结果】与病毒组相比，苦参碱高浓度治疗组病理组织学观察中H9N2 AIV感染小鼠肺部水肿的区域明显减少，红细胞渗出减少，炎性细胞数量减少，效果接近金刚烷胺组。7 d时苦参碱高浓度治疗组小鼠肺泡壁完好，肺泡之间分界清楚，肺组织内炎性细胞、浆细胞数量大量减少，与空白组无异;苦参碱中浓度治疗组肺组织少量出血，肺泡内无渗出液，肺泡间隔完好;苦参碱低浓度治疗组可见肺泡内红细胞渗出，大量浆细胞募集，肺泡之间出现融合现象。经过苦参碱和金刚烷胺治疗的各组小鼠肺组织中H9N2病毒基因表达量在3、5和7 d极显著降低（P<0.01）。经治疗3、5 d时，苦参碱高浓度治疗组和金刚烷胺组的NLRP3基因和蛋白表达量、TNF-α、IL-1β蛋白表达量极显著降低（P<0.01）;7 d时，苦参碱高、中、低治疗组小鼠肺组织中NLRP3基因表达量极显著降低（P<0.01）;5 d时苦参碱低浓度治疗组NLRP3蛋白、Caspase-1蛋白和中浓度组Caspase-1蛋白表达量显著降低（P<0.05）;3 d、5 d时苦参碱中、低浓度治疗组TNF-α和IL-1β蛋白表达量极显著降低（P<0.01），苦参碱中浓度治疗组IL-10表达量极显著降低。【结论】苦参碱可在体内抑制H9N2 AIV的表达，通过下调NLRP3炎性体信号通路相关蛋白，下调TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-10的表达，减轻炎症反应，有良好的抗病毒、抗炎作用。     

鲤鱼白细胞介素-1β全长cDNA的克隆·鉴定及其差异表达分析

[目的]进行鲤鱼白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）全长cDNA的克隆、鉴定及其差异表达分析。[方法]利用DD-RTPCR方法获得差异表达cDNA片段,对有丝分裂原刺激的鲤鱼外周血白细胞cDNA文库进行筛选,克隆了鲤鱼IL-1β的全长cDNA,并进行了序列分析和差异表达分析。[结果]获得的阳性克隆含有1个大小为831 bp编码276个氨基酸的完整开放阅读框。聚类分析表明,鲤鱼IL-1β氨基酸序列与日本鲤鱼紧密聚为一支,氨基酸序列的同源性达95%,之后聚类顺序依次为鲫鱼、斑马鱼、猪、牛、马、人和小鼠。差异表达分析表明,经有丝分裂原刺激后前期（4 h）白细胞中IL-1β的表达量显著增大,但随着时间推移（12,24 h）并非一直较同期大,表达量总体趋势成峰形。[结论]为进一步研究IL-1β在体内的表达方式、功能特点和调控机理以及在炎症反应、应急反应和免疫应答的作用机制奠定了基础。     

GBP5 promotes NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and immunity in mammals

Inflammasomes are sensory complexes that alert the immune system to the presence of infection or tissue damage. These complexes assemble NLR (nucleotide binding and oligomerization, leucine-rich repeat) or ALR (absent in melanoma 2-like receptor) proteins to activate caspase-1 cleavage and interleukin (IL)-1β/IL-18 secretion. Here, we identified a non-NLR/ALR human protein that stimulates inflammasome assembly: guanylate binding protein 5 (GBP5). GBP5 promoted selective NLRP3 inflammasome responses to pathogenic bacteria and soluble but not crystalline inflammasome priming agents. Generation of Gbp5(-/-) mice revealed pronounced caspase-1 and IL-1β/IL-18 cleavage defects in vitro and impaired host defense and Nlrp3-dependent inflammatory responses in vivo. Thus, GBP5 serves as a unique rheostat for NLRP3 inflammasome activation and extends our understanding of the inflammasome complex beyond its core machinery.     

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus fusion-entry receptor: cystine transporter xCT

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, human herpesvirus 8) is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma and other lymphoproliferative syndromes often associated with HIV/AIDS. Functional complementary DNA selection for a receptor mediating KSHV cell fusion identified xCT, the 12-transmembrane light chain of the human cystine/glutamate exchange transporter system x-c. Expression of recombinant xCT rendered otherwise not susceptible target cells permissive for both KSHV cell fusion and virion entry. Antibodies against xCT blocked KSHV fusion and entry with naturally permissive target cells. KSHV target cell permissiveness correlated closely with endogenous expression of xCT messenger RNA and protein in diverse human and nonhuman cell types.     

Selective elimination of HIV-1-infected cells with an interleukin-2 receptor-specific cytotoxin

Infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is associated with cellular activation and expression of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor. A genetically engineered fusion toxin, DAB486 IL-2, that contains the enzymatic site and translocation domain of diphtheria toxin and the receptor binding domain of IL-2 specifically kills cells that express high-affinity IL-2 receptors. This toxin selectively eliminated the HIV-1-infected cells from mixed cultures of infected and uninfected cells and inhibited production of viral proteins and infectious virus. Thus, cellular activation antigens present a target for early antiviral intervention.     

Expression of Inflammatory Factors in Bovine Reproductive Tract During Follicular and Luteal Phases

In order to improve reproduvtive efficieny and understand reproduvtive defense mechanism, the oviduct, uterine horn and uterine body of bovine were used to detect the changes of inflammatory factors and the relationship between estrogen and progesterone receptor protein during estrous cycle by real-time PCR and Elisa method. The results showed that interleukin-4(IL-4), interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-10(IL-10), interleukin-1α(IL-1α) and interleukin-1β(IL-1β) were expressed in cow oviduct, uterine horn and uterine body. In the follicular phase and the luteal phase, m RNA expression of five inflammatory factors in the uterine horn and uterine body was higher than that in the oviduct. In the follicular phase, IL-10 was highly expressed in the uterine horn and uterine body, IL-4 was highly expressed in the uterine horn, uterine body and oviduct. Additionally, in the luteal phase, IL-6 and IL-1β were highly expressed in the uterine horn, uterine body and oviduct, and the highest expression of IL-1β was observed in the uterine horn. The levels of Estrogen Receptor(ERα) protein in the oviduct, uterine horn and uterine body significantly increased in the follicular phase. The levels of Progesterone Receptor(PR) protein in the same portions of the reproductive tract in the luteal phase were significantly higher than those in the follicular phase. IL-4 and IL-10 in the cow reproductive tract might play a major role in the follicular phase, while IL-6 and IL-1β might play a major role in the luteal phase. The expression of five inflammatory factors was not directly regulated by ERα and PR.     

鼠李糖乳杆菌对巨噬细胞先天性免疫应答的调节作用

【目的】通过测定先天性免疫效应因子分泌水平的变化,研究鼠李糖乳杆菌（Lactobacillus rhamnosus）体外对巨噬细胞先天性免疫应答调节的影响。【方法】将培养好的鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264.7细胞分为4组,分别用PBS（CT组,对照组）、Escherichia coli K88（EC组）和Lactobacillus rhamnosus（LR组）处理12 h,以及先用Lactobacillus rhamnosus预处理1 h,再用Escherichia coli K88处理12 h（LR-EC组）。试验结束时,收集各组的细胞培养液,用ELISA检测TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-12、IL-8、IL-10,以及PGE2和 的含量。【结果】结果表明,CT组（对照组）可产生TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-8和IL-10,几乎不产生IL-1β、IL-6和IL-12。与对照组相比,EC组TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-8、IL-10及PGE2和 含量均极显著提高（P＜0.01）,且可大量产生IL-1β、IL-6和IL-12;LR组TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-10及PGE2和 也极显著提高（P＜0.01）,IL-8显著增加（P＜0.05）,同样不产生IL-1β和IL-6,但可产生微量的IL-12（P＜0.01）;LR-EC组所有的促炎细胞因子（TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-12）、趋化因子IL-8和PGE2均极显著高于EC组（P＜0.01）,但IL-10和 含量都显著低于EC组（P＜0.01）。【结论】在体外试验条件下,鼠李糖乳杆菌作为益生菌对生理状态下巨噬细胞先天性免疫应答的刺激作用远低于病原菌,不会产生炎症反应,但可极大增强受感染巨噬细胞的促炎免疫应答水平,且可能具有避免过度炎症反应的作用。     

Herpesviral protein networks and their interaction with the human proteome

The comprehensive yeast two-hybrid analysis of intraviral protein interactions in two members of the herpesvirus family, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), revealed 123 and 173 interactions, respectively. Viral protein interaction networks resemble single, highly coupled modules, whereas cellular networks are organized in separate functional submodules. Predicted and experimentally verified interactions between KSHV and human proteins were used to connect the viral interactome into a prototypical human interactome and to simulate infection. The analysis of the combined system showed that the viral network adopts cellular network features and that protein networks of herpesviruses and possibly other intracellular pathogens have distinguishing topologies.     

重组人神经生长因子β腺病毒的构建及鉴定

[目的]克隆带有His标签的人神经生长因子β基因(human nerve growth factor beta,hNGF"β),并构建hNGF"β与EGFP基因复制缺陷型腺病毒载体,为hNGF蛋白的表达、纯化及对其进行神经损伤的应用研究奠定基础。[方法]用Trizol试剂提取人胎肝总RNA,应用RT-PCR方法以自行设计的带有His标签的引物来扩增NGF"β基因;将所扩增的NGF"β基因经酶切、纯化,与IRES-EGFP片段共同插入到Pshuttle-cmv载体中,测序后,利用基因同源重组技术构建hNGF基因的复制缺陷型腺病毒载体AdNGF"β,经鉴定,转染HEK293细胞,观察EGFP表达并检测重组腺病毒的病毒滴度。[结果]克隆的hNGF基因序列与GenBank中的hNGF基因序列完全一致并在3′端携带上His标签;重组腺病毒载体AdNGF-β经PacⅠ酶切得到大于23.0和4.5或2.9kb大小的2个片段,表明同源重组成功。2种重组腺病毒经脂质体介导转染293细胞后,均可观察到绿色荧光蛋白。收获病毒并测定感染滴度分别为1.00×109和0.99×109pfu/ml。[结论]克隆了带有His标签的hNGF"β基因,并成功构建了重组腺病毒载体,为hNGF蛋白的表达、纯化及对其进行神经损伤研究奠定基础。     

Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response

In innate immune responses, activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) triggers direct antimicrobial activity against intracellular bacteria, which in murine, but not human, monocytes and macrophages is mediated principally by nitric oxide. We report here that TLR activation of human macrophages up-regulated expression of the vitamin D receptor and the vitamin D-1-hydroxylase genes, leading to induction of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin and killing of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We also observed that sera from African-American individuals, known to have increased susceptibility to tuberculosis, had low 25-hydroxyvitamin D and were inefficient in supporting cathelicidin messenger RNA induction. These data support a link between TLRs and vitamin D-mediated innate immunity and suggest that differences in ability of human populations to produce vitamin D may contribute to susceptibility to microbial infection.     

公鸡生殖器官组织结构及其IL-1β和IL-6在生殖器官中的定位

【目的】IL-1β和IL-6在公鸡生殖器官免疫保护中发挥着重要的作用,研究拟揭示公鸡生殖器官的组织构造,以及定位IL-1β和IL-6在其生殖器官中的表达部位。【方法】通过苏木精-伊红染色方法,制作正常生理状态下公鸡生殖器官切片,观察公鸡生殖器官的组织构造以及生殖管道上皮细胞变化规律;同时采用免疫组化定位IL-1β和IL-6在生殖器官的部位。【结果】实验表明,附睾中的管道在公鸡生殖管道中占有很大比例,且生殖管道的上皮细胞的变化特征与其输送精液高度适应;IL-1β和IL-6主要定位于附睾近端输出管上,且IL-1β主要定位于短皱褶的近端输出管,IL-6主要定位于长皱褶的近端输出管上。【结论】结果表明附睾的输出管,尤其是近端可能是清除生殖道中的异常精子、脱落细胞等异物的主要部位。     

脑心肌炎病毒VP1蛋白抑制Ⅰ型IFN信号通路和促进病毒体外增殖

脑心肌炎病毒是一种重要的人畜共患病病原,为了初步研究EMCV介导的天然免疫反应的分子机制,将VP1蛋白克隆至真核表达载体pCMV-HA,转染HEK293细胞后,使其在细胞内过表达,通过ELISA和实时荧光定量PCR检测VP1过表达对IFN-β表达和RLRs信号通路相关因子,以及下游刺激基因表达的影响。结果表明,VP1蛋白可显著抑制IFN-β的表达。进一步研究发现,VP1可显著抑制EMCV引起的RLRs信号通路相关因子mRNA水平(P<0.01),并且随着VP1的表达,MAVS蛋白的表达明显减少,但对MDA5表达无影响。实验数据初步表明,VP1蛋白可以通过抑制MAVS的表达,进而抑制Ⅰ型IFN基因的表达并阻断其下游信号通路发挥作用。     

Eta-1 (osteopontin): an early component of type-1 (cell-mediated) immunity

Cell-mediated (type-1) immunity is necessary for immune protection against most intracellular pathogens and, when excessive, can mediate organ-specific autoimmune destruction. Mice deficient in Eta-1 (also called osteopontin) gene expression have severely impaired type-1 immunity to viral infection [herpes simplex virus-type 1 (KOS strain)] and bacterial infection (Listeria monocytogenes) and do not develop sarcoid-type granulomas. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon-gamma production is diminished, and IL-10 production is increased. A phosphorylation-dependent interaction between the amino-terminal portion of Eta-1 and its integrin receptor stimulated IL-12 expression, whereas a phosphorylation-independent interaction with CD44 inhibited IL-10 expression. These findings identify Eta-1 as a key cytokine that sets the stage for efficient type-1 immune responses through differential regulation of macrophage IL-12 and IL-10 cytokine expression.     

口疮病毒O2O基因的克隆、表达及多抗制备

羊口疮是由口疮病毒(orf virus,ORFV)引起的接触性、嗜上皮性的传染病.O2O基因是该病毒重要的酶活力调节蛋白.根据GenBank中O2O基因的序列设计引物,从ORFV-F10株感染的病料中提取DNA,PCR扩增获得目的基因.然后将其亚克隆至pET-32a(+)原核表达载体,构建重组表达质粒pET-32a-ORF-020.鉴定正确后转化BL21感受态细胞,进行IPTG诱导表达.表达产物进行SDS-PAGE和Western-blot分析.最后将纯化的020蛋白免疫BALB/c雌鼠,制备多抗血清.SDS-PAGE结果表明,ORFV O2O基因在体外获得正确表达,大小约37 kDa.Western-blot结果表明,制备的多抗血清能够与O2O蛋白发生特异性反应具有良好的反应原性.