兰花试管开花研究进展

对兰花试管开花方面的研究进行了综述,着重介绍了兰科植物试管开花的影响因素及其调控和分子机理等方面的研究情况,指出目前存在的若干问题并提出解决对策。     

N、P、K对铁兰属植物Tillandsia stricta生长与开花的影响

以铁兰属植物Tillandsia stricta 2年生植株为试材,通过施加不同配比的N、P、K肥料,观察N、P、K对Tillandsia stricta生长与开花的影响。结果表明：N肥对Tillandsia stricta生物量影响最大,不同水平之间达到显著差异,其中200 mg/L N效果最优,达到18.87 g;P肥对Tillandsia stricta叶面积影响最大,F值为4.66,不同水平之间对叶面积的影响达到显著差异,120 mg/L P效果最优,达到1.84 cm2。不同水平K之间对成花率的影响达到极显著差异,以120 mg/L K效果最优,达到69.23%。适宜Tillandsia stricta营养生长的N、P、K用量配比组合为N2P3K1,即N:P2O5:K2O=1:3.1:1,而适宜其花芽分化和提高其开花品质的N、P、K用量配比组合为N2P1K2,即N:P2O5:K2O=1.4:1:2。     

不同时期断根对花生植株生长的影响

为了探明断根时期对花生植株生长的影响,为确定适宜的断根时期提供依据。在大田覆膜栽培条件下,研究了不同时期断根对花生植株生长的影响。研究结果表明,断根可降低花生株高,减少主茎叶片数、分枝数、单株开花数和果针数,且随断根时间的提前而影响明显;适期断根有利于延缓花生叶片衰老,使适宜叶面积系数维持较长时间,增加有效分枝数和有效果针数,并可较少干物质的无益消耗、减少过多的冗余生长,有利于荚果形成;断根过晚基本不影响植株生长。本试验以开花后15~20天进行断根处理对植株生长的综合效果较好。     

Die Ertragsbildung und Ertragsstruktur eines konventionellen und eines epigonalen Genotyps der Weißen Lupine (Lupinus albus)

Yield formation and yield components of a conventional and an epigonal genotype of white lupin ( Lupinus albus )
Differences in yield formation and yield structure of two contrasting Lupinus albus growth types, the conventional, freely branching cultivar Kalina and the epigonal. little branching cultivar Ep I were analyzed. Both cultivars were grown in field experiments at Hohenheim in 1987 and 1988 with a combined variation of population density (30–120 plants/m²) and plant distribution. In addition, assimilate distribution within the plant was studied using a ¹⁴C-labelling experiment. – The contributions of branches to light interception of the crops during the generative phase were > 90 % in Kalina as compared to about 30 % in Ep 1 . Relative ¹⁴C uptake of branches was in a similar range, but great proportions of the ¹⁴C taken up by branches was translocated to main stems. No genotype x plant density interactions with respect to grain yield were recorded, indicating that yield formation at main stems and branches was affected by cropping conditions similarly in both genotypes. This applies to the conditions of the experiments, where stress effects were absent. Under these conditions, the conventional genotype showed agronomic, but no physiological disadvantages.     

Development of a PCR marker tightly linked to mollis, the gene that controls seed dormancy in Lupinus angustifolius L.

Wild plants of Lupinus angustifolius avoid extinction in a drought year by production of seeds with coats that are impermeable to water, preventing germination of a large percentage of the seed in any given year. Domesticated cultivars of this species carry the recessive gene mollis, making the seed coat permeable to water and, in turn promoting good crop establishment in the year of sowing. A dominant microsatellite‐anchored fragment length polymorphism candidate marker was identified as being tightly linked to mollis in a population of recombinant inbred lines derived from domesticated and wild‐type parents. The candidate marker was excised from the gel, amplified by PCR, sequenced and extended beyond the SSR end of the original MseI‐SSR fragment. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms were found within this extended sequence. Specific primers were designed to create a marker 209 bp long. PCR products of these primers run on a single strand conformation polymorphism gel resolved in a co‐dominant fashion. This marker will be used in marker‐assisted selection for mollis when introgressing wild material into lupin breeding programmes.     

陕西苹果花期预测模型研究

为了增强陕西各苹果产区精确防御花期冻害的能力,有效提高苹果产量和品质,促进陕西苹果产业稳定、持续、健康发展,依据统计分析原理,对陕西各苹果产区花期和花期前的各项气温因子进行详细的相关性分析。结果显示：陕西苹果花期前0~5℃的活动/有效积温与真实花期的相关性好于0~5℃天数与真实花期的相关性;0~5℃的活动/有效积温越靠近真实花期,其与真实花期的相关性越显著;从0℃至5℃各活动/有效积温与苹果花期的相关性呈增高趋势;各有效积温因子与苹果花期相关性好于活动积温因子与苹果花期的相关性。基于以上分析结果,分果区建立了陕西苹果的花期预测模型,并通过回代和预测对模型进行检验。检验结果显示平均误差小于3天,预测结果可为实际生产中苹果花期防灾减灾工作的开展提供参考。     

Induction of fertile flowers in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) by silver thiosulphate anionic complex

Summary The effect of gibberellic acid containing mixtures, silver thiosulphate and extended photoperiod on flowering induction in 16 non-flowering potato genotypes and on flowering enhancement in 14 normally potato flowering genotypes was studied in sub-tropical plains of India during short-day autumn crop season of 2000–2001 and 2001–2002. Extended photoperiod alone was not successful in induction of flowering. Silver thiosulphate in combination with extended photoperiod effectively induced flowering in 16 potato genotypes studied for flowering induction. Induced flowers of some genotypes were male fertile. Normal berry setting was observed on induced flowers and seeds obtained from such berries germinated normally. Gibberellic acid containing treatments were not very effective in flower induction as they induced some flowering only in few genotypes. In the normally flowering genotypes silver thiosulphate enhanced maximum flowering and duration of flowering to a great extent.     

Over-expression of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">FT</Emphasis> gene reduces juvenile phase and induces early flowering in ornamental gentian plants

Ornamental gentian plants are perennial and have a juvenile period of over 1 year before flowering. We transformed gentian plants with a construct comprising the Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene (encoding a major component protein of the flowering hormone ‘florigen’) under the control of the rolC promoter from Agrobacterium rhizogenes, which is known to induce vascular-specific expression. The resultant rolCpro-FT transgenic gentian plants showed early flowering in vitro and the earliest line formed floral buds within 4 months after transformation. Regeneration experiments from leaf explants of these rolCpro-FT transgenic plants also confirmed the early flowering phenotype. After acclimatization, these transgenic plants showed normal floral development in a closed greenhouse. There is no effective method to induce early flowering by cultivation management in gentian, therefore these lines might be very useful as annual early season cultivars.     

An Effect of Various Nitrogen Forms Used as Fertilizer on Lupinus albus L. Yield and Protein, Alkaloid and α-Galactosides Content

The influence of various forms of nitrogen supplied to the ground as N₂, NH, NO, [NH + NO], –NH₂, and Nd (N‐deficiency) on Lupinus albus L. cvs. Butan (sweet) and Bac (bitter) yield and protein, alkaloid and α‐galactoside biosynthesis in their seeds were studied. The experiments were performed in a greenhouse on perlite using, in all cases, the same dose of P, K, Mg and micronutrients (B, Zn, Mn, Cu, Mo, Fe). The Nd treatment contained only macro‐ and micronutrients without any nitrogen support. We found that different nitrogen forms used as a fertilizer had a significant influence on the development and yield structure of both lupin cultivars. It was found that the plants developed most favourably when nitrogen was supplied as N₂ and [NH + NO]. For the other forms, the anomalies like necrosis, chlorosis, leaves with small surface of assimilation were noticed. However, these observations were not always reflected by all parameters of yield structure. The forms of nitrogen had a pivotal influence on yield of generative and vegetative parts of lupin. Moreover, significant differences in protein, alkaloid and α‐galactoside content in seeds were observed.     

玉米制种花期不遇的原因及预测方法研究

根据玉米杂交制种科研实践，研究分析了玉米杂交制种过程中诸多导致花期不遇的因素，针对性的提出了叶龄预测法和可见叶、未出叶、幼雄穗分化观察法等花期预测的有效方法，对指导玉米制种生产和提高制种量具有重要意义。     

Inheritance of duration from sowing to first flowering in pigeonpea

Duration from sowing to flowering is the most important trait influencing adaptation in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), but the inheritance of this trait has not been elucidated clearly. Crosses were made between two early (60 to 70d) and one late (160 to 170d) flowering pigeonpea genotype and F₁, F₂ and BC₁ populations produced. These populations, comprising 60 to 100 parents, 30 F₁, 400F₂ and 40 to 50 BC₁ plants, were grown under natural (mean13.4 hd^-1) and artificially extended (to 15 hd^-1) daylength and duration from sowing to first flowering recorded. Genetic analysis of the segregation ratios, supported by Chi-square tests, indicated that the duration from sowing to flowering in each of the crosses was controlled by two genes assorting independently and with predominantly additive quantitative effects. The segregation patterns were most clearly defined in the 15 hd^-1 daylength. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

甘蓝型春油菜早花位点加密及位点聚合创建优异早花资源

cqDTFA7a and cqDTFC8, two major effects of early flowering QTL, were identified in the NNDH population of spring Brassica napus, and closely linked markers SSR G1803, InDel IA7-4, and SSR S035 with cqDTFC8 developed in previous studies. In this study, a BC₂F₂ population for early flowering QTL locus cqDTFC8 was constructed, and a closely linked SNP marker was further developed. The early flowering genotypes of one natural resources contained 93 spring B. napus varieties were identified used four closely linked markers with two loci, and selected 3164 and 2216 resources with cqDTFA7a site, 3484 and 2857 resources with cqDTFC8 site. Two site resources were aggregated by site polymerization through reciprocal hybridization. The polymerized DH system was rapidly obtained by microspore culture and maker assisted selection. A hybrid combination was created between polymeric line with good traits and early flowers and the Polima CMS, and the utilization value of the polymeric line was further analyzed by the production test at multiple environments for two consecutive years. cqDTFC8 encryption results showed that this site was located in the SNP11 and SNP12 interval, and separated from SNP11 altogether. The identification results of early flowering genotypes of natural resources showed that there were 50 individuals containing cqDTFA7a locus, with an average initial flowering period of 58.1 days; 16 single plants containing cqDTFC8 locus, with an average flowering period of 58.3 days; and 16 single plants containing two loci, with an average flowering period of 55.2 days, indicating the more early flowering sites containing, the earlier flowering. The results of polymerization showed that the flowering time of the polymerized lines of cqDTFC8 and cqDTFA7a was 2-3 days earlier than that of the single locus parents, among which the polymerized DH18 from 3164 of cqDTFA7a and 3484 of cqDTFC8 was 3 days earlier than that of the parents, and the yield-related traits were better than those of other lines. The combination of DH18 and the Polima CMS 025A was further utilized, and the combination was named TZG18. Yield results of two years and nine environments showed that yield of TZG18 was above 17.5% higher than the Haoyou 11, a local B. rapa variety on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Those results indicated that the early flowering site polymeric lines had an obvious advantage over the single locus lines in flowering time, and had an effect on the increasement of rapeseed yield. This study is a preliminary exploration of MAS breeding for early flowering traits of Brassica napus, providing materials support for replacing B.rapa varieties using early maturity Brassica napus varieties in spring rapeseed region, and approaches for gene polymerization breeding technology.     

侧芽数对西红花球茎产量与开花的影响

西红花只能通过无性繁殖方式繁育球茎,探索培育开花大球茎与增加后代子球茎数量之间的平衡点,可以为西红花栽培与生产过程中规模的进一步扩大奠定理论基础。以4个等级单球重(8~15、16~20、21~25、26~30 g)的西红花球茎为材料,通过抹除侧芽与不抹芽对比试验,分析其后代子球茎的数量、质量及开花时间、开花量等数据。结果表明,球茎单球重越大,能形成子球茎的数量越多。未抹芽的子球茎生物量整体呈增加趋势,但单株子球茎均重和主芽子球茎均重均整体呈下降趋势。单球重20 g以上的母球,可以保留芽数量最多至5个左右,既能得到更多的子球茎,也不影响新形成顶芽球茎开花及开花量。     

外源水杨酸对观赏羽扇豆高温胁迫的生理响应

选用5叶期观赏羽扇豆‘尖塔’品种为试材,喷施200 μmol/L水杨酸后进行30℃~45℃的高温胁迫,观测其叶片超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性、丙二醛含量及可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的变化,以阐明高温胁迫下观赏羽扇豆的防御机理。结果表明：高温胁迫下,外源水杨酸预处理可以提高观赏羽扇豆幼苗叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶活性和过氧化物酶活性,抑制丙二醛含量的增加,提高渗透物质可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖的浓度。且随着胁迫温度的升高,抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量逐渐升高,当温度超过40℃后,开始下降。叶片中过氧化物酶活性对SA处理比较敏感,可作为衡量其耐热性的指标。可见,外源水杨酸可以通过提高植株抗氧化能力和渗透调节物质、保护膜结构和功能来降低高温胁迫对观赏羽扇豆幼苗的伤害。     

油用牡丹花期预报

根据菏泽市2008—2019年油用牡丹花期观测资料及相应气象要素,利用滑动平均、相关分析及逐步回归等数理统计方法,分析了影响菏泽市油用牡丹始花期早晚的主要气象因子。结果表明：温度条件是影响油用牡丹始花期主要的气象因子之一,并与花期呈显著负相关;日照、降水及日较差等气象条件与油用牡丹始花期相关均不显著。选取2008—2018年对牡丹花期影响较大的气象因子,采用逐步回归方法,建立了油用牡丹始花期预报模型,可分别于3月21日、4月1日发布花期预报。模型历史回代（允许误差均在±1天）,并对2019、2020年进行试报,准确率均为100%,拟合程度较为理想,试报效果较好,满足气象服务需求。     

A model describing the flowering of single plants, and the heritability of flowering traits of Dimorphotheca pluvialis

In the development of new crops such as Dimorphoteca pluvialis (L.) Moench, improvement of flowering synchronisation is an important breeding objective. The flowering of single plants of Dimorphotheca pluvialis could be described by a logistic curve obtained by the regression of cumulative number of open flowers on time. The curve is characterised by three parameters, corresponding with the total number of flowers produced by the plant, the rate of flowering development and the day at which peak bloom is reached. From these parameters two other characteristics were derived, i.e., onset of flowering and duration of flowering. The use of the flowering model for selection for improved flowering synchronisation is discussed. Heritabilities of flowering traits were estimated using parent-offspring regression and variance components analyses. Onset of flowering and date of peak bloom showed high (>0.69), and total number of flowers moderate to high (0.30–0.90) heritability values, indicating that for these traits considerable progress may be expected from mass selection, particularly in the early selection generations. Duration of flowering showed low to moderate values (0.25–0.45), and methods other than mass selection (e.g. family selection) should be considered. Determination of phenotypic and genetic correlations revealed only an additive genetic correlation between date of peak bloom and duration of flowering (r _A = 0.80 and 0.69 for 1993 and 1994, respectively), suggesting the possibility of indirect selection for curtailed duration of flowering by means of selection against late date of peak bloom. Duration of flowering, total number of flowers and onset of flowering were not correlated. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

魔芋属植物开花的生理生化研究进展

摘要：本文从国内外关于目前魔芋开花的开花花期、开花诱导、孢粉学和花粉保存以及魔芋开花特殊生理现象等生理生化研究进展进行了综述,并对今后魔芋开花研究方向做出了展望。