The role of non‐crystalline Fe in the increase of SOC after long‐term organic manure application to the red soil of southern China

Because of the important role of soil organic carbon (SOC) in nutrient cycling and global climate changes, there has been an interest in understanding how different fertilizer practices affect the SOC preservation and promotion. The results from this study showed that long‐term application of manure (21 years) could increase significantly the content of SOC, total nitrogen (N) and soil pH in the red soil of southern China. The chemical structure of SOC was characterized by using solid‐state cross‐polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and the aromatic C, ratio of alkyl C : O‐alkyl C, aromaticity and hydrophobicity of mineral fertilizers N, P and K plus organic manure (NPKM) and organic manure (M) treatments were less than those of mineral fertilizer nitrogen (N) and mineral fertilizers N, P and K (NPK) treatments. Both poorly crystalline (Fe_o) and organically complexed (Fe_p) iron contents were influenced significantly (P < 0.05) by different fertilizers, and it was observed that NPKM and M treatments increased the non‐crystalline Fe (Fe_o‐Fe_p) content. There was a significant (P < 0.01) positive correlation between soil organic C and non‐crystalline Fe in both the surface (0–20 cm) and subsurface (20–40 cm) soils. The results suggested that non‐crystalline Fe played an important role in the increase of SOC by long‐term application of organic manure (NPKM and M) in the red soil of southern China.     

长期施肥红壤稻田有机碳演变规律及影响因素

利用1981年起设置的水稻土长期施肥定位试验,分析了CK(不施肥)、N(单施氮肥)、NPK(氮磷钾配施)、NPK2(2倍氮磷钾配施)和NPKM(有机无机肥配施)等施肥措施下土壤有机碳的演变规律及其与作物产量和土壤养分(全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾和速效钾)的相关性.结果表明:试验30年后,各个处理的土壤有机碳含量均有上升,其中CK、N、NPK、NPK2和NPKM的土壤有机碳在试验30年分别比试验前增加18.95％、17.72％、23.36％、16.92％和32.68％.与CK处理相比,NPK、NPK2和NPKM处理的土壤有机碳平均提高了4.09％、4.03％和25.68％.土壤有机碳含量与水稻产量呈显著相关(P＜0.001),相关系数r为0.410,这说明土壤有机碳含量的增加可以促进水稻增产.土壤有机碳与土壤养分中的碱解氮、速效磷和全磷含量均表现出极显著相关(P＜0.001),相关系数r分别为0.452、0.559和0.487,但是与钾含量相关不显著.这表明:有机无机肥配施可以持续快速提高红壤性水稻土的有机碳含量,同时在有机无机肥配施过程中应适当增施钾肥,从而促进土壤肥力平衡和维持作物高产稳产,实现农业可持续性.     

Soil organic carbon sequestration under different fertilizer regimes in north and northeast China: RothC simulation

Soil organic carbon (SOC) modelling is a useful approach to assess the impact of nutrient management on carbon sequestration. RothC was parameterized and evaluated with two long‐term experiments comparing different fertilizer treatments in north (Zhengzhou) and northeast (Gongzhuling) China. Four nutrient application treatments were used: no fertilizer (Control), mineral nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium fertilizers (NPK), NPK mineral fertilizer plus manure (NPKM), and NPK mineral fertilizer plus straw return (NPKS). The comparison between simulated and observed data showed that the model can adequately simulate SOC contents in the Control, NPK and NPKM treatments but overestimated in the NPKS treatment at both sites. By changing the value of decomposable plant material:resistant plant material (DPM:RPM) ratio from the default value to 3.35 for the NPKS treatment at the Zhengzhou site, dynamics of simulated SOC agreed with measured values. A pseudo‐parameter, straw retention factor was introduced to adjust the amount of straw incorporated into soils. Using the inverse simulation method and the modified value of the ratio, the best‐fitted value was 0.24 for the NPKS treatment at the Gongzhuling site. This result indicated that retaining straw on the soil surface makes less contribution to carbon sequestration than if it is incorporated. With this modification for straw, the model produced reasonable predictions for the two sites. The model was run for another 30 years with the modified parameter values and current average climatic conditions for different fertilizer treatments at both sites. The results suggested that the NPK application plus the addition of manure or straw would be better management practices for carbon sequestration.     

不同施肥管理对红壤性水稻土有机碳、氮形态的影响

A long-term experiment beginning in 1981 in Jinxian County of Jiangxi Province, subtropical China, was conducted in a paddy field under a double rice cropping system with four different fertilization regimes, including 1) no fertilizer as control (CK), 2) balanced chemical N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK), 3) organic manure using milk vetch and pig manure in the early and late rice growing season, respectively (OM), and 4) balanced chemical fertilizers combined with organic manure (NPKM). Samples (0-17 cm) of the paddy field soil, which was derived from Quaternary red clay, were collected after the late rice harvest in November 2003 for determination of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) and fractions of organic C and N. Results showed that TOC and TN in the NPKM and OM treatments were significantly higher than those in other two treatments (CK and NPK). Application of organic manure with or without chemical fertilizers significantly increased the contents of all fractions of organic C and N, whereas chemical fertilizer application only increased the contents of occluded particulate organic C (oPOC) and amino acid N. In addition, application of organic manure significantly enhanced the proportions of free particulate organic carbon (fPOC) and oPOC in total C, and those of amino sugar N and amino acid N (P < 0.01) in total N. In contrast, chemical fertilizer application only increased the proportions of oPOC and amino acid N (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in either contents or proportions of soil organic C and organic N fractions between the NPKM and OM treatments. These indicated that organic manure application with or without chemical fertilizers played the most significant role in enhancing soil organic C and N quantity and quality in the paddy field studied.     

长期施氮肥对黄棕壤微生物生物性状的影响及其调控因素

基于黄棕壤小麦-甘薯轮作的长期定位试验,探究不同施氮处理土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)含量和酶活性的变化及其潜在调控因子,为科学施氮提高土壤质量和改善土壤生态功能提供依据。试验选取始于2011年4个施氮处理:不施肥(CK)、不施氮肥(PK)、施化学氮肥(NPK)和化学氮肥配施有机肥(NPKM),调查两季作物收获后土壤MBC和MBN含量、酶活性及微生物碳氮利用效率的变化,并通过冗余分析(RDA)和结构方程模型(SEM)明确调控弱酸性黄棕壤中MBC和MBN变化的潜在因素。小麦和甘薯两季的结果表明:施氮肥降低了土壤MBC、MBN含量和蔗糖酶(SSC)、脲酶(SUE)活性,与NPK处理相比, NPKM处理增加了MBC、MBN含量和SSC、SUE活性。长期施用氮肥提高了土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤养分[全氮(TN)和矿质态氮(MN)]含量,但施氮肥显著降低土壤p H以及微生物的碳氮利用效率。与小麦季相比,甘薯季土壤SOC和MN含量有所下降,而MBN含量和SSC活性有所升高。RDA和SEM结果表明,氮肥的施用强化了MBC与MBN、SSC与MBC以及SUE与MBC之间的关联性;不同施氮处理下土壤p H、有机碳、氮含量以及微生物的碳氮利用效率的变化直接或间接地影响土壤MBC、MBN含量和SSC、SUE活性,其中p H是调控土壤MBC变化的直接因素,而土壤SSC和SUE活性与MBC、MBN含量相互影响。长期施用氮肥降低了黄棕壤MBC、MBN含量和酶活性,化学氮肥配施有机肥有利于缓解生物性状的下降,土壤p H是影响MBC变化的主要因素,小麦-甘薯轮作中土壤微生物强烈的碳代谢过程利于增加MBN。     

Long‐term pig manure application reduces the requirement of chemical phosphorus and potassium in two rice–wheat sites in subtropical China

Producing optimal grain yields while reducing adverse environmental impacts of over‐fertilization is essential in intensive, but sustainable, farming systems. We investigated the effects of long‐term (1982–2005) application of chemical nitrogen (N), N + chemical phosphorus (P) and N + P + chemical potassium (K) on grain yield, nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) and N losses in two rice–wheat sites in subtropical China where pig manure was applied (Suining and Wuchang). Four (Suining) or five (Wuchang) treatments were examined: no‐fertilizer, chemical N plus manure (NM), chemical NP plus manure (NPM), chemical NPK plus manure (NPKM) or chemical NPK plus 1.6 times manure (NPKhM, Wuchang only). Fertilizers resulted in 1.5–2.5 times higher grain yields than no‐fertilizer, which led to a NRE in the range from 21.0 to 58.3%. Grain yields of rice and wheat were significantly increased by 22.6–25.9 and 34.4–37.5%, respectively, under NPM and NPKM (similar to each other) compared to NM at Suining. Yields were similar for NM, NPK, NPKM and NPKhM at Wuchang. The N accumulation and NRE among fertilizers were in the order NM < NPM = NPKM at the low amount of manure‐applied site (Suining), but NM = NPM = NPKM at the high amount of manure‐applied site (Wuchang). The ratio of N losses to total N input was 21.4–49.1% at the studied sites. Soil total N accumulated at a rate of 0.01–0.04 g/kg/yr during 1982–2005 with fertilizers and decreased or was constant in soil without fertilizer. Application of chemical P and K fertilizers could be reduced or eliminated after long‐term manure application at these two sites, while maintaining optimal grain yields and enhancing soil N accumulation.     

长期施肥对水稻土碳氮矿化与团聚体稳定性的影响

水稻土有机碳、氮矿化过程对水稻土质量和作物养分吸收具有重要的作用,但是它们对施肥措施的响应及其与土壤结构之间的关系尚不清楚。本研究基于红壤性水稻土长期施肥定位试验,分析了不施肥(CK)、施用常量化肥(NPK)、2倍化肥(NPK2)和常量化肥配施有机肥(NPKOM)等处理下水稻土碳氮矿化特征,并研究了其与土壤团聚体稳定性的关系。结果表明NPKOM处理显著提高了土壤有机碳和全氮含量(P0.05),而单施化肥处理(NPK2和NPK)则同CK处理没有显著差异。土壤有机碳矿化速率、累积矿化量和矿化率均为NPKOMNPK2NPKCK处理,其中NPKOM处理显著高于其他处理(P0.05),而后3个处理间没有显著差异。土壤氮矿化速率、累积矿化量和矿化率同土壤碳矿化的规律一致,NPKOM、NPK2和NPK处理累积矿化氮量较CK处理分别提高110.0%、29.4%和8.8%,矿化率分别提高110.8%、25.6%和13.0%。单施化肥处理(NPK和NPK2)的平均质量直径(MWD)分别降低了17.1%和15.5%,而NPKOM处理则增加了19.4%。相关分析表明,土壤碳氮矿化主要取决于土壤有机碳氮含量,而与土壤团聚体水稳定性无直接关系。在今后研究中,应重点分析土壤孔隙结构与有机碳氮周转的关系。     

Impact of long-term application of fertilizer, manure and lime under intensive cropping on physical properties and organic carbon content of an Alfisol

Intensive cropping with conventional tillage results in a decline of soil organic carbon (SOC) with consequent deterioration of soil physical properties. Some studies indicate that this decline in SOC can be arrested by way of organic manure application and improved nutrient management practices. This study was conducted to find out the long-term effects of inorganic fertilizer, manure and lime application on organic carbon content and physical properties of an acidic Alfisol (Typic Haplustalf) under an annual soybean-wheat crop rotation. Six treatments namely, control (CON), nitrogen fertilization (NIT), nitrogen and phosphorus (NP), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK), NPK plus manure (NPKM) and NPK plus lime (NPKL) from a long-term fertilizer experiment continuing at Ranchi, India, were chosen for this study. Soil samples were collected from the selected treatments after 29 crop cycles and analyzed for physical and chemical properties. The results indicated that SOC content in all the treatments decreased from initial levels, but the decrease was considerably less in NPKM (8.7%) and NPKL (10.9%) treatments than that in NIT (28.3%) treatment. The SOC at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth was lowest in NIT and CON. The NPKM, NPKL and NPK treatments up to 30 cm soil depth recorded significantly higher SOC than NIT and CON. Application of balanced fertilizer along with manure (NPKM) or lime (NPKL) improved soil aggregation, soil water retention, microporosity and available water capacity and reduced bulk density of the soil in 0-30 cm depth over CON. In contrast, soil aggregate stability, microporosity and available water capacity were significantly lower in the NIT plots than that in CON. The study thus suggests that soil management practices in acidic Alfisols should include integrated use of mineral fertilizer and organic manure or lime to maintain the organic carbon status and physical environment of soil.     

长期不同施肥下塿土有机碳和全氮在团聚体中的分布

【目的】研究小麦/玉米轮作体系不同施肥方式下土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)在(?)土不同水稳性团聚体中的分布特征,以期深入理解不同施肥方式对土壤碳、氮固持的机制。【方法】采集(?)土21年长期肥料定位试验不同施肥处理0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层土样,分析其水稳性团聚体(2 mm、2~1 mm、1~0.5 mm、0.5~0.25 mm以及0.25 mm)有机碳和全氮的分布特征。试验设不施肥(CK),化肥氮磷钾配施(N、NP、NK、PK、NPK)和秸秆还田配施氮磷钾(SNPK)以及两个水平有机肥与氮磷钾配施(M1NPK、M2NPK)9个处理。【结果】长期施肥0-10 cm土层土壤团聚体SOC和TN含量明显高于10-20 cm,平均增幅20%以上。2~1 mm或1~0.5mm团聚体中SOC和TN的含量最高,0.25 mm团聚体最低。长期不施磷肥处理的土壤团聚体SOC和TN含量均与CK相似。NP、NPK以及SNPK处理,0-10 cm土层SOC较CK分别增加16%~43%、9%~40%和22%~47%;TN增幅分别为28%~48%、39%~61%和39%~91%。10 20 cm土层,NP、NPK以及SNPK处理2mm、2~1 mm、1~0.5 mm土壤团聚体SOC较CK增幅分别为35%~49%、17%~40%和45%~46%,TN增幅分别为44%~47%、39%~54%和54%~64%。长期有机肥与氮磷钾配施处理(M1NPK、M2NPK),0-10 cm土层的团聚体SOC平均较CK分别增加68%~122%和61%~163%,TN平均分别增加84%~133%和97%~175%;10-20 cm土层,SOC较CK平均增幅分别为20%~61%和39%~118%,TN增幅平均分别为43%~86%和107%~136%。SOC和TN主要储存于0.25 mm团聚体中(40%)2~1 mm团聚体储存最少(10%)。长期不施氮或不施磷对SOC和TN在团聚体中的储存比例基本没有影响。长期NP、NPK以及M1NPK、M2NPK均降低了各土层SOC和TN在2 mm或2~1 mm的储存比例增加了在1~0.25 mm团聚体储存比例。2 mm或2~1 mm团聚体的C/N比值高于微团聚体(0.25 mm),而与CK相比,长期施肥降低了土壤团聚体的C/N比值。【结论】关中地区(?)土长期偏施化肥对有机碳和全氮在团聚体的含量及分布没有显著影响而长期氮磷或氮磷钾化肥配合、氮磷钾与有机物配合均明显增加土壤团聚体的有机碳及全氮含量,特别是长期氮磷钾配合有机肥能显著增加土壤1~0.25 mm团聚体对土壤有机碳和全氮的固存比例,提高土壤有机碳和全氮储量减少温室气体的排放。     

长期施肥下黑土不同团聚体氮组分的植物有效性差异

【目的】 土壤团聚体组分形成机制不同,其所含有的氮的转化和有效性也不同。阐明不同团聚体中氮素有效性差异,可为科学施肥、培育高效的土壤结构、提高氮肥利用率提供重要的理论依据。 【方法】 依托吉林黑土长期定位试验,于2014年进行了室内土壤培养试验和黑麦草盆栽试验。供试土壤选择的定位试验处理包括不施肥 (CK)、氮磷钾 (NPK)、氮磷钾 + 秸秆 (NPKS)、氮磷钾 + 农家肥 (NPKM)。采集1000 g土样于2 L塑料瓶内,加入15N丰度为20.12%的尿素0.247 g,置于25℃培养箱中恒温控湿培养40天。培养完成后将土样风干,将有机物分为粗游离颗粒有机物 (cfPOM,> 250 μm)、微团聚体有机物 (iPOM,53～250 μm) 和矿物结合有机物 (MOM,< 53 μm),矿物结合有机物又进一步分为团聚体内矿物结合有机物 (MOMi) 和团聚体外矿物结合有机物 (MOMo),分析了不同团聚体组分中15N的固持量。称取各粒级土壤样品40 g,分别与20 g细石英砂混匀,于80 mL小塑料盆中,每盆黑麦草定苗7株于温室内培养,20天时加入适量磷、钾营养液。培养30天后,分别采集黑麦草地上部和根系,烘干、称重、研磨,测定养分含量及15N丰度。 【结果】 在NPK处理和NPKM处理的土壤中,植株生物量分别在MOMo和cfPOM下最高,分别为每盆100.2 mg和99.8 mg。黑麦草尿素氮含量在MOMo的NPK处理最大,在其他三个组分均表现为CK > NPK > NPKS > NPKM,其中cfPOM组分氮固持量与黑麦草氮含量表现一致;黑麦草吸收的氮素主要来自cfPOM和MOMo组分中 (0.1～0.21 mg/pot),在其他组分下不足0.05 mg/pot;cfPOM、iPOM、MOMi和MOMo中的氮素利用率分别为14.1%～19.3%、5.5%～15.4%、3.1%～4.9%和12.7%～23.6%,在NPKM处理下,以cfPOM组分中最高,为19.3%,在NPK处理下以MOMo组分最高,为23.6%。 【结论】 施用有机肥可促进外源氮肥保存在粗游离颗粒中,其固持的氮有效性最高,有利于后季养分的供应。单施化肥处理团聚体外部矿物结合有机物中固持氮的有效性最高;团聚体内部矿物结合有机物组分虽固持氮含量较高,但氮有效性很低。      

Effect of long‐term fertilization and manuring on potassium release properties in a Typic Ustochrept

A long‐term fertilizer experiment, over 27 years, studied the effect of mineral fertilizers and organic manures on potassium (K) balances and K release properties in maize‐wheat‐cowpea (fodder) cropping system on a Typic Ustochrept. The treatments consisted of control, 100% nitrogen (100% N), 100% nitrogen and phosphorus (100% NP), 50% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (50% NPK), 100% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (100% NPK), 150% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (150% NPK), and 100% NPK+farmyard manure (100% NPK+FYM). Nutrients N, P, and K in 100% NPK treatment were applied at N: 120 kg ha^—1, P: 26 kg ha^—1, and K: 33 kg ha^—1 each to maize and wheat crops and N: 20 kg ha^—1, P: 17 kg ha^—1, and K: 17 kg ha^—1 to cowpea (fodder). In all the fertilizer and manure treatments removal of K in the crop exceeded K additions and the total soil K balance was negative. The neutral 1 N ammonium acetate‐extractable K in the surface soil (0—15 cm) ranged from 0.19 to 0.39 cmol kg^—1 in various treatments after 27 crop cycles. The highest and lowest values were obtained in 100% NPK+FYM and 100% NP treatments, respectively. Non‐exchangeable K was also depleted more in the treatments without K fertilization (control, 100% N, and 100% NP). Parabolic diffusion equation could describe the reaction rates in CaCl₂ solutions. Release rate constants (b) of non‐exchangeable K for different depth of soil profile showed the variations among the treatments indicating that long‐term cropping with different rates of fertilizers and manures influenced the rate of K release from non‐exchangeable fraction of soil. The b values were lowest in 100% NP and highest in 100% NPK+FYM treatment in the surface soil. In the sub‐surface soil layers (15—30 and 30—45 cm) also the higher release rates were obtained in the treatments supplied with K than without K fertilization indicating that the sub‐soils were also stressed for K in these treatments.     

Changes in soil aggregate‐associated enzyme activities and nutrients under long‐term chemical fertilizer applications in a phosphorus‐limited paddy soil

Paddy soils in subtropical China are usually deficient in phosphorus (P) and require regular application of chemical fertilizers. This study evaluated the effects of chemical fertilizers on the distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (N) and available P, and on the activity of the associated enzymes in bulk soil and aggregates. Surface soils (0–20 cm) were collected from a 24‐yr‐old field experiment with five treatments: unfertilized control (CK), N only (N), N and potassium (NK), N and P (NP), and N, P and K (NPK). Undisturbed bulk soils were separated into >2, 1–2, 0.25–1, 0.053–0.25 and <0.053 mm aggregate classes using wet sieving. Results showed that both NP‐ and NPK‐treated soils significantly increased mean weight diameter of aggregates, SOC, available P in bulk soil and aggregates, as compared to CK. Most SOC and total N adhered to macro‐aggregates (>0.25 mm), which accounted for 64–81% of SOC and 54–82% of total N in bulk soil. The activities of invertase and acid phosphatase in the 1–2 mm fraction were the highest under NPK treatment. The highest activity of urease was observed in the <0.053 mm fraction under NP treatment. Soil organic carbon and available P were major contributors to variation of enzyme activities at the aggregate scale. In conclusion, application of NP or NPK fertilizers promoted the formation of soil aggregates, nutrient contents and activities of associated enzymes in P‐limited paddy soils, and thus enhanced soil quality.     

长期施肥棕壤团聚体分布及其碳氮含量变化

【目的】探究玉米-玉米-大豆轮作体系不同施肥处理对土壤团聚体分布及其有机碳、全氮的影响,以期深入了解施肥对土壤培肥、改善土壤结构的机制。【方法】选取不施肥（CK）,化肥（NPK）,低量有机肥（M1）,低量有机肥与化肥配施（M1NPK）,高量有机肥（M2）,高量有机肥与化肥配施（M2NPK）6个处理。采集棕壤37年长期定位试验微区不同施肥处理的0-20 cm和20-40 cm土样,分析其水稳性团聚体（ 1 mm、1~0.5 mm、0.5~0.25 mm、0.25~0.053 mm及 0.053 mm）分布及其有机碳、全氮分配特征。【结果】棕壤长期施肥对团聚体分布及其碳氮的影响0-20 cm大于20-40 cm,随土层深度的增加,有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）含量减少。各处理团聚体及碳、氮在团聚体中的分配主要在黏粉粒中（40%以上）。与CK相比,NPK处理显著提高了黏粉粒的含量,降低大团聚体与微团聚体含量,显著增加黏粉粒储碳比例;M1、M2处理显著增加 1 mm团聚体数量及其SOC含量,显著增加 0.25 mm各粒级团聚体的储碳比例,且M2处理显著高于M1处理;M1NPK、M2NPK处理也显著增加 1 mm团聚体数量及其SOC含量,M1NPK与M2NPK处理在NPK处理的基础上依次增加0.5~0.25 mm（M1NPK）、1~0.5 mm及 1 mm团聚体的储碳比例,M2NPK处理 0.25 mm团聚体储碳比例最高,土壤团聚体全氮的变化趋势与有机碳类似。【结论】棕壤连续有机无机配合施用可显著增加土壤大团聚体数量、SOC、TN含量及其储碳、氮比例,是提高土壤质量、改善土壤结构的有效施肥措施。     

长期施用有机肥对稻麦轮作体系土壤有机碳氮组分的影响

【目的】 以湖北武汉地区长期稻麦轮作制度下施肥试验地作为研究对象,研究了长期不同施肥处理对耕层土壤有机碳、全氮及活性碳氮组分的影响,为优化稻麦轮作体系下施肥措施,实现土壤固碳减排,培肥土壤提供理论依据。 【方法】 长期施肥试验开始于1981年,试验处理包括不施肥 (CK)、施化学氮肥 (N)、施化学氮磷肥 (NP)、施化学氮磷钾肥 (NPK)、单施有机肥 (M) 及有机无机肥配施处理 (NPKM)。收集2017年小麦收获后耕层 (0—20 cm) 土壤,测定各小区土壤中的有机碳 (SOC)、全氮 (TN)、微生物量碳氮 (MBC、MBN)、水溶性碳 (DOC)、热水溶性有机碳 (HWSC)、颗粒有机碳氮 (POC和PON)、轻组有机碳氮 (LFOC和LFON) 及氯化钾浸提氮 (KEN,即水溶性无机氮) 的含量并分析各指标间的关系。 【结果】 1) 除KEN外,长期施用有机肥显著增加耕层土壤的各碳氮组分含量,特别是有机无机肥配施处理。2) 各活性有机碳组分占SOC的百分比由高到低排序为POC > LFOC > HWSC > MBC > DOC,各氮组分占TN的百分比由高到低排序为PON > LFON > MBN > KEN,其中POC占SOC的24.04%～37.64%,PON占TN的12.09%～20.24%,且有机肥处理下POC/SOC、PON/TN显著高于其余处理。3) 通过对土壤有机碳及各活性有机碳的对施肥的敏感性分析可得,各活性碳敏感性指数均显著高于SOC,且DOC的敏感性最高。4) 通过各组分间相关性分析可知,除KEN外,各碳、氮组分间显著正相关,其中DOC与SOC、PON与TN关系更为紧密,表明DOC及PON可较好地反应出SOC、TN的变化情况。 【结论】 在湖北稻麦轮作地区,长期有机无机肥配施处理显著增加了土壤碳库及氮库,促进了土壤碳、氮的积累,尤其是颗粒有机碳和有机氮 (POC和PON)。水溶性碳 (DOC) 对施肥反应最为敏感,可作为指示该地区有机物早期变化的指示物。      

长期施肥对水稻土不同功能有机质库碳氮分布的影响

土壤有机质(SOM)对于维持农业生产力、提高土壤质量和增加土壤固碳均具有非常重要的意义。以红壤水稻土35年的长期定位试验为依托,借助近期发展的物理―化学联合分组方法,探讨了长期施肥对水稻土不同功能SOM库含量、SOM库碳氮含量变化和分配比例的影响。结果表明,长期施肥尤其是有机无机配施处理显著增加了未保护游离SOM库(c POM和f POM)和纯物理保护SOM库(i POM)在土壤中的含量以及它们的土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量。未保护游离SOM库的SOC和TN含量占总有机碳和全氮比例在有机无机配施处理下最高,分别达35.9%和33%。与CK相比,有机无机配施使生物化学保护库非水解游离粉粒组(NH-d Slit)和非水解游离黏粒组(NH-d Clay)含量分别降低了15%和9.5%(p0.05)。物理―化学保护SOM库、物理―生物化学保护SOM库以及化学保护SOM库含量受长期施肥影响不显著。综上,研究表明土壤不同功能SOM库对长期施肥的响应不同。有机无机配施是提升红壤水稻土SOM数量和质量的最佳培肥措施。     

Long-term fertilization and residue return affect soil stoichiometry characteristics and labile soil organic matter fractions

Ecological stoichiometry provides the possibility for linking microbial dynamics with soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) metabolisms in response to agricultural nutrient management. To determine the roles of fertilization and residue return with respect to ecological stoichiometry, we collected soil samples from a 30-year field experiment on residue return (maize straw) at rates of 0, 2.5, and 5.0 Mg ha^-1 in combination with 8 fertilization treatments:no fertilizer (F0), N fertilizer, P fertilizer, potassium (K) fertilizer, N and P (NP) fertilizers, N and K (NK) fertilizers, P and K (PK) fertilizers, and N, P, and K (NPK) fertilizers. We measured soil organic C (SOC), total N and P, microbial biomass C, N, and P, water-soluble organic C and N, KMnO₄-oxidizable C (KMnO₄-C), and carbon management index (CMI). Compared with the control (F0 treatment without residue return), fertilization and residue return significantly increased the KMnO₄-C content and CMI. Furthermore, compared with the control, residue return significantly increased the SOC content. Moreover, the NPK treatment with residue return at 5.0 Mg ha^-1 significantly enhanced the C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios in the soil, whereas it significantly decreased the C:N and C:P ratios in soil microbial biomass. Therefore, NPK fertilizer application combined with residue return at 5.0 Mg ha^-1 could enhance the SOC content through the stoichiometric plasticity of microorganisms. Residue return and fertilization increased the soil C pools by directly modifying the microbial stoichiometry of the biomass that was C limited.     

Carbon sequestration dynamic,trend and efficiency as affected by 22‐year fertilization under a rice–wheat cropping system

The maintenance and accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural systems is critical to food security and climate change, but information about the dynamic trend and efficiency of SOC sequestration is still limited, particularly under long‐term fertilizations. In a typical Purpli‐Udic Cambosols soil under subtropical monsoon climate in southwestern China this study thus estimated the dynamic, trend and efficiency of SOC sequestration after 22‐year (1991–2013) long‐term inorganic and/or organic fertilizations. Nine fertilizations under a rice–wheat system were examined: control (no fertilization), N, NP, NK, PK, NPK, NPKM (NPK plus manure), NPKS (NPK plus straw), and 1.5NPKS (150% NPK plus straw). Averagely, after 22‐years SOC contents were significantly increased by 4.2–25.3% and 10.2–32.5% under these fertilizations than under control conditions with the greatest increase under NPKS. The simulation of SOC dynamic change with an exponential growth equation to maximum over the whole fertilization period predicted the SOC level in a steady state as 18.1 g kg^?1 for NPKS, 17.4 g kg^?1 for 1.5NPKS, and 14.5–14.9 g kg^?1 for NK, NP, NPK, and NPKM, respectively. Either inorganic, organic or their combined fertilization significantly increased crop productivity and C inputs that were incorporated into soil ranging from 0.91 to 4.63 t (ha · y)^?1. The C sequestration efficiency was lower under NPKM, NPKS, and 1.5NPKS (13.2%, 9.0%, and 10.1%) than under NP and NPK (17.0% and 14.4%). The increase of SOC was asymptotical to a maximum with increasing C inputs that were variedly enhanced by different fertilizations, indicating an existence of SOC saturation and a declined marginal efficiency of SOC sequestration. Taken all these results together, the combined NPK plus straw return is a suitable fertilizer management strategy to simultaneously achieve high crop productivity and soil C sequestration potential particularly in crop rotation systems.     

长期不同施肥下黑土和红壤团聚体氮库分布特征

为阐明长期不同施肥下土壤氮库的演变特征,揭示氮库稳定性不同的团聚体对不同施肥的响应,为化肥和有机物的合理施用提供科学依据。本研究通过对黑土和红壤22年的田间肥料定位试验,研究了长期不同施肥模式对土壤全氮、 微生物氮以及各级团聚体中氮贡献率的影响。结果表明,长期不施肥（CK）和施用化肥（NPK）,黑土土壤全氮含量以0.015 g/(kga)的速率显著下降（P 0.05）;而长期化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）,黑土全氮含量以0.025 g/(kga) 的速率显著上升（P 0.05）。在CK、 NPK、 NPKM和秸秆还田（NPKS）处理下,红壤全氮含量均没有显著变化。施肥22年后,NPKM处理下黑土和红壤微生物氮含量较NPK处理下分别增加了15% 和 43%,全氮含量分别增加了43% 和45%,差异均达到显著水平（P 0.05）。氮素在黑土上主要积累在253 m 微团聚体中,达到0.73~1.21 g/kg,在红壤上主要积累在2 m 微团聚体中,达到0.46~0.98 g/kg。与NPK相比,NPKM 处理下黑土和红壤 250~2000 m大团聚体中氮素贡献率均显著提高,分别增加了4.3% 和 5.1%。与NPK相比,NPKM 和 NPKS 处理下,红壤 253 m 微团聚体中氮贡献率分别降低了5.9% 和 9.7%,而黑土除大团聚体外的各级团聚体氮贡献率均没有显著变化。可见,不同土壤类型对施肥响应不同, 主要是253 m 微团聚体中氮素的响应不同,化肥配施有机肥可提高土壤250~2000 m 大团聚体中氮的贡献率,进而增加土壤对作物的氮素供给能力,是有助于提高土壤肥力和生产力的农业生产可持续性施肥模式。     

应用DNDC模型分析东北黑土有机碳演变规律及其与作物产量之间的协同关系

【目的】探索长期不同施肥方式下土壤有机碳的动态变化及其与作物产量之间的耦合关系,以期为东北地区黑土耕地资源的持续利用与管理提供科学依据。 【方法】基于黑土区国家土壤肥力与肥料效益监测网站公主岭监测基地的23年长期定位试验数据,选取不施肥（CK）、单施氮磷钾肥（NPK）、无机肥配施低量有机肥（NPKM1）、1.5倍的无机肥配施低量有机肥[1.5（NPK）M1]、无机肥配施高量有机肥（NPKM2）和无机肥配施秸秆（NPKS）6个处理进行土壤有机碳和产量的分析,将数据用于DNDC模型验证,并对6种施肥处理在未来气候下（40 a）黑土有机碳的演变进行模拟。 【结果】试验监测结果表明:从1990~2012年的土壤有机碳数据分析得出,长期不施肥土壤有机碳从12.49 g/kg以年均0.69%的速率下降,有机无机配施可以提升土壤有机碳含量。DNDC验证结果如下:DNDC验证土壤有机碳时各处理的相对均方根误差（RMSE）为14.98%~37.91%,验证作物产量时各处理的RMSE为8.28%~11.19%,说明模型能够基本反映长期不同施肥下的作物产量和土壤有机碳的变化。未来气候下的模拟结果表明:CK和NPK处理土壤有机碳在未来40年里分别下降16.67%和11.21%。而3个化肥有机肥配施处理在未来40年呈稳定增长态势,NPKM1、1.5（NPK）M1和NPKM2处理的土壤有机碳将分别增加13.65%、15.74%和15.84%,以1.5（NPK）M1增势最为显著。NPKS处理的有机碳相对初始略有增加。当施氮量从160 kg/hm2增至320 kg/hm2时,土壤有机碳每增加1.00 g/kg,作物产量的增加量从44.48 kg/hm2下降至15.95 kg/hm2。 【结论】从长期实测数据的分析和DNDC模型模拟得出,实施秸秆还田和有机肥配施无机肥能有效持续增加SOC含量,并能获得较高的作物产量。在施氮量160~320 kg/hm2水平下,作物产量随着土壤有机碳含量的增加而升高,且土壤有机碳含量对产量的提升幅度随着施氮量的升高而降低。     

长期施氮、磷、钾化肥对玉米产量及土壤肥力的影响

以1990年建立的国家褐潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测基地(北京昌平站)的长期肥料定位试验为研究平台,研究了不同施肥制度对玉米产量和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,长期均衡地施NPK肥或NPK与有机肥配施,可以显著提高玉米产量和土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾等肥力指标,并能提高土壤微量元素的含量;而不均衡施肥(N、NK、NP、PK)导致相应的营养元素的耗竭。相关分析表明,在褐潮土上增施磷肥和有机肥对提高玉米产量具有重要的作用。