藜麦活性成分研究进展

藜麦是苋科藜属一年生双子叶植物, 作为一种营养价值突出的功能性健康食品, 不仅富含多酚、黄酮、皂苷、多糖、多肽、蜕皮激素等活性成分, 还含有丰富的维生素、必需氨基酸、矿物质(K、P、Mg、Ca、Zn、Fe)等营养物质, 具有均衡补充营养、增强机体功能、抗氧化、降血糖、降血脂、抗炎、提高免疫、防治心血管疾病以及抗菌抗溃疡等生理活性, 尤其适于高血糖、高血压、高血脂、心脏病等慢性病人群及婴幼儿、孕产妇、儿童、学生、老年人等人群食用。藜麦因其全面的营养价值和食用功能特性, 且优于大多数谷物, 成为适宜人类食用的全营养食品。本文综述藜麦的活性成分及其生理功能作用, 并展望其在食品工业中的发展前景, 旨在对藜麦产业、食品保健和医药研发等领域提供重要的参考价值。     

Water Relations and Transpiration of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Under Salinity and Soil Drying

Drought and salinity are the two major factors limiting crop growth and production in arid and semi‐arid regions. The separate and combined effects of salinity and progressive drought in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) were studied in a greenhouse experiment. Stomatal conductance (g_s), leaf water potential (Ψ_l), shoot and root abscisic acid concentration ([ABA]) and transpiration rate were measured in full irrigation (FI; around 95 % of water holding capacity (WHC)) and progressive drought (PD) treatments using the irrigation water with five salinity levels (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 dS m^?1); the treatments are referred to as FI₀, FI₁₀, FI₂₀, FI₃₀, FI₄₀; PD₀, PD₁₀, PD₂₀, PD₃₀, PD₄₀, respectively. The measurements were carried out over 9 days of continuous drought. The results showed that increasing salinity levels decreased the total soil water potential (Ψ_T) and consequently decreased g_s and Ψ_l values in both FI and PD. During the drought period, the xylem [ABA] extracted from the shoots increased faster than that extracted from the roots. A reduction in Ψ_T, caused by salinity and soil drying, reduced transpiration and increased apparent root resistance (R) to water uptake, especially in PD₀ and PD₄₀ during the last days of the drought period. The reasons for the increase in apparent root resistance are discussed. At the end of the drought period, the minimum value of relative available soil water (RAW) was reached in PD₀. Under non‐saline conditions, Ψ_l decreased sharply when RAW reached 0.42 or lower, but under the saline conditions of PD₁₀ and PD₂₀, the threshold values of RAW were 0.67 and 0.96, respectively. In conclusion, due to the additive effect of osmotic and matric potential during soil drying on soil water availability, quinoa should be re‐irrigated at higher RAW in salt‐affected soils, i.e. before the soil water content reaches the critical threshold level causing the drop in Ψ_l resulting in stomatal closure.     

Effects of Increasing Salinity Stress and Decreasing Water Availability on Ecophysiological Traits of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Grown in a Mediterranean‐Type Agroecosystem

Quinoa is a native Andean crop for domestic consumption and market sale, widely investigated due to its nutritional composition and gluten‐free seeds. Leaf water potential (Ψ_leaf) and its components and stomatal conductance (g_s) of quinoa, cultivar Titicaca, were investigated in Southern Italy, in field trials (2009 and 2010). This alternative crop was subjected to irrigation treatments, with the restitution of 100 %, 50 % and 25 % of the water necessary to replenish field capacity, with well water (100 W, 50 W, 25 W) and saline water (100 WS, 50 WS, 25 WS) with an electrical conductivity (EC_w) of 22 dS m^?1. As water and salt stress developed and Ψ_leaf decreased, the leaf osmotic potential (Ψ_π) declined (below ?2.05 MPa) to maintain turgor. Stomatal conductance decreased with the reduction in Ψ_leaf (with a steep drop at Ψ_leaf between ?0.8 and 1.2 MPa) and Ψ_π (with a steep drop at Ψ_π between ?1.2 and ?1.4 MPa). Salt and drought stress, in both years, did not affect markedly the relationship between water potential components, RWC and g_s. Leaf water potentials and g_s were inversely related to water limitation and soil salinity experimentally imposed, showing exponential (Ψ_leaf and turgor pressure, Ψ_p, vs. g_s) or linear (Ψ_leaf and Ψ_p vs. SWC) functions. At the end of the experiment, salt‐irrigated plants showed a severe drop in Ψ_leaf (below ?2 MPa), resulting in stomatal closure through interactive effects of soil water availability and salt excess to control the loss of turgor in leaves. The effects of salinity and drought resulted in strict dependencies between RWC and water potential components, showing that regulating cellular water deficit and volume is a powerful mechanism for conserving cellular hydration under stress, resulting in osmotic adjustment at turgor loss. The extent of osmotic adjustment associated with drought was not reflected in Ψ_π at full turgor. As soil was drying, the association between Ψ_leaf and SWC reflected the ability of quinoa to explore soil volume to continue extracting available water from the soil. However, leaf ABA content did not vary under concomitant salinity and drought stress conditions in 2009, while differing between 100 W and 100 WS in 2010. Quinoa showed good resistance to water and salt stress through stomatal responses and osmotic adjustments that played a role in the maintenance of a leaf turgor favourable to plant growth and preserved crop yield in cropping systems similar to those of Southern Italy.     

Effect of high temperature on pollen morphology,plant growth and seed yield in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has gained considerable attention worldwide during the past decade due to its nutritional and health benefits. However, its susceptibility to high temperatures has been reported as a serious obstacle to its global production. The objective of this study was to evaluate quinoa growth and pollen morphology in response to high temperatures. Pollen morphology and viability, plant growth and seed set, and several physiological parameters were measured at anthesis in two genotypes of quinoa subjected to day/night temperatures of 22/16°C as a control treatment and 40/24°C as the heat stress treatment. Our results showed that heat stress reduced the pollen viability between 30% and 70%. Although no visible morphological differences were observed on the surface of the pollen between the heat‐stressed and non‐heat‐stressed treatments, the pollen wall (intine and extine) thickness increased due to heat stress. High temperature did not affect seed yield, seed size and leaf greenness. On the other hand, high temperature improved the rate of photosynthesis. We found that quinoa has a high plasticity in response to high temperature, though pollen viability and pollen wall structure were affected by high temperatures in anthesis stage. This study is also the first report of quinoa pollen being trinucleate.     

干湿交替灌溉对水稻产量与水分利用效率的影响

本研究旨在阐明干湿交替灌溉影响水稻产量的生理机制。大田种植3个当地高产水稻品种武运粳24 (粳稻)、扬两优6号(两系杂交籼稻)与甬优2640 (三系籼/粳杂交粳稻)。自移栽后7 d设置：常规灌溉(CI,保持水层)和干湿交替灌溉(AWD),观察这2种灌溉模式对水稻根系与地上部生长发育的影响。结果表明,与CI相比,AWD可以显著提高水稻产量与水分利用效率,3个供试品种产量分别提高了5.34%、5.85%和6.62%,水分利用效率分别提高了28.9%、25.3%和27.6%。产量与水分利用效率的提高主要得益于水稻根系和地上部植株的生理功能的改善,表现出灌浆期较高的根系氧化力、根系伤流液强度、根系与叶片中玉米素与玉米素核苷的含量、剑叶净光合速率、籽粒中较高的蔗糖合酶、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶和淀粉合酶活性、较大的深层(10~20 cm)根系、较高的分蘖成穗率与叶面积指数。     

灌溉决策方式对冬小麦产量及水分生产效率的影响

为提高小麦水分生产效率,设置了3种灌溉决策方式:Prwin软件决策、彭曼公式决策、经验灌溉(对照),研究其对小麦产量、水分生产效率及相关性状的影响。结果表明:Prwin灌溉决策下,小麦整个生育期灌水2151.0 m3/hm2,比对照节水699.0 m3/hm2,小麦株高、旗叶性状、穗部性状与对照无明显差异,产量达7401.4 kg/hm2,比对照增产7.8%,小麦水分生产效率为1.80 kg/m3,比对照增加26.8%;彭曼公式决策下,比对照节水400.5 m3/hm2,比对照增产4.2%,水分生产效率比对照增加4.1%。     

施磷对黄土旱塬小麦水分利用效率、水势及产量的影响

为了研究黄土旱塬农业肥料的施用效果,选取3个磷肥施加水平（P₀,P₉₀和P₁₈₀）,研究了施磷对黄土旱垣农业生态区小麦气体交换指标、瞬时水分利用效率、叶片水势及产量的影响,并对它们之间的关系做了分析。结果表明：随着施磷量的增加小麦叶片光合性能随之升高,且各处理之间差异显著;施磷提高了小麦的瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi);随着磷肥的施加,叶片水势随之升高;最终产量以P₁₈₀处理最高,为4550 kg/hm²。各指标相关分析结果表明,气体交换指标与叶片瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi)、叶片水势及产量之间达到显著或极显著相关;且各光合性能参数与水势和产量之间的相关性大于与WUEi的相关性。WUEi与水势和产量之间也存在着显著的相关关系。     

旱作大豆播种密度对产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了提高旱作区大豆种植效益,充分利用当地降水资源,在甘肃东部地区开展播种密度对不同成熟期大豆品种产量及水分利用效率的影响研究。结果表明,不同类型大豆品种随播种密度增加,其主要经济性状单株荚数、单株粒数、每荚粒数和单株粒重均呈下降趋势;播种密度对不同类型品种田间耗水量影响不显著;在播种密度9.0万株/hm²~27.0万株/hm²的范围内,晚熟品种‘汾豆78’、‘晋豆23’适宜种植密度为18.0万株/hm²,早熟品种‘中黄30’、‘晋豆19’适宜种植密度为22.5万株/hm²;适宜播种密度能够明显提高旱作区大豆籽粒产量和水分利用效率。     

覆膜方式对雨养饲用玉米生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响

为促进冀西北坝上高寒半干旱区旱地饲用玉米稳产、高产和提高水分利用效率,于2016—2017年在农业部张北农业资源与生态环境重点野外观测试验站,进行了露地平作(ck),双垄沟覆膜、微垄覆膜、土下覆膜处理对饲用玉米叶面积指数、干物质积累、土壤水分、产量和水分利用效率影响的试验研究。结果表明,在丰水年,双垄沟覆膜处理效果最好,与露地相比叶面积指数、干物质积累量、土壤蓄水量分别提高36.45%、70.24%、13.25%,产量和水分利用效率提高了67.24%和87.66%;在欠水年,土下覆膜处理效果最佳,较露地增产71.31%,水分利用效率提高81.69%。双垄沟覆膜是寒旱区提高饲用玉米产量和高效利用降水的有效技术,土下覆膜则更适用于土壤贮水丰富农田的高水效生产。     

不同生育期（阶段）有限补灌对小麦产量和水分利用效率及经济效率的影响

为高效利用灌溉水资源,提高灌溉水水分利用效率和水分经济效率,在山西临汾采用随机区组设计方法研究了不同年型各生育期（阶段）有限补灌对产量、水分利用效率及经济效率的影响。结果表明：2个年型（正常和干旱）条件下：各生育阶段灌水处理的平均产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水水分经济效率均表现为冬前灌水>春季灌水>后期灌水;各生育时期灌水处理的平均产量和灌溉水水分经济效率均表现为冬水>孕穗水>拔节水>扬花水>返青水>起身水>灌浆水>对照（不补灌）,水分利用效率为冬水>孕穗水>扬花水>返青水>起身水>拔节水>灌浆水>对照（不补灌）。降雨正常年型各生育阶段灌水处理的平均产量、水分利用效率均高于干旱年型,而干旱年型灌溉水水分经济效率却高于正常年型。此项研究同时明确了各生育期灌水处理的土壤水分动态。该项研究为发展半旱地农业提供了理论和技术支撑。     

不同灌溉施肥方式对春玉米产量和水分生产效率影响

为明确不同灌溉施肥方式在春玉米上的应用效果,以‘郑单958’玉米品种为试材,设置了4种灌溉施肥方式（雨养玉米、常规灌溉施肥、滴灌施肥、1/2滴灌施肥）,研究其对春玉米株高、茎粗、根系、产量及水分生产效率的影响。结果表明：在一定自然降雨条件下,滴灌施肥方式可明显促进根系生长发育,对玉米前期的地上部生长发育有较大作用;施肥总量一致的前提下,采用滴灌施肥有利于保障玉米的有效成穗,增加穗粒数,从而提高产量。生育期灌水675 m3/hm2的滴灌施肥模式,较常规灌溉施肥方式节省灌水50%前提下,产量达11310 kg/hm2,提高420 kg/hm2;水分生产效率2.2 kg/m3,提高0.26 kg/m3。因此,滴灌施肥技术在春玉米上具有较好的应用效果,可在有条件的地方大面积示范推广。     

灌溉方式和播期对地膜春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了缓解气候变化加剧的水资源短缺危机和生态风险,寻求合理高效节水灌溉方式,提高农田作物水分利用效率的适应性。通过不同灌溉方式和不同播期对大田地膜春玉米进行试验,采用全生育期连续定点观测春玉米发育期、产量结构和水分利用效率,分析了不同灌溉方式和不同播期对春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：滴灌、喷灌和漫灌3种灌溉方式中滴灌最有利于春玉米干物质积累、第二播期生长状况好,干物质累积量高,尤其是乳熟期和成熟期差异明显(P<0.05)。滴灌、喷灌较漫灌根系多;喷灌根系长而粗,与滴灌、漫灌差异极显著(P<0.01)。滴灌、喷灌果穗长、果穗粗好于漫灌,滴灌秃尖最短,籽粒重和百粒重呈现为滴灌>喷灌>漫灌,且差异显著(P<0.05)。第二期产量构成优于第三期和第一期。滴灌产量高,耗水少,水分利用效率最高,而产量较高耗水最少的第三期水分利用效率高,差异显著(P<0.05)。总之,滴灌是最适宜于干旱区的抗旱、节水、节肥和增产的灌溉方式;第二期是最适宜的播种期,且气候变暖有利于晚播、晚熟品种的推广和获得高产。     

Relationship of Carbon Isotope Discrimination to Water Use Efficiency and Productivity of Barley Under Field and Greenhouse Conditions

This study was conducted to evaluate the application of carbon isotope discrimination (CID) as a selection criterion for improving water use efficiency (WUE) and productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under field and drought‐stress conditions in a greenhouse. A total of 54 genotypes were screened for variability in CID under field conditions, while 23 genotypes were evaluated under water‐deficit conditions in the greenhouse. A survey of leaf CID of 54 genotypes at two field locations showed more than 2.14‰ difference between extreme genotypes. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) genotypic variation was found in WUE and CID that had a negative strong correlation. There was a negative correlation between leaf CID and aerial biomass in the greenhouse and among six‐row genotypes in the field. Correlations between leaf CID across field locations and across irrigation regimes in the greenhouse were significant (experiment 1, r = 0.79 and 0.94 for six‐ and two‐row genotypes), suggesting stability of the CID trait across different environments. Overall, these results indicate the potential of leaf CID as a reliable method for selecting for high WUE and productivity in barley breeding programmes in the Canadian prairies. Further work is currently underway to determine heritability/genetics of leaf CID and application of molecular marker‐assisted selection for the traits in barley breeding programmes.     

Effects of Limited Irrigation on Accumulation and Distribution of Dry Matter,Yield, and Water Use Efficiency of Different Cotton Varieties

[Objective]We aimed to prove the effects of limited irrigation on the regulation of soil moisture, growth, and yield in different mature cotton varieties in the Yellow River region. [Method] Using the early maturing cotton variety CCRI 50, earlier middle maturing variety Nongdamian 601 (ND 601), and medium maturing variety Jimian 958 (JM 958) as test materials, field tests were carried out using both conventional irrigation (W1) and limited irrigation (proper irrigation before sowing, no irrigation during growing period; W2). The traits of interest were measured, including leaf area index, water use efficiency, and yield. [Result] The dry matter quality of the three varieties was significantly lower with the W2 treatment, with the greatest reduction observed in CCRI 50 (P＜0.05). Compared with the W1 treatment, the yield of the three varieties under the W2 treatment decreased significantly, with the greatest reduction observed in the early maturing variety CCRI 50. The water use efficiency of CCRI 50 decreased significantly while that of ND 601 and JM 958 improved significantly during the two study years. [Conclusion] ND 601 and JM 958 have good adaptability to moderate drought stress and W2 treatment can improve the water use efficiency of these varieties to obtain the ideal output level. CCRI 50 is sensitive to moisture; it is difficult to form a high yield population for this variety under W2 treatment.     

不同灌溉处理对杂交谷子生长特性、产量及水分利用的影响

旨在为‘张杂谷’的节水高效提供理论依据。本试验于2014 年在张家口农科院宣化试验站(115°3′N,40°63′E)进行,以‘张杂谷3 号’为材料,设置4 个灌水处理：①杂交谷子全生育期不灌水(T0);②于拔节期灌水(T1);③分别于拔节、抽穗期灌水(T2);④分别于拔节、抽穗、灌浆期灌水(T3),探讨了不同灌溉条件下‘张杂谷’生长、产量、水分利用效率的变化规律。结果表明：（1）灌溉使灌浆期叶片水势提高0.04~0.31 Mpa,株高及生物量分别提高21.1~34.05 cm、2675.07~4103.88 kg/hm2。（2）与T0相比,灌溉下T1、T2、T3产量分别增加了1256.36 kg/hm2、2155.62 kg/hm2、2105.93 kg/hm2。（3）T1、T2、T3处理产量水平水分利用效率(WUEy)分别比T0提高9.33%、19.2%、14.88%,且WUEy 与产量呈显著正相关。分析得出如下结论：（1）在干旱年型,对‘张杂谷3 号’而言,于拨节、抽穗期进行2 次灌溉是获得高产与高WUEy 的有效措施。（2）灌溉下产量与WUEy 的提升主要是通过提升群体生物量与群体水分利用效率(WUEbm)实现的。     

Effect of Moderate Drought in the Early Stage on Cotton Yield,Fiber Quality and Water Use Efficiency

[Objective] A 2-year field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of a moderate drought regime in the early-stage on cotton yield, fiber quality and water use efficiency. [Method] An experiment was set up in 2015 and 2016 on the Qingyuan Experimental Plot of Hebei Agricultural University based on a split plot design with two main plots: (1) conventional irrigation (W1) and (2) drought (limited irrigation before sowing with no irrigation during the growing period, W2). Three sub-plots with different cotton cultivars were established: CCRI 50 (early maturity), Nongdamian 601 (ND 601, moderate earliness), and Jimian 958 (JM 958, intermediate maturity). [Result] (1) Drought stress affected the ratio of seasonal bolls. Under drought stress, the ratio of summer bolls decreased and that of autumn bolls increased. Because the precipitation peak in 2016 was higher than normal and mainly concentrated in July, which was later than in 2015, the ratio of autumn bolls increased in 2016. (2) Drought stress affected cotton yield but had no significant effect on fiber quality. Under moderate drought, the boll number per plant and boll weight of ND 601 and JM 958 decreased, the ratio of boll setting increased (P < 0.05), the boll weight of CCRI 50 increased, and the yields of all three cultivars decreased. Because CCRI 50 is an early-maturing cultivar and sensitive to water, its yield decreased significantly (41.0%). (3) Reducing irrigation by an appropriate amount was able to improve water use efficiency. The water use efficiencies of ND 601 and JM 958 averagely increased significantly, by 15.75% and 10.05%, respectively, between 2015 and 2016 under drought stress. The water use efficiency of CCRI 50 decreased significantly, by 15.9%, because of its early maturity and sensitivity to water stress. [Conclusion] Moderate irrigation has a significant effect on yield, fiber quality, and water use efficiency. Cotton yield losses caused by water stress can be ameliorated by making the best use of natural precipitation and by increasing planting density.     

长期定位轮作施肥对马铃薯产量和水肥利用效率的影响

为探究阴山北麓地区干旱栗钙土长期施肥的施肥效应,基于内蒙古武川旱作试验站的长期定位试验(2004—2016),研究长期不同施肥处理对2016年马铃薯产量、养分吸收和水肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,化肥与有机肥配施(NPK+O)或化肥平衡配施(NPK)可显著提高马铃薯叶面积指数、干物质量和NPK养分吸收量,最大叶面积指数为2.19,植株干物质积累量最高为136.53 g/株,植株N、P、K养分最大吸收量分别为3.35、0.36、6.99 g/株。化肥与有机肥配施(NPK+O)或化肥平衡配施(NPK)可显著提高马铃薯总产量、商品薯产量和商品薯率,相比于对照,总产量分别提高110.57%和85.44%,商品薯产量分别提高295.11%和247.56%,商品薯率提高25个百分点。化肥与有机肥配施(NPK+O)或化肥平衡配施(NPK)可显著提高马铃薯水分利用效率,水分利用效率分别为42.98、38.27 kg/(hm²·mm),相比于对照分别提高104.72%和38.27%。化肥平衡配施(NPK)当季肥料利用率最高,N、P₂O₅、K...     

氮磷配施对旱地油用亚麻水分利用效率及产量的影响

为了给旱地农业水肥管理以及科学施肥提供参考依据,通过田间试验研究了油用亚麻氮磷配施后土壤水分分布及其对产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,施肥对土壤含水量有较大的影响,在中氮和高氮水平下,油用亚麻各生育时期100 cm以下各土层含水量均表现为施磷处理高于不施磷处理;在子实期高氮施磷处理的土壤贮水量显著高于其他不施磷肥处理,分别高4.38%、3.37%和3.66%;氮、磷单一施用时,土体供水的贡献率均偏向于某一土层,而氮磷配施时,各个土层土体供水贡献率都表现适中;高氮施磷处理的籽粒产量和水分利用效率均显著高于其他处理,分别达1062.50 kg/hm2 和2.60 kg/(mm· hm2),产量较其他处理增加8.12%~16.76%;WUE分别较其他处理提高7.31%~15.77%。     

不同气候条件下耗水量对旱地油菜产量的影响及水分利用效率研究

为了研究气候变化情景下农作物种植应对措施,采用分期播种法,对高海拔旱作区春油菜生长过程中耗水量变化和降水、温度的影响试验。结果表明,高海拔旱作区油菜全生育期耗水量在254~286 mm之间,抽薹-开花期耗水占全生育期的6.9%~10.3%,开花-成熟期耗水占全生育期的32.3%~58.2%。抽薹-开花期耗水量与产量相关极显著(r=0.890);开花-成熟期耗水量与产量相关显著(r=0.764),期间耗水量每增加1 mm油菜产量增加37.9 kg/hm2。不同播期耗温比与产量相关达极显著水平(r=0.844),耗温比每增加1单位,油菜产量增加86.4 kg/hm2。不同播期油菜水分利用效率与产量呈极显著正相关(r=0.981),水分利用效率每增加1单位,油菜产量增加313.5 kg/hm2。     

不同基因型玉米品种产量、抗旱性及水分利用效率差异研究

为了充分挖掘和提高作物抗旱性及水分利用效率,通过选用新品种是最有效且易行的技术措施,以期解决品种应用盲目和抗旱应对被动的问题。本研究在山西晋中盆地大田条件下,以生产上推广应用的11个不同基因型玉米新品种为试材,于拔节期设置3种不同水分处理,分析了其产量、抗旱性及水分利用效率的差异。结果表明：不同水分条件下,各品种产量、抗旱性排序不同,其中‘大丰30’、‘迪卡M753’的丰产性、稳产性和抗旱性综合表现最好,正常供水下,其产量分别可达13634 kg/hm²和14478 kg/hm²,抗旱指数分别达0.999和1.029;同时在分析水分利用效率和水分生产效率后,得出在拔节期补充灌溉45 mm时,既可获得较高的水分利用效率,同时灌溉水分生产效率也最高,分别为29.77 kg/(mm·hm²)和30.92 kg/(mm·hm²)。因此,‘大丰30’和‘迪卡M753’可作为主干型品种在该区域进一步验证和应用,且在该区域运用非充分灌溉,对保护水资源和发展有机旱作农业具有重要意义。