5种除草剂防除旱直播稻田杂草比较试验

42%噁草·丁草胺EC1 500 mL/hm2对鳢肠的防效为82%,对禾本科杂草、大多数阔叶杂草及莎草均有良好的防除效果,防效均达100%;33%二甲戊灵EC 2 250 mL/hm2对旱莲草的防效为64.7%,对禾本科杂草和部分阔叶杂草及莎草的防效均在86%～100%之间;30%苄·丁WP2 250 g/hm2和35%苄嘧.丙草胺WP 900 g/hm2对阔叶杂草和莎草科杂草的防效较好,但对禾本科杂草的防效较差;30%丙草胺EC1 800 mL/hm2对稻田多种杂草的防效均低于63%。     

The occurrence of Rhizoctonia solani on subterranean parts of wild plants in potato fields

The subterranean parts of 1585 wild plants (weeds) belonging to 52 species, found in potato fields in the northern part of the Netherlands were examined for the presence ofRhizoctonia solani. The fungus could be isolated from 30 plants belonging to 12 species. Of these isolates 62% proved to be pathogenic to potato sprouts.Some species seemed more frequently colonized byR. solani than others, particularlySolanum nigrum, Elytrichia repens andMatricaria recutita. On some common weeds, viz.Chenopodium album andPoa annua, noR. solani was observed, while about 1% of allPolygonum persicaria were infected.Disease symptoms were only observed once onElytrichia repens as sharp eyespots, presumably caused byR. cerealis.The incidence ofR. Solani on weeds increased markedly towards the end of the growing season.

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Samenvatting Wortels, wortelstokken en ondergrondse stengeldelen van onkruiden voorkomend in aardappelakkers in Groningen, Friesland en Drenthe zijn onderzocht op de aanwezigheid vanRhizoctonia solani. Van 1585 planten, behorend tot 52 soorten, herbergde bijna 2%, d.w.z. 29 planten behorend tot 12 soorten,R. solani op de ondergrondse delen. Van dezeRhizoctonia-isolaten bleek 62% aardappelspruiten aan te tasten.Bepaalde onkruidsoorten bleken vaker drager te zijn vanR. solani dan andere. Dit was het geval met kweek, zwarte nachtschade en echte kamille. Op enkele algemene onkruiden als witte ganzevoet en straatgras is geenRhizoctonia waargenomen. Van het algemeen op zandgronden voorkomende perzikkruid bleek ongeveer 1%Rhizoctonia op de wortels te herbergen.Typische ziektesymptomen — scherpe oogvlekken — zijn alleen waargenomen op stengels van kweek. Het voorkomen vanR. solani op onkruiden neemt sterk toe tegen het eind van het groeiseizoen (eind augustus en september).

     

广东省稻田杂草控制效果及影响因素

为了解常规管理条件下对广东稻田杂草的控制效果及其影响因素,于2015年对粤东、粤西、粤北地区及珠江三角洲的早、晚季稻田杂草进行了调查分析。结果表明:在常规控制措施下稻田中综合草害指数与水稻产量呈负相关,推荐剂量的除草剂不能有效控制稻田杂草的危害,特别是在早季需要辅以人工措施对稻田杂草进行管理。稻田杂草对除草剂产生了不同程度的抗药性。化学除草剂成本低,水稻种植者目前仍可以通过更换除草剂品种和加大剂量对杂草进行控制。化感抑草品种的推广需要在品质和产量上进一步满足生产的需要。在杂草耐药性增加、环境和政策要求减少化学除草剂投入的双重压力下,选育具有化感抑草效果的水稻品种,结合农艺措施,应该成为今后稻田控草的发展方向之一。     

40%乙·氰悬乳剂防除夏玉米田杂草药效试验

田间试验表明40 %乙·氰悬乳剂对玉米田杂草具有良好的防治效果 ,最佳用量175～200mL/mu,药后45d防效在90 %以上 ,鲜重防效达93 %以上。     

Evaluation of Datura stramonium and Nicandra physaloides as reservoirs of tomato severe rugose virus and whiteflies

Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) is the most important begomovirus transmitted and spread by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in tomato crops in Brazil. Cultural practices are being adopted, along with insecticides, for controlling this virus. However, little is known about the importance of weeds in the pathosystem, which can contribute to the failure of these practices. This work aimed to evaluate the role of Datura stramonium and Nicandra physaloides as alternative hosts of ToSRV and verify the viral influence on the biological performance of Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) cryptic species. N. physaloides was a better alternative host for ToSRV when combined with MEAM1 whiteflies, while D. stramonium was mostly a good host for whitefly reproduction. Viral infection improved MEAM1 performance on both host plants but affected MED performance negatively. These data suggest that both weeds can be of some importance for the pathosystem, and their control should be included in management programmes.     

上海外高桥口岸从进境羊毛中截获的杂草种类

上海外高桥口岸是原毛进境的重要口岸,外高桥检验检疫局在进境羊毛检验检疫中发现进境羊毛携带有大量杂草籽。本文对外高桥局2011年1～9月份进境羊毛中截获的杂草进行了统计与分析,共截获杂草10112批次,73种;其中检疫性杂草4种,435批次。并针对外来入侵杂草管理提出对策和建议。     

杂交水稻对杂草的生态控制作用

杂交稻田有杂草3～4种，杂草覆盖度为1.6%，分别比粳稻田低66%和95%。杂交稻汕优63对鸭舌草、矮慈姑和水竹叶的控制效果平均为89%。在无芒稗50株/m     

75%甲嘧磺隆水分散粒剂防除非耕地杂草试验

应用75%甲嘧磺隆水分散粒剂对非耕地杂草进行防除试验。结果表明,试验剂量在45～75g/667m2范围内,防治效果达100%。     

The persistence of seeds of 16 weed species over six years in two arable fields

Summary Two experiments have investigated the persistence of 16 arable, annual broad-leaved weed species over 6 years in a silty loam and a clay soil. Small plastic beads were included as an 'inert' comparison. Seeds were broadcast in October on to plots at the start of the experiment, and these were either tine cultivated or ploughed annually thereafter. Plots were sown with either spring or winter wheat. As far as possible, weed seeding was prevented each year. For some species, the seed decline appeared to be slower on the ploughed plots than on the tined plots and in the winter wheat compared with the spring wheat. Seed decline also tended to be slower on the clay soil at Rothamsted than on the silty loam at Long Ashton. Some species declined rapidly (e.g. Brassica napus , Chrysanthemum segetum , Galium aparine , Galeopsis tetrahit ), with annual decline rates in excess of 58%, whereas others declined very little (e.g. Papaver rhoeas decline rate 9%). Most of the other species had decline rates between 20% and 40%. The results are discussed in relation to the development of population dynamics models to predict long-term consequences of alternative weed management strategies.     

东北地区芝麻田杂草调查结果与分析

针对东北地区不同地区芝麻田间杂草的发生情况,采用五点取样法调查芝麻田间杂草。结果显示,东北地区芝麻田杂草约有16种,分属12科。其中,禾本科4种,占杂草种类的25％;菊科2种,占12．5％;苋科、鸭跖草科、莎草科等10科各1种,分别占6．25％。一年生杂草13种,占81．25％;多年生杂草3种,占18．75％。     

甘肃河西地区口岸外来杂草的调查与监测

通过实地杂草疫情监测,对甘肃河西地区口岸入侵杂草的种类、原产地、生活型、引入途径、入侵性等方面进行了调查分析。调查发现口岸地区常见杂草29科107种,菊科、豆科、禾本科、藜科杂草为4个优势科;其中88种为外来入侵杂草,主要集中在菊科和禾本科,原产地亚洲和欧洲为主,主要的入侵方式为无意引入。尚未发现检疫性入侵杂草分布。另外针对加强检疫监管及进境粮谷及矿砂携带杂草撒漏扩散提出几点建议。     

外来有害生物澳大利亚沼泽景天（Crassula helmsii）

概述了我国尚未分布、但具有潜在危害性的外来有害生物澳大利亚沼泽景天,以引起广大学者对该有害生物的关注,内容主要包括其生物及生态学特性、用途、影响及危害、国内外管制状态等。     

河南省五种常见禾本科杂草病原真菌种类调查与部分菌株的致病性测定

为了解河南省常见禾本科杂草上的病原真菌种类状况,于禾本科杂草生长季节对河南9个县市的稗草、狗尾草、马唐、牛筋草和虎尾草的发病情况进行了调查和采样.从72份样本中共分离获得152个真菌菌株,对产孢的131个菌株经形态学观察和rDNA ITS序列比对分析,鉴定出9个属的真菌,其中70株鉴定为16种.明确了平脐蠕孢属、弯孢属、凸脐蠕孢属、内脐蠕孢属和长蠕孢属等蠕形分生孢子真菌是狗尾草、马唐、稗草等常见禾本科杂草上的主要病原菌.对其中来自发病严重样品、产孢量大的30个菌株用人工接种法进行了致病性测定,狗尾草平脐蠕孢NY1菌株和新月弯孢zxl07289a菌株均对供试杂草表现出很强的致病性.研究结果丰富了禾本科杂草的病原真菌种类信息,为生物除草剂的研发提供了材料和参考.     

The role of population and quantitative genetics and modern sequencing technologies to understand evolved herbicide resistance and weed fitness

Evolution of resistance to multiple herbicides with different sites of action and of nontarget site resistance (NTSR) often involves multiple genes. Thus, single‐gene analyses, typical in studies of target site resistance, are not sufficient for understanding the genetic architecture and dynamics of NTSR and multiple resistance. The genetics of weed adaptation to varied agricultural environments is also generally expected to be polygenic. Recent advances in whole‐genome sequencing as well as bioinformatic and statistical tools have made it possible to use population and quantitative genetics methods to expand our understanding of how resistance and other traits important for weed adaptation are genetically controlled at the individual and population levels, and to predict responses to selection pressure by herbicides and other environmental factors. The use of tools such as quantitative trait loci mapping, genome‐wide association studies, and genomic prediction will allow pest management scientists to better explain how pests adapt to control tools and how specific genotypes thrive and spread across agroecosystems and other human‐disturbed systems. The challenge will be to use this knowledge in developing integrated weed management systems that inhibit broad resistance to current and future weed‐control methods. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

河北省夏播玉米田杂草的发生及化学防除

本文论述了河北省夏播玉米田杂草群落的组成、翻耕和免耕两种不同种植方式的玉米田杂草的发生及消长规律 ,并就不同种植方式的玉米田提出了相应的化学防除药剂及施用技术 :在翻耕玉米田 ,以喷施乙阿合剂做播后苗前土壤处理为主 ;免耕贴茬玉米田 ,在作物播后苗前喷施农达混用乙阿合剂 ;麦垅套种的玉米田 ,在小麦收获后立即喷施玉农乐或玉农乐与阿特拉津混用做茎叶处理 ;采用克芜踪行间定向喷雾防除玉米生育后期的杂草     

食草昆虫蓼蓝齿胫叶甲初步研究

蓼蓝齿胫叶甲在政治一年发生一代，以成虫在土壤中越冬。成虫、幼虫均以蓼科杂草为食，是麦田中扁蓄，水蓼等有害杂草的重要天敌。本文对蓼蓝齿胫叶甲各虫态形态特征，年生活史与生活习性，发育起点温度与有效积温，田间发生动态，发生与环境的关系，寄主范围、成虫与幼虫食量及在田间对蓼科杂草的封闭和了报道。     

蓼蓝齿胫叶甲寄主专食性的研究

对11科36种植物测试的结果表明，蓼蓝齿胫叶甲嗜食蓼科植物，尤其喜食酸模属和蓼属的植物，专食性强。蓼蓝齿胫叶甲在酸模、巴天酸模和皱叶酸模上产卵量多，发育进度快，幼虫死亡率低，羽化率高；经田间多点、多次调查，由于蓼蓝齿胫叶甲的取食，使酸模、巴天酸模和皱叶酸模自然死亡率达90％以上。强迫取食试验未发现危害任何经济作物。该虫蓼科杂草上繁殖力强，对自然控制蓼科杂草起重要作用，有一定的应用价值。     

树舌灵芝发酵液醇溶物对杂草植物生长的影响

以夏至草、稗草和反枝苋为受体杂草植物,采用琼脂混粉法研究了不同浓度树舌灵芝发酵液醇溶物对杂草植物生长的影响.结果表明:树舌灵芝发酵液醇溶物对稗草的胚根、胚轴具有明显的抑制作用;对夏至革和反枝苋胚根的抑制作用较弱,而对它们的胚轴具有促进生长的作用,且对反枝苋的促进作用尤其明显.     

Survival of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of weeds

The phyllosphere and rhizosphere of weeds are important niches for phytobacterial survival. The absence of information in Brazil regarding Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), the causal agent of black rot in crucifers, motivated this study. Twenty‐six weed species belonging to 14 botanical families were included in field experiments between August 2014 and October 2015. Lepidium virginicum and Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae) demonstrated great potential for survival of Xcc in the phyllosphere, with the bacterium isolated after 56 and 70 days, respectively. Low variation between maximum and minimum temperatures, high rainfall and high relative humidity at specific times of the year contributed to longer Xcc survival periods in the phyllosphere of some species. Xcc survived in the rhizosphere only in R. raphanistrum, where it was isolated for up to 28 days. No relation was found between climatic factors and survival in the rhizosphere. The data indicate that control of brassicaceous weeds will contribute to the control of black rot.