滇重楼稻曲拟盘多毛孢叶斑病病原鉴定及其生物学特性测定

为明确滇重楼Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis (Franch) Hand.-Mazz一种新的叶斑病病原菌, 以云南省丽江市玉龙纳西族自治县中药材种植基地内发现的一种新真菌性病害为供试研究材料, 经单孢分离培养?形态特征观察?致病性测定?多基因系统发育分析(ITS?tub2?tef1)和生物学特性测定, 对病原物进行分类鉴定?研究结果表明, 病原物CL107形态符合Pestalotiopsis sp.种属典型特征; 菌株CL107-ITS(accession no. MK156295)?CL107-BT(accession no. MN015425)?CL107-EF1(accession no. MN022941)与参比标准菌株P.oryzae CBS 353.69同源性分别为100.00%?100.00%?98.92%, 可将稻曲拟盘多毛孢P.oryzae确定为滇重楼叶斑病病原物?生物学特性研究表明, PDA培养基?pH 8.0?28℃?全黑暗条件有利于菌株CL107菌丝生长和分生孢子形成, 以葡萄糖为碳源有利于纯化菌株菌丝生长和产孢; 以酵母提取物为氮源有利于纯化菌株菌丝生长, 以牛肉膏为氮源有利于纯化菌株产孢?本研究首次报道稻曲拟盘多毛孢P. oryzae可侵染滇重楼植株, 引起真菌性叶斑病, 明确影响病害发生的环境因子, 为该叶斑病的诊断与防治提供科学依据和理论指导?     

Tracing seed to seedling transmission of the wheat blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum

Wheat blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum (MoT), initially restricted to South America, is a global threat for wheat after spreading to Asia in 2016 by the introduction of contaminated seeds, raising the question about transmission of the pathogen from seeds to seedlings, a process so far not well understood. We therefore studied the relationship between seed infection and disease symptoms on seedlings and adult plants. To accomplish this objective, we inoculated spikes of wheat cv. Apogee with a transgenic isolate (MoT-DsRed, with the addition of being resistant to hygromycin). We identified MoT-DsRed in experiments using hygromycin resistance for selection or by observation of DsRed fluorescence. The seeds from infected plants looked either apparently healthy or shrivelled. To evaluate the transmission, two experimental designs were chosen (blotter test and greenhouse) and MoT-DsRed was recovered from both. This revealed that MoT is able to colonize wheat seedlings from infected seeds under the ground. The favourable conditions of temperature and humidity allowed a high recovery rate of MoT from wheat shoots when grown in artificial media. Around 42 days after germination of infected seeds, MoT-DsRed could not be reisolated, indicating that fungal progression, at this time point, did not proceed systemically/endophytically. We hypothesize that spike infection might occur via spore dispersal from infected leaves rather than within the plant. Because MoT-DsRed was not only successfully reisolated from seed coats and germinating seeds with symptoms, but also from apparently healthy seeds, urgent attention is needed to minimize the risks of inadvertent dispersal of inoculum.     

云南疣粒野生稻抗白叶枯病鉴定及叶片组织学观察

 本研究采用水稻白叶枯病菌强致病性代表菌株,评价了云南省自然分布的疣粒野生稻代表生态居群18份材料的抗病性,观察叶片组织学结构,初步分析了疣粒野生稻的抗性基因。结果表明,16份材料表现中抗、高抗甚至免疫;9份材料对4个菌株的抗性有一定差异;同时发现云南地方代表菌株X1和CN9404的致病性比C1和BD8438强。叶片组织学结构表明,高抗材料与感病的栽培稻米泉黑芒都无蜡质层,二者的叶肉组织、薄壁细胞和表皮细胞相同,表皮毛、维管束、厚壁组织等的差异也不明显,不足以引起抗病性差异。疣粒野生稻高抗或免疫白叶枯病并非借助其特殊叶片结构的物理作用,而主要是抗病基因的作用。参试疣粒野生稻中没有与Xa1、Xa21同源的基因,加之独立进化,推断其具有新的优异抗白叶枯病基因,值得深入研究和发掘利用。     

月季黑斑病病原菌鉴定及室内药剂初步筛选

为有效防控月季黑斑病,于2017年6—7月自运城学院花圃采集具有典型黑斑症状的月季病叶,分离纯化获得病原菌,利用形态学特征、分子生物学特征及致病性测定对其进行鉴定;同时室内测定5种常用药剂对该病原菌的防治效果,筛选能有效抑制该病原菌菌丝生长及孢子萌发的药剂。本试验共分离纯化得到12株菌株,其病原菌形态特征一致、rDNA-ITS、GPD、EF-1α基因扩增序列均相同。结合形态学特征观察以及rDNA-ITS、GPD、EF-1α基因联合构建的系统发育树将运城月季黑斑病病原菌鉴定为链格孢Alternaria alternata。在5种药剂中,50%咯菌腈和50%异菌脲各浓度对月季黑斑病病原菌的抑菌效果均较好,对菌丝生长抑制率和孢子萌发抑制率分别达到95.2%和96.6%以上;其次是70%代森锰锌,3个浓度的菌丝生长抑制率在84.1%～87.2%之间,3个浓度的孢子萌发抑制率均高于93.5%,其中600倍液的孢子萌发抑制率最高,达98.1%;80%多菌灵和12.5%腈菌唑对月季黑斑病病原菌的抑制效果最差,菌丝生长抑制率和孢子萌发抑制率分别低于42.4%和46.3%。毒力测定结果显示,50%咯菌腈毒力最强,抑制中浓度EC_(50)为25.8 mg/L;12.5%腈菌唑毒力较弱,EC_(50)为160.3 mg/L,其它3种药剂的EC_(50)介于30.4～60.7 mg/L之间。因此,50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂和50%异菌脲悬浮剂可作为防治由链格孢引起的月季黑斑病的优选药剂。     

Morphological and histochemical investigation of the response of Olea europaea leaves to fungal attack by Spilocaea oleagina

This study investigated the response of Olea europaea (cv. Conservolea) leaves to attack by the fungal pathogen Spilocaea oleagina. Cryostat and semithin sections of healthy and S. oleagina‐infected olive leaves were analysed histochemically for polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and tested for programmed cell death (PCD) induction by means of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL). At all stages of infection, the fungus remained localized between the external and internal layers of cuticle without crossing the pectocellulosic layer. No PCD phenomena could be detected in plant cells at any stage of the disease. However, extensive degeneration of palisade parenchyma cells was observed in advanced infections, with massive loss of cytoplasmic contents and disappearance of cell compartments. Polyphenol oxidases are enzymes that, in olive, oxidize o‐diphenols (principally oleuropein and rutin) to produce o‐diquinones and melanins, substances that are toxic to many pathogens. No significant increase in overall PPO activity was found in infected leaves; on the contrary, enzyme activity was gradually lost as infection progressed, most probably due to degradation of plastids within mesophyll cells, in which such enzymes are normally confined. Only a limited local PPO activation occurred in a few upper epidermal cells of the leaf, indicating a feeble induction of a plant response.     

Resistance of Sorghum Line CS 621 to Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA and Other Sorghum Pathogens

Sorghum line CS 621 was evaluated along with other lines and cultivars for resistance to Rhizoctonia sheath blight, tar spot and gray leaf spot for 3 years. CS 621 was consistently resistant to these diseases even under a heavy natural outbreak of tar spot in the breeding nursery. It was also found to be more resistant to Rhizoctonia sheath blight than the resistant lines from Japan during the 1993 to 1994 screening tests. Resistance to Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA was expressed in the form of reduction in the severity of disease and rate of infection. Evaluation of progenies from crosses involving CS 621 and a susceptible variety, UPL Sg5, indicated that additive and dominant gene effects are important in the expression of quantitative resistance to R. solani. CS 621 could therefore serve as a source of multiple resistance genes in a breeding program for high yield and stability against sorghum diseases. Received 6 August 1999/ Accepted in revised form 18 October 1999     

油菜菌核病抗性鉴定方法的比较及抗源的筛选

采用已报道的七种油菜菌核病抗性鉴定方法,在同一条件下对两个感病和两个抗病品种进行鉴定比较。结果表明:草酸浸根(叶)法用于白菜型油菜鉴定效果不好;不同生育期的油菜对菌核病抗性有差异,应该以花期鉴定为主,苗期鉴定为辅;在花期以麦粒叶腋接种、琼脂块叶腋接种和牙签茎杆接种,接种后发病程度依次为牙签>麦粒>琼脂块;三种花期接种方法与大田接种鉴定的结果呈显著正相关(r>0.8000),这三种方法均能有效反映抗、感品种的差异,其中花期牙签茎杆接种法与大田接种鉴定法相关性达极显著水平(r=0.9140)。根据抗性鉴定方法比较的结果,选用花期牙签茎杆接种法,以中油821为对照,对四川农业大学油菜研究中心G1自交系的44份油菜育种材料进行鉴定、筛选,得到12份高抗材料,其中有5份材料的抗性极显著高于对照。     

刺葡萄棒状拟盘多毛孢叶斑病病原菌的分离鉴定及其防治药剂筛选

葡萄叶斑病是一种严重影响葡萄产量的病害。为了明确引起刺葡萄叶斑病的病原菌种类及筛选有效防治药剂,本研究从福建农林大学实践教学基地采集刺葡萄‘高山二号’10片典型叶斑病病叶片,对分离得到的菌株进行形态学和分子鉴定。结果表明,通过形态学特征结合rDNA-ITS(ITS)、β-tubulin和EF-1α序列分析确定分离到的菌株均为棒状拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis clavispora。防治药剂筛选的结果显示,不同的防治药剂对炭疽病菌的抑制效果不同,60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂和25%嘧菌酯悬乳剂对该病原菌菌丝生长的抑制效果最好,其EC_(50)分别为0.119 mg/L和0.178 mg/L;其次为80%波尔多液可湿性粉剂,其EC_(50)为1.766 mg/L;抑制效果最差的药剂为50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂,仅表现出轻微的抑制作用。防治棒状拟盘多毛孢菌丝生长和孢子萌发的最佳药剂是60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂和25%嘧菌酯悬乳剂,可作为备选药剂进行田间刺葡萄叶斑病防控试验。     

Growth Complementation of hrpXo Mutants of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by Virulent Strains in Rice Cultivars Resistant and Susceptible to the Parental Strain

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (X. o. pv. oryzae) T7174 is virulent on rice cultivar IR24 and avirulent on IR-BB2. From recent reports, some virulence and avirulence factors of plant pathogenic bacteria are transferred to plant cells through the hrp-dependent type III secretion system. In this study, we investigated the involvement of hrp genes in the compatible and the incompatible interactions between rice and X. o. pv. oryzae after co-inoculation with hrpXo mutants derived from T7174 and virulent strains. Growth of the mutants, named 74ΔHrpXo and 76ΔHrpXo, was repressed in IR24 when the mutants were applied alone. However, growth of the mutants was complemented by co-inoculation with virulent strains. Growth of bioluminescent hrpXo mutant 76ΔHrpXo in IR24 and its growth in IR-BB2 after co-inoculation with T7133, which is virulent on both cultivars, was equally complemented, as detected by bioluminescence from the mutant. On the other hand, only partial complementation of growth of T7174L76, which is a bioluminescent and pathogenic derivative of T7174, by T7133 was observed in IR-BB2. Thus, growth of the hrpXo mutant of X. o. pv. oryzae was complemented by virulent strains in both susceptible and resistant rice leaves with the parental strain. Received 21 July 2000/ Accepted in revised form 26 October 2000     

草莓褐色轮斑病病原鉴定及室内药效研究*

草莓褐色轮斑病近年越来越严重,尤其在草莓育苗阶段。从草莓发病叶片、匍匐茎上分离得到病原菌,对病原菌进行形态特征观察、生物学特性研究、ITS序列分析以及室内药效试验。结果表明：该病原菌为Sphaeronaemella fragariae。该菌菌丝生长最适温度范围是25～28 ℃;适宜pH为6;在供试的几种碳、氮源中,最适的碳源是蔗糖,最适的氮源是酵母浸出液。在供试的9种药剂中,以咪鲜胺1 000倍液对病菌的抑制作用最好。     

Pseudomonas syringae pv. solidagae pv. nov., the Causal Agent of Bacterial Leaf Spot of Tall Goldenrod Solidago altissima L.

A new bacterial disease of tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima L., “Seitaka-awadachiso” in Japanese), one of the most serious weeds in non-agricultural land, was discovered in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. Characterized by angular or round, dark brown necrotic spots on leaves, this disease resulted in defoliation and terminal dieback of the plants in severe cases. The disease was named “bacterial leaf spot”. The causal bacterium was identified as Pseudomonas syringae based on its bacteriological properties including those determined by LOPAT tests. The present bacterium was pathogenic to tall goldenrod alone but not to many other tested plants including weeds, flowers, trees and crops. In addition, P. syringae pv. syringae and other pathovars did not show any pathogenicity to tall goldenrod. Because no pathovars of P. syringae pathogenic to tall goldenrod have been reported, the present bacterium was concluded to be a new pathovar of P. syringae. We propose the name P. syringae pv. solidagae pv. nov. , and strain Sei 1 (MAFF 810063) is designated as the pathotype strain and has been deposited in the MAFF collection with two reference strains (MAFF 810064 and MAFF81066). Received 9 May 2001/ Accepted in revised form 18 June 2001     

甘草叶斑病的发生与病原菌鉴定

近年来,在甘肃省兰州市及渭源地区甘草产区发现一种甘草新病害—甘草叶斑病。2006－2008年对其发病情况进行了调查,甘草叶斑病在6月下旬开始发病,9月中旬为发病高峰期,发病率达80%。高燥地发病率低于低洼地,采用轮作可减轻甘草叶斑病的发生。经过对甘草叶斑病病原菌形态、培养性状和致病性等方面的测定表明,病原菌为豆链格孢（Alternaria azukiae）。通过寄主范围测定表明,该病原菌亦可侵染独活、羌活等药用植物。对大黄、苍耳等不具侵染性。     

Evaluation of cucumber (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumis sativus</Emphasis>) cultivars grown in Eastern Europe and progress in breeding for resistance to angular leaf spot (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas syringae</Emphasis> pv. <Emphasis Type="Italic">lachrymans</Emphasis>)

Increased occurrence of cucumber angular leaf spot, Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans, has caused significant losses in cucumber, Cucumis sativus, yield in Poland in recent years. These losses necessitated evaluation of the level of resistance in cucumber cultivars of mainly Polish breeding, cultivated in Eastern Europe, and initiation of a breeding programme for resistance to this disease. Screening for resistance was performed on 84 cucumber accessions under growth chamber conditions using a highly aggressive strain of P. syringae pv. lachrymans. Most of the screened accessions were either susceptible or displayed intermediate resistance. The screening resulted in the identification of five F₁ hybrid cultivars moderately resistant to angular leaf spot. The identified F₁ hybrids were self-pollinated up to the F₄ generation. Individuals resistant to angular leaf spot were identified. These individuals can be used as a source of resistance to angular leaf spot in future breeding efforts.     

水稻稻瘟病拮抗细菌WH1G的筛选鉴定及其抑菌活性

采用平板对峙法,从安徽水稻根际土壤样品中筛选对稻瘟病菌具有较强抑菌活性的拮抗细菌,通过菌落形态观察、生理生化特征、gyrB基因序列分析对该菌株进行鉴定,测定抑菌谱,对其抑菌机制进行初步研究。结果表明,拮抗菌株WH1G对稻瘟病菌具有较强的抑制作用,抑制率达91.79%,经鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。该菌可产生蛋白酶和纤维素酶,不产生几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶;用代谢产物无菌滤液处理稻瘟病菌,可造成孢子萌发率降低,菌丝扭曲异常、分支明显减少并产生大量泡囊。该菌对常见的20种植物病原真菌及细菌均具有不同程度的拮抗作用,表现出广谱抗菌活性。     

河北省主推番茄品种抗黄化曲叶病鉴定与筛选初报

采用田间自然鉴定方法对河北省42个番茄生产主推品种进行抗番茄黄化曲叶病鉴定。结果表明,‘迪芬尼’、‘74 589’、‘佳西娜’、‘格利’、‘74 587’、‘荷兰6号’、‘Ty204’等7个品种田间表现明显抗番茄黄化曲叶病,发病率分别为0、0、0、1.35%、1.32%、0、1.76%。其余35个品种田间均表现明显感病,发病率最高的品种为‘鲁寿巨粉’,发病率达到99.22%,各品种发病率差异显著。     

河南省粳稻品种抗白叶枯病鉴定及防治研究

经连续3年对豫北稻区已推广和将要推广的24个主要品种（系）进行人工剪叶接白叶枯病菌鉴定，其中中感品种7个，有郑粳754（郑稻1号）、新稻90247、郑粳756（郑稻5号）等，其余皆为感病和高感病品种。苗期移栽前3～5天喷药（叶青双或农抗751）防治白叶枯病，可使大田推迟发病10～15天。大田的防治适期应在发病的初期，喷施农药以每亩喷20％叶青双125～150克为好。农抗751（中生菌素）的效果也较理想。     

黄花菜叶斑病菌鉴定、生物学特性分析、防治药剂筛选及LAMP检测体系的建立

为明确浙江省黄花菜叶斑病病原菌的种类，探究其对杀菌剂的敏感性并建立快捷检测方法，采用组织分离法获得黄花菜叶斑病菌，通过形态学特征观察和分子生物学技术对病原菌进行鉴定，测定其致病力及生物学特性，分析6种杀菌剂对病原菌的生长抑制效果，并以ITS和EF-1α序列为靶标设计特异性引物建立环介导等温扩增（loop-mediated isothermal amplification，LAMP）检测方法。结果表明，根据形态学特征以及ITS与EF-1α序列分析结果确定黄花菜叶斑病菌为杏黄镰孢Fusarium armeniacum。该病原菌菌丝生长适宜温度为20~30℃，pH 7时菌丝生长最快，以葡萄糖为碳源、硝酸钠为氮源时利用率最高。96%己唑醇对菌丝生长的抑制作用最强，EC₅₀为0.119 μg/mL。本研究所建立的LAMP体系在60℃条件下反应60 min，琼脂糖凝胶电泳和SYBR Green I染料染色均可判断检测结果。该方法可特异性地检测出杏黄镰孢，最低检测灵敏度为 100 pg/μL，是常规PCR检测灵敏度的10倍。表明本研究所建立的LAMP检测体系可快速检测出人工接种和实际发病黄花菜叶片中的病原菌。     

贝莱斯芽胞杆菌ZF145抑菌物质提取方法比较及成分鉴定

为明确贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis菌株ZF145中可有效抑制黄瓜角斑病病原菌扁桃假单胞菌流泪致病变种Pseudomonas amygdali pv.lachrymans的主要物质,采用冻干法、酸沉法、絮凝法、萃取法和铵沉法提取菌株ZF145发酵液中的抑菌物质,通过室内盆栽试验验证粗提物对黄瓜角斑病的防治效果,综合比较不同方法的提取效果,并通过高效液相色谱-质谱（high performanceliquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS）联用技术鉴定粗提物中的抑菌物质。结果表明,絮凝法最适用于贝莱斯芽胞杆菌菌株ZF145发酵上清液中抑菌物质的提取,通过絮凝法提取的粗提物对扁桃假单胞菌流泪致病变种的抑菌圈直径达到19.50 mm,对黄瓜角斑病的盆栽防治效果为42.85%,且粗提物中的主要抑菌物质为C₁₃~C₁₆的surfactin同系物,浓度和纯度均为最高,分别为2.77 g/L和69.28%。表明本研究优化的絮凝法可用于芽胞杆菌发酵液中抑菌物质的提取。     

Note: Comparison of three laboratory methods to evaluate the pathogenicity and virulence of tenPseudomonas syringae pv.syringae strains on apple, pear, cherry and peach trees

The pathogenicity and virulence of ten GreekPseudomonas syringae pv.syringae strains from different hosts (citrus, pear, apple, peach and cherry) were evaluated using three different laboratory methods, which produced results in good agreement. All ten strains were virulent on apple, pear, cherry and peach trees. The extent of tissue colonized varied considerably among strains and cultivars. On excised shoots and twigs of apple and pear, strains BPI 176, BPI 203, PI 2 and PI 14 were the most virulent and strains BPI 689, BPI 992, BPI 4, BPI 20, PI 18 and PI 19 were the least virulent. On excised shoots and twigs of peach and cherry, strains BPI 176, BPI 203, PI 2, PI 14, PI 18 and PI 19 were the most virulent and strains BPI 4 and BPI 20 were the least virulent. Moderate virulence was evinced by strains BPI 689 and BPI 992. These pathogenicity assays are proposed as rapid and reproducible screening systems to evaluate the susceptibility of apple, pear, cherry and peach cultivars to this bacterial pathogen.