Embryonic and larval development of serpae tetra Hyphessobrycon eques (Steindachner, 1882)

In this study, the embryonic and larval development stages of one of the most important ornamental fish serpae tetra (Hyphessobrycon eques) are described. The early life stage is documented from fertilization until the beginning of the juvenile period. The fertilized eggs (the average diameter = 938.55 ± 35.20 µm) were incubated at a water temperature of 26 ± 0.5°C. The cleavage finished in 1:10 hr (=h) and the early blastula stage occurred at 1:26 hr post fertilization (hpf). The gastrulation started at 3:05 hpf, and 50% epiboly was observed at 3:25 hpf. Segmentation stage was monitored at 7:26 hpf. Embryonic developmental stage was completed and hatching occurred 20–21 hpf. The total length (TL) of newly hatched larvae was 2.64 ± 0.21 mm. The larval development of serpae tetra was divided into four different periods: Yolk‐sac larva (1–4 DAH, TL = 2.77 ± 0.09 mm ‐ 3.85 ± 0.11 mm), preflexion larva (5–12 DAH), flexion larva (13–15 DAH, TL = 5.78 ± 0.46 mm on the 15th day) and post‐flexion larva (16–30 DAH, TL = 10.7 ± 0.27 mm on the 28th–30th days). The mouth and anus are closed at 1 DAH. The mouth and anus opened at 4 DAH. Exogenous feeding started on the 4th day. The first gulping of the swim bladder was on days 3. The larva begins to swim freely, and the yolk sac was completely consumed at 4 DAH. Histological structures of the eye and brain of new hatched larva were clearly identified at 1 day after hatching (DAH). According to histological findings, the digestive system (stomach, intestine) started to develop and the liver could be seen on the ventral side of the swim bladder at 5 DAH. No histological difference was observed between the anterior intestine and the posterior intestine at 15–16 DAH. The larval metamorphosis was completed, and the larvae transformed into juveniles at 28–30 DAH.     

First studies of embryonic and larval development of Coilia nasus (Engraulidae) under controlled conditions

Herein, we describe the embryonic and larval development stages of Coilia nasus, an anadromous fish that is indigenous to the Yangtze River and the northwest region of the Pacific Ocean. The success of artificial breeding programmes and modern methods of reproduction allowed us to accurately describe the development stages of C. nasus. These stages were recorded using a binocular microscope and a digital camera‐equipped microscope, and histological and scanning electron microscopy observations were also conducted. Development can be divided into four periods: embryonic, prelarval, larval and juvenile. The fertilized eggs were spherical, transparent, non‐adhesives and buoyant, with an average diameter of 0.80±0.10 mm. Complete early embryonic development took place within 40–43 h post hatching, and the new hatchlings were 2.85±0.20 mm long. The mouth openings (0.25–0.35 mm) appeared at day 6 post hatching. Complete metamorphosis took place by day 60, at which time the larvae transformed into juveniles (65±5.8 mm) and attained skin coloration.     

圆斑星鲽胚胎及仔鱼发育的观察

对圆斑星鲽(VeraspervariegatusTemmincketSchlegel)胚胎及胚后发育进行观察,描述了各发育时期的形态特征和发育速度。在水温为(11±0.5)℃时,受精卵历时153h脱膜孵出,孵化后仔鱼在水温为(15±0.5)℃时经过6d开口摄食,50d完成变态而成幼鱼。圆斑星鲽的卵子为半浮性卵,其卵黄量很多。卵裂后期,卵裂球的大小和卵裂速度均出现差异。眼泡在体节形成之前出现。刚孵化仔鱼消化道细而直,孵化5d肛门打通,6d开口。随着卵黄囊的消失,消化道开始弯曲。色素细胞首先出现在86h的胚体中,至140h在卵黄囊上零星分布,且随着胚体发育,色素细胞增多,至变态完成后全身密布黑色色斑。胚体色素细胞的形状由孵化前的雪花状逐渐变为圆形,但卵黄囊上的色素细胞始终为雪花状。     

Embryonic and larval development of honeycomb grouper Epinephelus merra Bloch

Spawning and successful rearing of larvae of honeycomb grouper Epinephelus merra Bloch 1793 upto juvenile stage was accomplished at the finfish hatchery of Mandapam Regional Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute during 2004. The fertilized eggs were free, spherical and buoyant with size ranging from 710 to 730 μm. Complete early embryonic development took place within 24–27 h and hatching occurred. The hatchlings measured 1.5 mm. Mouth opening (115 μm) appeared at 72 h when the larvae were 2.2 mm in size. Pectoral fin developed on the fifth day. Complete metamorphosis took place and by the 60th day the larvae transformed into juveniles (45 mm) and attained skin colouration and honeycomb pattern.     

First results of embryonic development,spawning and larval rearing of the Mediterranean spider crab Maja squinado (Herbst ) under laboratory conditions,a candidate species for a restocking program

The Mediterranean spider crab, Maja squinado, is depleted due to overfishing. The crab has virtually disappeared from areas where it was abundant, such as the Balearic Islands and the Catalan coast. Maja squinado, is economically and ecologically very valuable, and it is essential to obtain information on its biology and rearing conditions to attempt to repopulate the damaged stocks of the species in the Mediterranean basin. Herein, we describe the first successful rearing of M. squinado under laboratory conditions. Our results show that M. squinado is an excellent candidate for restocking using cultured juveniles. Two consecutive broods with a 1–4 day interbrood period were observed in the laboratory in wild‐caught females, the maximum observed duration of embryonic development of the egg mass being 32 days at 18.4 ± 0.9°C, and went through four different stages. The complete larval and first juvenile development was studied in laboratory cultures fed enriched Artemia metanauplius. At 19.6 ± 0.6°C, development from hatching to first crab moult took 17 days, and it comprised two zoeae stages and one megalopa stage. The survival rate at the different stages was monitored, and 7.13 ± 2.3% was achieved at the first crab instar.     

Embryonic development and larval and post‐larval growth of the tropical scallop Nodipecten (= Lyropecten) nodosus (L. 1758) (Mollusca: Pectinidae)

This work describes for the first time the embryonic development of the tropical scallop Nodipecten nodosus. Larval and post‐larval growth parameters and some characteristics of larvae shell morphology were also ascertained. The larvae were obtained from the induced spawning of a group of broodstocks under controlled laboratory conditions. After fertilization, larval cultivation was carried out in conical tanks at a temperature of 26–27 °C. Larval density was controlled as a function of larval growth to give 10, 5 and 3 larvae mL^?1 from days 1, 3 and 8 respectively. The larvae were nourished with a 1:1 mix of Isochrysis galbana (clone T‐ISO) and Chaetoceros gracilis in portions varying between 30 000 and 70 000 cells mL^?1. Expulsion of polar groups was observed 5 and 15 min after fertilization, whereas the first cellular division occurred after 30 min. The first gastrule ciliates and trocophore larvae were noted after 8 and 18 h had elapsed, respectively, whereas prodissoconch I, or D‐larvae, were discerned after 26 h. Subsequently, larvae with prodissoconch II or veliger‐conch appeared at 30 h. Larval development continued for 10–12 days, followed by metamorphosis, at an approximate length of 208–230 µm. The growth of the post‐larvae was evaluated for 9 days. Larval and post‐larval growth corresponded to the linear equations L = 71.85 + 10.85t, r² = 0.99, and L = 44.09 + 17.81t, r² = 0.94 respectively. Accordingly, larval morphology and size disparities are discussed with respect to other tropical pectinids.     

Embryonic and larval development in the semelparous Nereid polychaete Hediste diversicolor (OF Müller, 1776) in Norway: Challenges and perspectives

Knowledge of broodstock manipulation, gametogenesis, artificial fertilization and larval nutrition is a prerequisite to reach a large‐scale production of the polychaete Hediste diversicolor. In this study, the characteristics of oogenesis and spermatogenesis and embryonic and larval development were observed. Moreover, the effect of temperature on embryonic development and effect of diets and sediment on earlier juvenile development were tested. Mature oocytes were characterized by a spherical shape with a diameter of about 200 μm. They showed radial symmetry with a large centric nucleus surrounded by four distinctive layers. Embryo cleavage started between 4 and 10 hr after fertilization, and developed to the swimming trochophore stage after 5–6 days after fertilization at 11°C. The rate of embryonic development increased with a temperature increase from 6.1 to 21.2°C. The trochophore larvae increased in length from day 9 and commenced differentiation into 3‐setiger stage larvae at day 12. The length growth of larvae until 7‐setiger stage was 0.43 mm/day when fed with fish feed, while those fed shellfish diet and smolt sludge both grew around 0.21–0.23 mm/day. The results suggest that fish feed is a superior diet compared to shellfish diets and smolt sludge for the early larval stage of H. diversicolor.     

牙鲆（♀）×圆斑星鲽（♂）杂交子代的胚胎及仔鱼发育

以牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)为母本,圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)为父本进行科间远缘杂交,观察和记录了杂交受精卵胚胎及胚后仔鱼的发育情况,描述了各时期的形态特征。杂交受精卵为浮性卵,其受精率和孵化率分别为(71.18±0.14)%和(61.65±0.19)%,胚胎发育的畸形率为(17.00±0.06)%,4日龄仔鱼出苗率为(58.63±0.19)%,35日龄仔鱼的成活率为(57.08±0.20)%。在水温为(15±0.5)℃、海水盐度为29~30的条件下,受精卵经74 h孵化。孵化后4 d开口摄食,17 d开始变态,35 d完成变态。变态时,37%的仔鱼向右偏转,63%的仔鱼向左偏转。结果表明,牙鲆和星鲽杂交不存在配子不亲和,受精卵可以正常发育,杂交子代可以正常成活和生长。本研究旨为下一步杂交育种奠定基础。     

施氏鲟的胚胎及胚后发育研究

施氏鲟的成熟卵为典型的多黄卵,受精后胚血隆起不明显,卵裂为特殊的辐射裂,与多数硬骨鱼类有明显差别,与两栖类卵裂相似,且卵裂方式有明显的硬骨鱼类盘状卵裂的痕迹,施氏鲟的胎发育可分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、卵黄栓期、神经胚期、视泡形成期、心基层表动期和孵出期;胚后发育则分为卵黄囊期仔鱼、晚期仔鱼和稚鱼期。水温１７～１９℃时,施氏鲟胚胎发育历时９５～１０４ｈ,总积温需用１７１０～１８７２℃．ｈ。     

银鲈胚胎和仔鱼的发育

本文对银鲈（Ｂｉｄｙａｎｕｓ ｂｉｄｙａｎｕｓ）胚胎和仔鱼的发育进行了观察,详细描述了发育各期的形态特征和所需时间。受精卵充分吸水后呈圆形,为浮性卵,在２３－２５℃时,孵化时间约为３２ｈ,仔鱼出膜后第３天卵黄囊消失,第５天开始摄食,到第７天基本发育完善。     

黑龙江三角鲂的胚胎和早期仔鱼发育观察

以产自黑龙江的三角鲂（Megalobrama terminalis）为研究对象,对其胚胎和早期仔鱼发育的形态特征和时间进行观察和描述。将受精卵去膜,在Holtfreter氏液中培育,着重观察去膜卵在原肠胚及后期发育的形态特征。在水温（23.5±1.0）℃条件下,黑龙江三角鲂胚胎从受精到出膜历时30 h 10 min,历经7个主要发育阶段（分为卵裂前期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期、出膜期）,25个发育时期。初孵仔鱼体长为（4.33±0.16）mm,在（25.5±1.0）℃条件下,经144 h,卵黄囊被完全吸收,此时全长为（7.73±0.20）mm。早期仔鱼可根据眼色素沉积、体色素沉积、鳔和卵黄囊的变化分为眼色素增多期、体色素增多期、鳔出现期、鳔充气期和卵黄囊完全吸收期5个时期。黑龙江三角鲂在鳔充气膨大（出膜后96 h）前无摄食行为。在出膜后96~144 h为混合营养期,此时适宜将仔鱼转入池塘进行夏花培育。本研究旨为黑龙江三角鲂的资源保护和苗种培育提供科学依据。     

温度与盐度对方斑东风螺胚胎发育及幼虫生长的影响

在水温14～33℃（盐度34）、盐度18-40（水温25．5-26℃）范围内各设12个梯度，采用突变法进行温、盐度对方斑东风螺[Babylonia areolata（Link）]卵囊孵化及幼虫生长实验。结果显示：（1）方斑东风螺胚胎发育适宜水温为23～31℃，最适水温为25-30℃；适宜盐度为28-38，最适盐度为30～38。在适宜水温和盐度范围内，孵化速度随水温和盐度升高而加快，但以水温的影响效应最明显；温度或盐度超过其适宜范围时，孵化率明显下降或幼虫畸形率明显增大。（2）幼虫适宜水温及最适水温与胚胎发育的基本一致；适宜盐度和最适盐度存在向高盐度延伸的现象，其适宜和最适盐度下限分别为30和32。温盐度超过适宜范围时，死亡率明显增大，生长受到抑制。     

军曹鱼的胚胎发育及仔稚鱼形态观察

为了探明军曹鱼早期发育阶段的特征和规律,本实验通过连续显微观察,记录分析其胚胎及仔稚鱼发育各时期的形态特征和发育特点。结果显示,军曹鱼受精卵呈圆球形,为浮性卵,卵径(1.245±0.065) mm,油球1个,油球直径(0.325±0.027) mm。在水温(27.0±0.5)℃、盐度29、pH值8.3的条件下,军曹鱼卵从受精至孵化出膜约需26 h 30 min,经历合子、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官形成和孵化出膜7个阶段,共24个时期。初孵仔鱼平均全长(3.254±0.096) mm,仔鱼在孵化后第3天开口摄食,眼囊变黑,卵黄囊被消耗约80%,第5天卵黄囊消失,第7天油球耗尽,转化为外源性营养。孵化后第14天全长(19.933±1.118) mm,各鳍鳍条形成,进入稚鱼期;22日龄稚鱼全长(41.140±3.779) mm,尾柄部开始出现鳞片,46日龄的后期稚鱼全长达(116.667±5.916) mm,体表完全覆盖鳞片,除尾鳍形状外,体形与成鱼相似。     

纹稿虾虎鱼胚胎、早期仔鱼发育与盐度的关系

本文对纹缟虾虎鱼受精卵和早期仔鱼发育与盐度的关系进行了初步研究。结果表明:受精卵在盐度0～40时均表现出沉性;受精卵孵化的适盐范围为5～40,最适盐度为20～35;仔鱼在盐度低于30时,主要分布于底层,活力较差,盐度高于30时,主要分布中上层,活力较好;仔鱼在盐度5～45和无投饵状态下,SAI值为2.93～15.66,其中在盐度30～35时,SAI值最大(14.43～15.66)。从不同盐度下仔鱼的分布状态及仔鱼的生存指数综台分析,纹缟虾虎鱼仔鱼培育的最适盐度范围为30～35。     

Heritability estimates of larval and spat shell height in the Chilean blue mussel (Mytilus chilensis Hupe 1854) produced under controlled laboratory conditions

The heritability of larval size is estimated in Mytilus chilensis, based on a nested design, involving 95 full‐sib and 19 half‐sib families (19 males each mated to 5 separated females) grown under controlled laboratory conditions. The half‐sib heritability estimates at 10, 25 and 40 days for larval and spat shell height ranged between 0.38±0.33 and 0.84±0.45, suggesting that selection for shell size would be effective.     

斜带石斑鱼胚胎及仔稚幼鱼形态发育

对斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)的胚胎及仔稚幼鱼形态发育进行了观察与研究,详细描述从受精卵到初孵仔鱼的28个具体发育时期的形态特征和发育时间。根据研究观察结果,将斜带石斑鱼胚胎发育划分为卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期和器官形成期。在水温(25±0.5)℃、盐度31.0p、H 7.8的海水中,斜带石斑鱼胚胎历时28 h 30 min完成整个胚胎发育孵化出膜。胚后发育主要根据卵黄囊、腹鳍棘及第二背鳍棘、鳞片、体色的变化分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期。仔鱼期根据卵黄囊的有无又分为早期仔鱼和晚期仔鱼。在水温24.5~29.2℃,盐度28.8~33.5,pH 7.5~8.5的海水中,培育至36 d,发育最快的斜带石斑鱼结束仔鱼期进入稚鱼期;培育至42 d,发育最快的稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。斜带石斑鱼胚后发育过程中最明显的变化是腹鳍棘与第二背鳍棘以及鳍棘上小刺的长出与收回。     

咸海卡拉白鱼胚胎和仔鱼早期发育

取3+龄咸海卡拉白鱼(Chalcalburnus chalcoides aralensis)进行全人工繁殖,对受精卵各阶段发育形态进行观察.该鱼受精卵呈圆球状,为沉性卵,微粘性,卵粒白色透明,直径(1.32±0.04) mm.胚胎发育可分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、神经胚期、胚孔封闭期、肌节出现期、视泡形成期、尾芽期、肌肉效应期、胚动期、心脏搏动、出膜前期和孵化期.水温22～24 ℃时,受精卵经56 h 45 min孵化出仔鱼.胚胎发育所需积温1 232～1 344 h·℃.孵化第1天仔鱼沉卧水底,体色为白色,全长(4.51±0.08) mm;第4天仔鱼平游,开始摄食蛋黄和单细胞藻类;第6天鱼体卵黄囊消失,食轮虫或丰年虫幼体;第10天仔鱼全长(7.60～9.80) mm时下塘,仔鱼摄食浮游生物;第15天仔鱼全长(9.10～11.3) mm摄食人工饲料.     

红头丽体鱼红魔丽体鱼杂交子一代胚胎发育及仔鱼形态学观察

对红头丽体鱼[Cichlasoma synspilum（♀）]红魔丽体鱼[C.citrinellum（♂）]杂交子一代（F1）（俗称血鹦鹉）的胚胎及仔鱼形态发育进行观察,描述了各发育时期的发育时序和形态特征。平均受精率为（91.333.06）%,平均孵化率为（91.672.08）%;血鹦鹉的受精卵呈椭圆球形,黏性,有浅黄、白灰和红褐3种颜色,无油球,平均卵长径为（1.890.04）mm;发育过程可分为6个阶段：受精卵阶段、卵裂阶段、原肠期、神经胚期、器官形成期和孵出期,并进一步分为28个发育分期;在水温（300.5）℃下历时约52 h 36 min完成孵化。初孵仔鱼全长（3.710.05）mm,卵黄长径为（1.740.09）mm,短径为（1.250.07）mm,于第3天开始摄食轮虫,孵出后第5天卵黄囊完全消失。第13 天全长（11.861.02）mm,各鳍条基本形成,进入稚鱼期。