池养黄颡鱼运输应激后在实验循环系统中的恢复和适应过程

本文将土池养殖的黄颡鱼成鱼运往室内实验循环系统驯养,并对鱼的摄食及鱼对日常管理活动的反应、血液皮质醇和血糖、外周血红细胞数量、外周血白细胞百分比和吞噬功能进行了35 d的观察或监测。运输后的黄颡鱼在最初4～7 d内,明显的行为变化是停止摄食。所有的鱼从第8天开始恢复了摄食,从第15天开始适应了日常管理活动。血液皮质醇和血糖浓度在刚刚运抵实验循环系统（0 d）及驯养1、2、3 d的鱼体内显著升高,至第7天已显著下降,并在第21、28、35天稳定在低水平上。外周血红细胞数量没有显著变化。与第21、28、35天外周血白细胞的各参数值相比,淋巴细胞百分比在第3、7天显著减少,嗜中粒细胞百分比在0、1、2、3天显著升高,吞噬细胞吞噬百分比和吞噬指数在第7、14天显著降低。以上结果显示（1）运输使黄颡鱼成鱼产生典型的应激反应,（2）运输应激导致黄颡鱼成鱼外周血淋巴细胞和嗜中粒细胞百分比的显著改变和外周血白细胞吞噬功能的抑制,（3）运输应激后的池养黄颡鱼成鱼在本文使用的实验循环系统中充分恢复和驯化所需的最少时间是3周。     

Transport stress in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): anaesthesia and recovery

The effects of metomidate anaesthesia on levels of plasma cortisol, glucose, haematocrit and chloride in Atlantic salmon (1⁺) (Salmo salar L.), after a 2‐h transport and during a 48‐h recovery period were investigated. The use of metomidate anaesthesia during transport led to a reduced release of cortisol and significantly lower levels of plasma cortisol after a 48‐h recovery period. Plasma glucose did not return to basal level after a 48‐h recovery period, indicating that even longer recovery may be needed for the fish to return to a pre‐stress state. The results show that metomidate anaesthesia combined with a recovery period lessens the stress burden imposed by hauling and transport.     

Strategies for the capture and transport of bonefish, Albula vulpes, from tidal creeks to a marine research laboratory for long-term holding

Throughout their circumtropical distribution, bonefish ( Albula spp.) play a vital role in local economies as a highly prized sport fish. Recent interest in stock enhancement to sustain bonefish fisheries has led to the recognition that there currently are no data on how to live capture large numbers of adults (potential broodstock), transport them to captive facilities and how to handle them to ensure high survival. The objective of this study was to develop strategies for the capture and relocation of wild bonefish to a marine research holding facility to enable basic research and explore the potential for culturing bonefish for stock enhancement. Bonefish Albula vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) were captured as they entered or left tidal creeks on Eleuthera, The Bahamas using seine nets and then transported by boat or truck to the laboratory. The relocation process evoked secondary stress responses at the metabolic, osmoregulatory and haematological levels as indicated by changes in blood glucose, lactate, haematocrit and ion values, relative to control fish. Physical and behavioural disturbances were also observed in bonefish that were unable to acclimate to laboratory conditions. Successful laboratory acclimation and long-term holding of wild bonefish was achieved through an adaptive learning process, whereby we identified a series of strategies and handling techniques to facilitate the acclimation of wild adult bonefish to captivity. This knowledge will enable future laboratory research on bonefish and is a prerequisite to the culture of this highly prized sport fish, and other sub-tropical and tropical marine species.     

Survival and serum biochemical responses of spotted sea bass Lateolabrax maculatus during simulated waterless live transportation

Waterless live fish transportation is an alternative and promising transport strategy, which may reduce shipping costs, increase stocking density and improve survival of some species. Spotted sea bass is one of the most economically important marine fish in China. However, waterless transportation has not yet been studied on spotted sea bass. To explore the possibility of waterless transportation of spotted sea bass and its sublethal stress responses, the survival rate and dynamics of blood biochemical parameters were evaluated in the present study by preserving it under no water, less water and water (control) conditions for 9 hr. The serum biochemical parameters including total protein, cortisol, glucose, lactate, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total carbon dioxide (TCO₂), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), ammonia, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malonaldehyde (MDA) were investigated. Results showed that the survival rates of fish in all groups gradually declined with time increasing. At the end of transportation, the survival rates in the control group, less‐water group and no‐water group decreased to 49.11%, 15.60% and 23.96% respectively. Significant changes were observed in several selected serum biochemical parameters, including glucose, lactate, ALT, TCO₂, BUN and ammonia during simulated waterless transportation, which might negatively affect the physiological homeostasis of fish, leading to the high mortality in present study. In general, waterless transportation of spotted sea bass was possible, but it might be rather suitable for short time than long time.     

有水与无水保活运输对大菱鲆生理应激及鱼肉品质的影响

为探究大菱鲆分别在有水及无水条件下运输过程中生理生化指标及肌肉品质的变化,为大菱鲆的保活运输提供参考.将大菱鲆进行暂养、降温、充氧包装后进行模拟运输,并在运输不同时间段取样,检测大菱鲆生理生化指标及肌肉指标.结果显示,模拟运输18 h后,有水运输组和无水运输组中的大菱鲆存活率仍为100％.大菱鲆肌肉中水分含量、粗脂肪、...     

活鱼近距离转运称重计量系统设计及应用

装运、称重是水产品交易过程中一个重要环节,设计了活鱼近距离转运称重计量系统,分析和叙述了系统总体结构设计和工作原理。该系统由电动提升装置、气动装卸装置和自动称重计量装置、控制装置组成。控制部分以可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)为核心,驱动电动卷扬机和气缸分别进行活鱼提升和装卸,并依靠鱼体自重沿倾斜主滑槽输送至岸上运输车,转运至目的地。软件部分基于LabVIEW可视化平台设计了转运系统显示界面,界面具有系统通讯和数据存储操作等功能。系统应用效果表明,活鱼近距离转运称重计量系统单次传输量300kg,转运量2t/h ,提高了活鱼转运效率,减少了大量人力,降低了活鱼的机械损伤率,提升了渔业生产机械化水平。     

Comparative efficacy of MS-222 and benzocaine as anaesthetics under simulated transport conditions of a tropical ornamental fish Puntius filamentosus (Valenciennes)

There is a growing commercial interest in the fish, Puntius filamentosus , in the ornamental fish trade in India and elsewhere. The trade is, however, hampered by severe mortalities during transport of the fish owing to insufficient data available on the use of anaesthetics. To resolve this problem, we evaluated the efficacy of two anaesthetics, MS-222 and benzocaine, in sedating P. filamentosus in simulated transportation experiments and used stress response parameters such as cortisol and blood glucose levels to perform assessments. We observed that MS-222 at 40 mg L⁻¹ and benzocaine at 20 mg L⁻¹ were sufficient to induce sedation for 48 h. Above these concentrations, both the anaesthetics adversely affected the fish and resulted in mortalities. Both anaesthetics significantly lowered the blood cortisol and glucose levels compared with the unsedated controls. Importantly, the anaesthetics treatment significantly lowered the post-transport mortality in the fish. The results of the study show that MS-222 and benzocaine could be used as sedatives to alleviate transport-related stress in P. filamentosus to improve their post-transport survival and hence reduce economic loss.     

Isolation and partial characterization of a new reovirus in the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis H Milne Edwards

A second type of freshwater crab reovirus has been isolated from Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne Edwards, in China; we named it E. sinensis reovirus (EsRV816). The negatively stained virion is a non‐enveloped icosahedral particle, 60 ± 5 nm in diameter. Its genome is composed of 10 dsRNA linear pieces exhibiting an electrophoretic pattern of 5/3/2. The largest segment (RNA‐1) was cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence, corresponding to the RdRp of the virus, showed 26% identity with the RdRp of Operophtera brumata (L.) cypovirus 19 in the genus Cypovirus and 24% identity with RdRp of Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) reovirus in the genus Fijivirus. On the basis of its ultrastructure and physicochemical properties, this virus is quite different from other crab reoviruses, and particularly with another freshwater crab reovirus EsRV905, recently classified in a new genus Cardoreovirus. This virus (EsRV816) possesses all the characters of the members of the reoviridae family and could represent a new genus.     

Time‐series response of immune enzymes and catecholamines in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus during long‐term live transport

Sea cucumbers are free of protective exoskeleton and capable of autolysis under stress conditions. The live transport of small‐size juveniles to grown‐out sites induces hypoxia and congesting stress. The transport process is essential to production of outdoor healthy seedlings. Here, we evaluated the effects of damp transport and water transport on Apostichopus japonicus, an economic species inhabiting along the Asian coast. The survival after transport and immune performance of small‐size juveniles (0.05–0.1 g of immersed weight) were monitored during distinct duration of transport (1, 3, 5, 8 and 12 hr). The results revealed that there were no significant differences between the two transport systems within 5 hr. Given the survival for recovery of 48 hr and responses of immune enzymes and catecholamines during transport, water transport was less detrimental to sea cucumbers than damp transport when the transport duration was less than 8 hr. Once the duration prolonged to 12 hr, these immune parameters changed irregularly and the survival declined drastically. Water transport with a notably higher survival for juveniles was the more appropriate manner for long‐time transport. These findings provide insights into long‐term transport of small‐size A.  japonicus juveniles and might be beneficial for production of ecologically healthy seedlings.     

Growth performance and physiological changes of holding juvenile Siberian sturgeon at different sizes in rearing units

An investigation was accomplished to find the effects of different sizes as a social stress on physiological responses and growth performance of Siberian sturgeon. Juvenile Siberian sturgeon were separated into two sizes (860.88 ± 22.32 g as larger fish and 427.28 ± 2.97 g as smaller fish). Three treatments including large size (L), small size (S), and mixed size (M) were considered. There were equal numbers of large and small fish in the M treatment. Sampling was carried out at 1st week (as a short‐term sampling) and 8th week (as a long‐term sampling) of the experiment. At the end of each sampling, haematocrit, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, lactate, and cortisol were measured. All growth parameters and feed utilization in large fish were not affected in the M treatment compared with the L treatment and also small fish in the M treatment compared with the S treatment. The final biomass in the S treatment was significantly higher than those in the L and M treatments. Haematocrit, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, lactate, and cortisol in the 1st week showed no significant difference with different sizes. However, in the 8th week, only haematocrit increased (by time not size) in the S treatment. Fish in the M treatment in both sizes did not experience the stress condition. Larger and smaller sizes had a positive social interaction; therefore, different sizes of Siberian sturgeon can maintain together without decreasing growth rate and also adverse physiological responses.     

运输胁迫下日本黄姑鱼肝脏抗氧化系统的响应

研究了运输胁迫对日本黄姑鱼(Nibea japonica)肝脏抗氧化能力的影响。胁迫处理后,鱼体肝脏中抗氧化防御指标受到不同程度的影响。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力快速升高并显著高于处理前水平(P0.05),之后逐渐下降到与处理前无显著性差异。谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活力在处理后也有所升高,但一直与处理前无显著性差异(P0.05)。肝脏中维生素C(VC)含量在处理后1 h显著性升高,以应对氧化压力;而自由基含量先升在胁迫0.5 h后快速降低并恢复到处理前水平。丙二醛(MDA)含量在处理后0.5 h达到最高值,然后快速恢复并与处理前无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究表明,运输胁迫能通过氧化应激反应对日本黄姑鱼造成影响,在胁迫应激反应中SOD和CAT可以作为有效的生物指示剂用于胁迫状态的检测;同时,日本黄姑鱼具有较强的抗氧化防御体系,能较快地清除体内自由基并调整鱼体以适应外界环境的影响。     

Salt as a stress response mitigator of matrinxã, Brycon cephalus (Günther), during transport

The present study evaluated the physiological responses of matrinxã, Brycon cephalus (Günther) submitted to transport stress under the influence of sodium chloride. Different salt concentrations (0.0%, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.6%) were added to four 200-L plastic tanks. Each tank was stocked with 30 fish (mean weight 1.0 ± 0.2 kg) and transported for 4 h. Blood was sampled prior to transport and immediately after and 24 and 96 h after transport. Plasma cortisol and glucose and serum sodium and potassium, plasma chloride and ammonia were analysed. Changes in plasma cortisol were observed immediately after transportation, except in fish transported in 0.3% and 0.6% salt. Twenty-four hours later, this hormone had returned to its initial level in all fish. Blood glucose was not changed in fish treated with 0.6% salt immediately after transport, and returned to the initial level within 96 h after the other treatments. All treatments resulted in lower levels of plasma chloride after transport, except for fish treated with 0.6% salt, with fish treated with 0.0% and 0.3% salt recovering 24 h later. Serum sodium decreased immediately after transport only in the control fish, returning to the initial level 24 h later. The results indicate that treatment with 0.6% NaCl reduces most of the physiological responses of matrinxã to the stress of transport.     

Extractive component changes in the foot muscle of live small abalone during storage

ABSTRACT: Changes in the freshness indices and extractive components in the foot muscle of live small abalone Haliotis diversicolor during storage at 5°C, 15°C, and 25°C were investigated. The pH values declined with storage time. Volatile basic nitrogen and the K -value increased gradually with storage time at 15°C and 25°C, but changes were small at 5°C. The onset of initial decomposition of samples was observed after 3.5 days at 5°C, after 2.5 days at 15°C, and after one day at 25°C. Adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate degraded rapidly within the early days of storage. In contrast, levels of adenosine monophosphate increased and exhibited prolonged accumulation throughout the storage period. The total amount of free amino acids increased markedly during storage. The dominant free amino acids, such as taurine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, and arginine, also increased after storage.     

Improved survival of rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton-Buchanan) and silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes) fingerlings using low-dose quinaldine and benzocaine during transport

The effects of fingerlings immersion in low‐dose benzocaine (15 and 30 mg L⁻¹, silver carp and rohu) and quinaldine (100 μL L⁻¹ silver crap and 250 μL L⁻¹ rohu) for 1, 3 and 6 h on stress responses and survival of rohu, Labeo rohita and silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix fingerlings were evaluated in a transport simulation experiment. Both quinaldine and benzocaine showed low mortalities (0–2%). The total mortality in control (with no anaesthesia) was 30% for rohu and 14% for silver carp. Quinaldine and benzocaine‐treated fingerlings had significantly higher plasma chloride levels than the control in both species. Benzocaine, quinaldine, as well as the control, had an initial elevation of plasma cortisol levels. Benzocaine lost its effectiveness after 3 h exposure while quinaldine persisted throughout the 6 h experimental period. Both sedatives reduced bacterial build‐up compared with the control. No post‐exposure mortality was observed for any of the transport methods assessed 48 h after the treatment. This study suggests that the use of low‐dose benzocaine or quinaldine during transport has positive effect on the survival and health of rohu and silver carp fingerlings.     

Effect of casein substitution with fishmeal, soybean meal and crustacean meal in the diet of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

The effect of dietary substitution of casein with fishmeal, soybean meal and crustacean meal on the growth of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino was determined. A 350 g casein per kilogram diet was included into the CS diet. The whole casein was then substituted by: (1) 300 g fishmeal and 200 g soybean meal per kilogram diet (FS), (2) 200 g fishmeal, 200 g soybean meal and 130 g krill meal per kilogram diet (FSK), (3) 200 g fishmeal, 200 g soybean meal and 280 g red crab meal per kilogram diet (FSC) or (4) 200 g fishmeal, 200 g soybean meal and 130 g shrimp head meal per kilogram diet (FSS). In addition, a 50‐g by‐product of green tea per kilogram diet was included in the FS diet to form the FSG diet. Sea tangle (ST)diet was supplied to abalone as a control feed. Weight gain, final shell length and final shell width of abalone fed with the various substitution feeds (FS, FSK, FSC, FSS and FSG) were not different from those obtained with the CS diet. All the formulated feeds, however, produced higher weight gain and final shell width values than the ST diet. The results of this study show that casein can be replaced with a combination of fishmeal, soybean meal, krill meal, crab meal and/or shrimp head meal in the diet without a retardation of growth of abalone.     

Recent developments and improvements in ornamental fish packaging systems for air transport

Current ornamental fish packaging systems are characterized by very high fish loading densities and high metabolic wastes in the transport water after shipment. They focus mainly on management of the quality of transport water. Recent studies using the guppy as a model fish showed that post‐shipment mortality could be reduced through enhancement of the stress resistance of the fish, and hence emphases should also be placed on the preparation of the fish for transport and recovery of the fish after shipment. Farmers can contribute significantly by applying nutritional prophylaxis before harvesting. Exporters may use the salinity stress test to identify fish lots of good quality for transport, apply health prophylaxis to eradicate parasites and optimize other techniques such as starvation of the fish or addition of salt to the transport water to enhance the stress resistance of the fish. Importers may adopt proper acclimation procedure and allow fish to recover in low salinity water to reduce post‐shipment mortality. As the main bulk of post‐shipment mortality is stress‐mediated and occurs during the 1‐week recovery period, the industry should consider revising the basis of the current warranty system for their customers, from death on arrival to cumulative mortality at 7 days post shipment (or death after 7 days, DA7), in order to cut down fish losses after shipment.     

运输对养殖黄颡鱼血液生化和肌肉物性分析指标的影响

测定了在10.4~11.2℃下运输4 h后不同时间(0 h、1 h、3 h、6 h、12 h、1 d、3 d、7 d和20 d)养殖黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)血液生理生化指标和肌肉物性分析指标的变化。结果显示,运输引起了黄颡鱼血清皮质醇和血糖浓度的显著升高(P0.05),在运输结束12 h后恢复到正常水平。运输后鱼体血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均有显著性升高,随着恢复时间的推移逐渐回降到正常水平;但过氧化物酶(POD)活性并未出现显著性差异,维持稳定的水平。运输后肌肉硬度、弹性、胶黏性、凝聚性、咀嚼性、回复性等物性分析指标均显著性降低。除了凝聚性和咀嚼性之外,其他肌肉物性分析指标在运输结束72 h后恢复到正常水平。研究表明,长途运输造成了养殖黄颡鱼的应激反应,对肌肉物性特征产生了显著的影响,但运输后的恢复可使鱼体抗氧化能力和肌肉物性分析指标回复到正常水平。     

Physiological responses during stress and subsequent recovery at different salinities in adult pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis

Mortality and physiological responses (plasma cortisol, glucose, osmolality, ions Na⁺ and Cl⁻ and hematocrit values) were examined in adult pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis subjected to transport or crowding and subsequent recovery for 1 week at 0, 5 and 20 ppt NaCl. Two experiments were conducted using fish from different hatcheries; the following responses were consistent for both stocks. Mortality was observed only during post-stress recovery at 0 and 20 ppt NaCl but not at 5 ppt. During recovery, blood cortisol and glucose were generally higher, whereas osmolality and blood electrolytes (Na⁺ and Cl⁻) were lower at 0 ppt than at the other salinities. A salinity of 5 ppt NaCl could not prevent the rise in cortisol and glucose levels caused by the stress of transport, but during recovery, it prevented further increases in these features and/or accelerated their return to basal levels. This salinity also helped maintain stable blood electrolyte levels. During recovery at 20 ppt NaCl, osmolality and blood ions increased, whereas plasma cortisol and glucose generally decreased. Hematocrit values were lower at 20 ppt than at the other salinities. These results suggest that freshwater is not an adequate medium for post-stress recovery and that the presence of NaCl in the water either decreases the secretion of cortisol or promotes its clearance in O. bonariensis.     

半滑舌鳎响应急性高温胁迫的生理变化和相关基因表达

夏季高温会引起半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)的应激,甚至造成死亡,是工厂化养殖的重要影响因素之一。为探究高温胁迫对半滑舌鳎肝脏氧化损伤及热应激相关基因的影响,本研究选取半滑舌鳎一个全同胞家系为实验对象,通过连续升温达到高温胁迫条件(35 ℃)后,分别在0、3、6、12和24 h采集肝脏组织,进行苏木精–伊红染色法(HE)和TUNEL染色并观察细胞损伤情况,测定抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量并检测应激相关基因heat shock protein family A member 1A (hspa1a)、heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1 (hsp90b1)和dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (dusp1)的表达变化。结果显示,急性高温胁迫会造成半滑舌鳎肝脏组织发生明显病理变化并出现细胞凋亡;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在高温胁迫6 h时显著高于对照组(P<0.05),谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性在高温胁迫12 h时显著高于对照组(P<0.05),过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在高温胁迫0 h时显著高于对照组(P<0.05),MDA含量在高温胁迫24 h时显著高于对照组(P<0.05);热休克蛋白基因hspa1a和hsp90b1分别在高温胁迫0 h和3 h时显著上调表达,热应激相关基因dusp1在高温胁迫3 h时显著上调表达。综上所述,急性高温胁迫下,半滑舌鳎肝脏发生氧化应激,短期内机体可调动抗氧化系统加速清除活性氧,并激活热应激相关基因表达。该研究可为解析半滑舌鳎对高温胁迫的响应机制、预防夏季高温大规模死亡的发生以及开展耐高温良种的选育等提供参考。