Protective effect of reduced glutathione on the respiratory muscle injury induced by acute omethoate poisoning

The aim of this work was to investigate whether reduced glutathione (GSH) could protect rats from the respiratory muscle injury induced by omethoate. Three groups named as control, OM (omethoate poisoning) and OM + GSH (omethoate poisoning treated with GSH) were arranged. The cholinesterase (ChE) activity was assayed and the pathological observation of respiratory muscles was carried out. Furthermore, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and the free organophosphate (FOP) remained in the respiratory muscles were measured. The results indicated that ChE activity was significantly inhibited by omethoate and not be changed by GSH. GSH could attenuate the respiratory muscle injury after omethoate poisoning. No changes of SOD, GPx, CAT and FOP were found after GSH was given. The findings suggested that GSH could protect the respiratory muscle against injury induced by omethoate, which was not the result of GSH to reactivate ChE or regulate the antioxidant enzymes.     

氧乐果和吡虫啉对小麦过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶及过氧化氢酶活性的影响

为明确常用杀虫剂对小麦抗氧化性的影响,研究了小麦幼苗期用不同浓度氧乐果和吡虫啉的营养液处理后144 h内对其过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。结果表明:用400、800和1 600 mg/L的氧乐果处理小麦幼苗后24 h,POD活性均显著降低;1 600 mg/L的氧乐果处理后6 h,其CAT活性比对照降低了32.9%;各浓度氧乐果处理后144 h,GR活性均显著降低。而用25、50和100 mg/L的吡虫啉处理小麦幼苗后144 h内,只有50 mg/L处理组在12 h时的POD活性比对照升高了65.0%。杀虫剂对小麦幼苗中3种抗氧化酶活性的影响不仅与药剂种类有关,还具有一定的剂量效应与时间效应。     

Comparison of the effect of Roundup Ultra 360 SL pesticide and its active compound glyphosate on human erythrocytes

The effects of exposure of human erythrocytes to different concentrations of Roundup Ultra 360 SL and its active compound glyphosate were studied. We studied hemolysis after 1, 5, and 24 h incubation; lipid peroxidation, hemoglobin oxidation, the level of reduced glutathione, and the activity of catalase after 1 h. Human erythrocytes were incubated with 100-1500 ppm (100 μg/ml erythrocytes at 5% hematocrite) Roundup Ultra 360 SL and glyphosate. We have found that after 1 h of incubation only Roundup Ultra 360 SL increased the level of methemoglobin, products of lipid peroxidation at 500 ppm and hemolysis at 1500 ppm [Curr. Top. Biophys. 26 (2002) 245], while its active compound glyphosate increased the level of methemoglobin and the level of lipid peroxidation at much higher dose—1000 ppm. At the same time hemolysis was observed to only at the highest dose of glyphosate (1500 ppm) and the longest time of incubation (24 h). Both Roundup Ultra 360 SL and glyphosate did not cause statistically significant changes in the level of GSH, but increased the activity of catalase. Roundup Ultra 360 SL provokes more changes in the function of erythrocytes than its active substance glyphosate, which is probably a result of the properties of additives. Taking into account the limited accumulation of Roundup Ultra 360 SL and glyphosate in the organism as well as the fact that the threshold doses which caused changes in erythrocytes for Roundup Ultra 360 SL were only 500 and 1000 ppm for glyphosate, one may conclude that this pesticide is safe towards human erythrocytes.     

The effect of temperature on glutathione S-transferase activity and glutathione content in Alopecurus myosuroides (black grass) biotypes susceptible and resistant to herbicides

Herbicide‐resistant populations of Alopecurus myosuroides (black grass) have become widespread throughout the UK since the early 1980s. Previous observations in this laboratory have demonstrated that natural climatic fluctuations caused increases in endogenous glutathione S‐transferase (GST) enzyme activity in A. myosuroides plants as they mature, which is thought to be linked to herbicide resistance in this species. The present study has investigated the effects of plant growth at 10°C and 25°C, and reports GST specific activity and glutathione (GSH) pool size in resistant and susceptible A. myosuroides biotypes. Findings demonstrate differences in GST activity between resistant and susceptible populations, which are transient at lower growth temperatures. The GSH pool size was elevated at lower growth temperature in both biotypes. We speculate that these endogenous responses are part of a natural mechanism of acclimation to environmental change in this species and suggest that resistant plants are more able to adapt to environmental stress, as indicated in this instance by temperature change. These observations imply that the control of resistant A. myosuroides by graminicides may be more effective when applied at lower temperatures and at earlier growth stages.     

Prophylactic effect of green tea polyphenols against liver and kidney injury induced by fenitrothion insecticide

The ameliorative effect of daily administrated dose of green tea extract (60 mg polyphenols/animal/day) was investigated on albino rats Rattus norvegicus (150-180 gm) intoxicated with 1/30 and 1/60 LD₅₀ fenitrothion organophosphate insecticide for 28 days. Blood samples were taken at 14 and 28 days for further biochemical parameters. Histopathological studies were carried out in the liver and kidney at the end of the experiment. Significant inhibition in plasma cholinesterase (ChE), a biomarker of Ops, was recorded. Damage in the liver and kidney tissues was observed and confirmed with elevation of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotaransferase (AST), albumin, urea and creatinine, as well as an elevation in the oxidative stress (OS) marker malondialdehyde (MDA). Decrease in total glutathione (GSH) content in erythrocytes and fluctuation in glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in plasma was also observed. Green tea supplementation (60 mg/animal/day) partially counteracts the toxic effect of fenitrothion on oxidative stress parameters and repairs tissue damage in the liver and kidney, especially when supplemented to 1/60 LD₅₀ intoxicated animals depending on the duration. It seems that enzyme and metabolite markers of these organs need more time to be restored to the control level.     

Induction of wheat and maize glutathione S-transferase by some herbicide safeners and their effect on enzyme activity against butachlor and terbuthylazine

The expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in wheat and maize shoots was investigated in response to treatments with the herbicide safeners benoxacor, cloquintocet-mexyl, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenclorim, fluxofenim and oxabetrinil. These safeners significantly enhanced the GST activity towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as a 'standard' substrate, with the exception of oxabetrinil in maize. The enhancements of GST (CDNB) activity were found to be concomitant with increases in V(max) (the reaction rate when the enzyme is fully saturated by the substrate) in wheat following cloquintocet-mexyl and fenchlorazole-ethyl treatments, and in maize following fenchlorazole-ethyl treatment. Otherwise, decreases in V(max) were observed in wheat and maize following fenclorim and fluxofenim treatments. With the exception of oxabetrinil, all the safeners significantly reduced the apparent K(M) (the substrate concentration required for 50% of maximum GST activity) of both wheat and maize GST. The V(max) and K(M) variations following safener treatments are discussed in terms of an increased expression of GST enzymes and an increased affinity for the CDNB substrate. The activity of wheat and maize GST was also assayed towards butachlor and terbuthylazine respectively; the results indicate the ability of cloquintocet-mexyl, fenchlorazole-ethyl and fluxofenim to enhance the enzyme activity in wheat and of benoxacor and fenchlorazole-ethyl to do so in maize.     

冠菌素诱导水稻幼苗抗旱性的生理效应

以水稻日本晴为材料,在正常生长条件和用质量分数为17.5%的聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟干旱条件下,分析了0.1 μmoL/L冠菌素(coronatine,COR)处理对水稻幼苗生物量的积累、叶片中抗氧化酶[超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及过氧化物酶(POD) ]活性以及渗透调节物质(脯氨酸和可溶性糖)、可溶性蛋白、内源激素[脱落酸(ABA)、吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、茉莉酸甲酯(Me-JA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)和赤霉素(GA4)]含量的影响。结果表明:在正常条件下,COR处理对幼苗生物量的积累、抗氧化酶、渗透调节物质和可溶性蛋白的含量均无显著影响,但可增加其体内ZR和GA4 2种激素的含量;在模拟干旱胁迫条件下,COR处理可促进幼苗生物量的积累,维持较高的抗氧化酶活性,促进叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的积累,调节植物体内渗透势,维持[JP2]细胞膨压,同时促进ABA和ZR含量大量累积。研究结果表明,COR通过增强水稻叶片中抗氧化酶活性、调节体内渗透调节物质以及内源激素的含量,可改善水稻幼苗在干旱胁迫条件下的耐旱能力。     

溴化甲烷熏蒸白蒜药害及与糖化蒜、冻害蒜症状的比较

本文从影响蒜熏蒸的温度、药剂浓度、密闭时间以及熏蒸后贮存温度等方面研究了白蒜出现药害的最小CT值，将不同度温度下药害症状、冻害、糖化蒜发生的机理和症状进行了比较。结果表明：在10-20℃、22-30℃、32-38℃下熏蒸的白蒜贮存于自然温度（20-30℃）中，当完好蒜CT值分别超过490、450和250时，破损蒜CT值超过490、350、200时，贮存超过一定时间时，即开始出现药害；将熏蒸白蒜贮存于1-3℃环境中，在上述三个区间温度，当CT分别超过1080、810、600时，贮存3个月左右即开始出现药害。     

MeSA诱导茶树抗叶蝉取食效应的DC-EPG分析

用可视直流刺探电位技术(DC-EPG)记录试虫在3h 内呈现的各种EPG波型。共明确7种波型,根据这些波型确定15个描述叶蝉取食行为的EPG参数,以评判茶树抗叶蝉取食特性。与未诱导茶苗(CK)上叶蝉刺吸行为相比,在0.2、0.4和0.8mmol/L MeSA诱导24h的茶苗上,总刺探次数增加,即n_(ck) =8.30±1.13,n_(0.2)=13.25±3.95,n_(0.4)=15.01±2.68,n_(0.8)=34.50±7.56;非取食刺探时间明显延长,即NP_(ck)=110.97±5.2min, NP_(0.2)=128.39±6.76min, NP_(0.4)=148.35±6.14min, NP_(0.8)=131.94±10.75min;韧皮部取食时间显著减少,即E_(ck)=52.90±2.22min, E_(0.2)=9.08±2.6min, E_(0.4)=8.87±1.44min, E_(0.8)=15.89±2.21min。3个MeSA处理剂量相比较,0.4mmol/L的诱导效应最明显。24h与48h 诱导时间相比,24h的效应较显著。茶树被诱导之后,对叶蝉的取食适合度明显下降,表明产生了一定程度的抗性。     

喜旱莲子草次生代谢物对莲草直胸跳甲谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和淀粉酶活性的影响

为明确喜旱莲子草的次生代谢物对其专食性天敌-莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygrophila成虫解毒酶和消化酶的影响,利用不同浓度的橙花叔醇、齐墩果酸和甜菜碱浸叶处理喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides,连续饲喂莲草直胸跳甲1~3 d后,测定莲草直胸跳甲谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)和淀粉酶(AMS)的活性变化。结果表明,橙花叔醇、齐墩果酸和甜菜碱均能抑制莲草直胸跳甲的GSTs活性,0.1%橙花叔醇和20%甜菜碱处理24 h时的GSTs活性最低,分别为45.67 U/mg和53.95 U/mg,0.2%齐墩果处理72 h时的GSTs活性最低,为98.77 U/mg,且莲草直胸跳甲对橙花叔醇的刺激存在着一种适应机制;0.5%橙花叔醇和0.1%齐墩果酸处理24 h后的GSTs活性最高,分别为243.10 U/mg和250.22 U/mg,是对照的1.55倍和1.59倍,存在诱导激活现象。甜菜碱对莲草直胸跳甲的AMS活性有明显的抑制作用,20%甜菜碱处理72 h后AMS活性最低,为1.01 U/mg,是对照的55.92%。表明喜旱莲子草3种次生代谢物均能抑制谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性,其中橙花叔醇和齐墩果酸对谷胱甘肽S-转移酶有诱导激活作用,而甜菜碱对淀粉酶抑制作用较强。     

Lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes induced by chlorpyrifos and the protective effect of zinc

Male and female rats were orally administered chlorpyrifos at a dose of 6.75 mg kg⁻¹ body weight for 28 consecutive days. An additional chlorpyrifos group received zinc (227 mg l⁻¹) in drinking water throughout the experimental duration. Two groups more served as controls; one received water only and the other received zinc in drinking water. Administration of chlorpyrifos resulted in a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) level and significant decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in erythrocytes of male and female rats. In contrast, zinc-chlorpyrifos treatment showed insignificant differences (p ? 0.05-0.01), compared to control results, regarding LPO, SOD, GST and CAT. In case of AChE, supplementation of zinc showed little alteration in the activity of this enzyme in the rats treated with chlorpyrifos. It can deduce that chlorpyrifos induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes of male and female rats. The overall results reveal the pronounced ameliorating effect of zinc in chlorpyrifos-intoxicated rats and variation in the response of male and female animals regarding alteration in the level of some biochemical parameters and LPO.     

Effects of the herbicide LASSO MTX (alachlor 42% W/V) on biometric parameters and liver biomarkers in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of subchronic exposure to the herbicide LASSO MTX (alachlor 42% W/V) on biometric parameters and important liver biomarkers in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). One year old fish were exposed for 28 days to LASSO MTX added to the tank water at concentrations of 240 and 2400 μg L⁻¹. The exposure did not affect fish biometric parameters. Glutathione-S-tranferase (GST) activity in liver (hepatopancreas) remained unchanged in exposed fish when compared to controls. However, significant induction of total cytochrome P 450 (CYP 450), ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and elevated glutathione (GSH) in liver of exposed fish were detected.     

球孢白僵菌诱导酶发酵液对其毒力的增效作用

为进一步确认含蛋白酶、几丁质酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶的诱导酶发酵液对球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)菌株毒力的影响,将高毒力菌株B5、Bxs与低毒力菌株B11、BZ分别制成1×107个/mL孢悬液(I型)、孢悬液+诱导酶发酵液(V∶V=1∶1;II型)、孢悬液+灭菌诱导酶发酵液(V∶V=1∶1;III型),用浸渍法分别测定I型、II型与III型3种液体对松墨天牛(Monochamus alternatus)幼虫的毒力。结果表明:分别含有蛋白酶、几丁质酶和脂肪酶的诱导酶发酵液Ⅱ型液体,其LT50值与Ⅲ型液体LT50间的差异均为极显著(P0.01),而含淀粉酶的差异不显著。分别含有4种酶的诱导酶发酵液的Ⅲ型与Ⅰ型液体相比,LT50值之间也存在极显著差异(P0.01)。可见:含蛋白酶、几丁质酶和脂肪酶的诱导酶发酵液对球孢白僵菌毒力具有极显著的增效作用;经过酶灭活的4种诱导酶发酵液增效作用也极显著。     

核基质结合区对马铃薯Y病毒全长非翻译CP基因介导抗病性的影响

 为探索核基质结合区(matrix attachment regions,MARs)对RNA介导的病毒抗性的影响,我们将从烟草中克隆到的核基质结合区TM2构建在包含马铃薯Y病毒全长非翻译CP基因的植物表达载体pRPVYCPN的表达盒的两侧,构建了植物表达载体pRTM2CPNTM2。采用农杆菌介导基因转化法,将表达载体pRPVYCPN和pRTM2CPNTM2转入烟草品种NC89中,分别获得了144株和344株转基因烟草。抗病性检测发现,核基质结合区的存在能明显提高RNA介导抗性的产生效率。在含MARs转基因植株中,抗病植株的比率为15.1%,而不含核基质结合区的转基因植株的抗病比率则为8.3%。这一研究结果对抗病毒植物的分子育种和转基因表达调控有指导意义。     

刺激稻飞虱再增猖獗的试验研究

在湖南宁乡经２ａ早、晚稻大田试验表明，三唑磷在水稻分蘖期施用可引起穗期稻飞虱数量的明显增加，建议慎用。     

碱性果胶酶诱导黄瓜抗病机理的初步研究

以克劳氏芽孢杆菌(Bacillus clausii)S-4碱性果胶酶诱导黄瓜黄化苗,研究了该激发子对黄瓜生理生化特性的影响,来探究碱性果胶酶诱导黄瓜抗病的机理。结果表明,黄瓜黄化苗经碱性果胶酶诱导后,过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性上升,可溶性蛋白和维生素C含量升高,丙二醛和游离脯氨酸含量下降,活性氧自由基产生速率受到抑制。可见,克劳氏芽孢杆菌S-4碱性果胶酶诱导黄瓜抗病作用与植物体内多种防御相关物质的诱导密切相关。     

水浸处理原木杀虫效果的研究

对水浸处理原木杀灭木材中的松褐天牛、横坑切梢小蠹、材小蠹及病害松材线虫的效果进行了研究。结果表明天牛成虫、蛹及小蠹虫较易死亡，而天牛幼虫和松材线虫抗逆性强，需长时间浸泡。结论认为水浸处理原木需1年时间或在高温季节处理3个月才能达到检疫杀虫的目的。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌LJ02对黄瓜抗灰霉病菌的生防效果及其诱导抗性机理的初步研究

 为了解生防解淀粉芽孢杆菌LJ02诱导黄瓜抗灰霉病菌的防治效果和作用机制,分别测量了LJ02的发酵上清液和菌体悬浮液的诱导持效期、最适使用浓度以及最佳施用方法,并采用荧光定量PCR的方法法测定了LJ02诱导处理后黄瓜根部和叶部组织中分别表达PR1a蛋白、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、几丁质酶、过氧化物酶的抗性基因PR-1、PR-2、PR-3、PR-9的相对表达量。结果表明,LJ02诱导黄瓜抗灰霉病菌的持效期在7 d左右,且原液与100倍稀释液效果最好,灌根施用效果最佳。LJ02发酵上清液可诱导PR-1、PR-3、PR-9的表达,LJ02菌体悬浮液可诱导PR-1、PR-2、PR-3的表达。