14C-labelled maleic hydrazide degradation in soil: Influence of temperature,moisture, clay and organic material

¹⁴C-labelled maleic hydrazide (MH) was added to each of three soils at a concentration of 4 mg kg^?1, and its degradation measured by the release of ¹⁴CO₂ after 2 days. Between 1 and 30°C, at a constant moisture content (full field capacity), the mean degradation rate increased by a factor of 3 for each temperature increment of 10°C (Q₁₀ = 3). The mean activation energy was 78 kJ mol^?1. Above 35°C, the degradation rate decreased.At soil moisture contents between wilting point and 80–90% of field capacity, the degradation rate doubled with an increase in moisture content of 50% of field capacity (constant temperature, 25°C). Above field capacity, the degradation rate was either unchanged or decreased. Below wilting point the degradation was very slow, even after 2 months.The rate of decomposition of MH at all temperatures and moisture contents was lowest in the soil with the highest content of organic matter and the lowest clay content. This soil had the highest Freundlich K value, and presumably adsorbed MH the most strongly, although the lower clay content may also play a role in the lower decomposing capacity of this soil.     

Long-term effect of ploughing, and organic matter input on soil moisture characteristics of a Ferric Lixisol in Burkina Faso

Soil moisture characteristic curves were determined in long-term trials at the agronomic research center of Saria (latitude 12°16′ N, longitude 2°09′ W) in West-central Burkina Faso. The agronomic treatments combined soil tillage with organic and chemical fertilizers. The twin values for soil moisture and water potential showed that on ploughed plots, moisture content was higher at low suction and lower at high suction than the hand hoed plots. Moisture contents were higher for extreme suctions (pF < 1.5 and >3) on plots that received high dose of animal manure. The bush fallow plots behaved as a ploughed plot at low suction and like a hand hoed plot at the high suction. Field capacities were around 9.50% (g/g) and 8% (g/g), respectively, for hand hoed and ploughed plots, while the wilting points for both were of 5–6% (g/g). Organic matter input improved field capacity and soil water content at wilting point but not the useful available water (UAW). The UAW ≥10 mm on the fallow and the control, while it was <9 mm on the other treatments in 0–20 cm soil layer. Soil structural modifications induced by tillage and organic matter input explained these differences in soil hydrologic regime.     

生物质炭对旱地红壤理化性状和水力学特性的影响

[目的]研究生物质炭对旱地红壤基本理化性质及水分特征曲线的影响,为红壤地区土壤改良提供依据。[方法]分层测定不同生物质炭施用量水平下的土样容重、孔隙度和有机碳含量,采用原状土压力膜法分层测定土壤的水分特征曲线。[结果]施用生物质炭能显著降低土壤的容重,提高土壤的孔隙度及有机碳含量,且随着施用量的增加,土壤容重逐渐降低,孔隙度及有机碳含量逐渐提高;随着生物质炭施用量的增加,土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量和有效水含量逐渐增加,凋萎系数逐渐减小,施用生物质炭30t/hm2的土壤处理饱和含水量、田间持水量和有效水含量最高;生物质炭施用量与土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量和有效水含量呈极显著正相关关系,与凋萎系数呈极显著负相关关系。[结论]施用生物质炭能显著提高红壤田间持水量和有效水含量。     

Soil salts reduce hydration of polymeric gels and affect moisture characteristics of soil

Abstract

Hydration of a hydrophilic crosslinked polystyrene (gel) in deionized water at 65 g of gel per g of soil was studied. Four different soil types were selected, three were light‐textured soils (loamy sand and sandy clay loam) and the other a clay. Container capacity, field capacity, permanent wilting point, and available water for these soils were measured for gel contents equal to 0,0.1, 0.2, and 0.3%. Absorption capacity of the gels when incorporated into the soil decreased considerably compared to its absorption in pure water. This was attributed to the increased ionic strength of soil moisture and the formation of additional ionic crosslinks in the gel network due to the presence of multivalent ions in the soils. It was found also that container capacity, field capacity, and available water capacity increased with the gel content in soil, whereas the permanent wilting point was not significantly affected.     

红松水曲柳纯林与混交林土壤水分性质分析

对红松、水曲柳纯林与混交林的土壤水分物理性质进行了观测和对比分析。结果表明,红松与水曲柳混交后,无论是从各土层还是整个土层的平均值看,混交林中土壤容重较红松纯林降低。土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量、凋萎系数、有效含水量、贮水能力、渗透系数K10等均较红松纯林明显增加,就整个土层的平均值而言,分别增加19.17%,21.50%,12.17%,32.68%,24.29%,42.22%,19.72%,27.71%,12.17%和39.44%。研究结果表明,红松与水曲柳混交后土壤的孔隙状况得到了改善,混交林土壤保持水土,涵养水源的功能较红松纯林明显提高。     

陕西省洛川县第3-4层黄土和古土壤水分特征研究

通过对陕西省洛川县第3—4黄土层和第3—4红色古土壤层的原状土进行水分特征曲线、田间持水量等项目的实验测定,分析计算了各层土壤的供水储水性能及有效水分含量。结果表明,洛川第3—4黄土层和第3—4红色古土壤土层的水分特征曲线与Van Genuchten模型非常符合,相关系数R2均达0.99以上,说明采用Van Genuchten模型对这4个土层的水分含量和能量之间的关系进行描述是比较准确的。0～30kPa吸力条件下,第3—4黄土层比第3—4红色古土壤层持水量高,黄土层的供水(释水)性能和储水性能强于古土壤。这4个土层随着吸力的增加,在较低吸力段供水性能和储水性能减弱幅度较大,在较高吸力段减弱幅度较小。黄土层所能容纳的有效水含量、饱和含水量与田间持水量均大于红色古土壤层,黄土层的稳定凋萎湿度一般小于红色古土壤的稳定凋萎湿度。     

城市土壤压实对土壤水分特征的影响——以南京市为例

通过对南京市不同土地利用下的土壤容重、孔隙度和土壤水分特征曲线的测定，研究了压实对土壤水分特征参数的影响。结果表明城市土壤存在严重的压实退化现象，土壤容重和孔隙度能够很好地反映土壤的压实程度。随着压实程度的增加，土壤的田间持水量增加，萎蔫点含水量增加，而土壤的最大有效水含量却明显减少。所以，压实土壤对水分的调节能力下降，使其上生长的植物更不容易获得水分供应。     

甘肃省不同气候类型区土壤水分特性

为揭示甘肃省不同气候区不同质地土壤的容重、田间持水量和凋萎湿度的差异,对观测资料的适用性和推广价值进行评价。通过对77个站点10—100 cm土壤水分资料的分析,结果表明:甘肃省全省的土壤容重范围为0.89～1.79 g/cm~3,平均值为1.36 g/cm~3,表层土壤容重与深层土壤容重差异显著(P0.05),半湿润区、半干旱区浅层土壤容重更易受到外界环境及人为活动的干扰。甘肃省大部田间持水量由西北向东南呈增加趋势,田间持水量的最大值为36%～40%,分布在高寒湿润区10—50 cm土层,全省10 cm与20 cm土层田间持水量差异较小,相关系数为0.96,与其他层次差异较大,50 cm土层很可能是甘肃地区土壤田间持水量的分界层。各土层凋萎湿度最大值均出现在冷温带干旱区、高寒半干旱半湿润区中部,不同层次间田间持水量与凋萎湿度呈极显著相关。甘肃省全省大部分地区主要以壤土为主,除此之外干旱区主要以砂壤土为主,半干旱区主要以砂壤土与黏壤土为主,半湿润区主要以粉壤土与黏壤土为主。探讨不同气候区不同层次间土壤容重、田间持水量和凋萎湿度的差异,以期为保障地上生产力、提高水分利用效率提供数据支撑。     

中国几种主要土壤的持水性质

土壤的持水性是指土壤吸持水分的能力。在对植物的有效范围内,土壤所吸持的水分是由土壤孔隙的毛管引力和土壤颗粒的分子引力所引起的,这两种力现在统称为土壤吸力,或基质吸力,它相当于土壤总水势中的基质势。     

FIELD STUDIES OF THE SOIL ATMOSPHERE

A study was made of the concentrations of ethylene and oxygen in the soil atmosphere under field conditions at three contrasting sites. The duration of the experiments ranged from 6 weeks to 9 months. A clear relationship between high moisture content and both the production of ethylene and the depression of oxygen levels was found in a sandy loam, although there was great variability between replicate sampling points. Concentrations of oxygen in a heavy clay soil remained below 10 per cent (v/v) throughout the winter and spring, followed by a gradual rise to near-atmospheric levels. Concentrations of ethylene were not correlated with those of oxygen, except in the winter, but rose logarithmically with soil temperature during the spring, increasing by twenty times over the range 4-1 I °C. There was no significant difference between plots which had been subjected to different drainage treatments, and again there was great variability from point to point. In a more permeable clay soil, however, the levels of oxygen were higher, and were related to the proximity to drains and the height of the water table, but not to the levels of ethylene. The concentration of ethylene showed a similar logarithmic increase with temperature to that observed in the heavy clay, and exceeded I ppm throughout the period May-July. The factors which have the greatest influence on the concentrations of ethylene in the soil were considered to be temperature, depression of oxygen concentration, the availability of substrates for microbial activity and the effect of soil moisture content on the air-filled porosity of the soil. Concentrations of ethylene greatly in excess of those which, under some circumstances, inhibit root growth, are likely to be of widespread occurrence in heavy soils during the spring and early summer and in light soils when unusually wet.     

Seasonal patterns of root-surface phosphatase activities in a Mediterranean shrubland. Responses to experimental warming and drought

Mediterranean ecosystems are water limited and the current general circulation Models (GCM) and ecophysiological models forecast a warming and a further increase of drought in the next decades. A stronger water stress can decrease the capacity for nutrient absorption by plants. We conducted a field experiment to simulate forecasted drought and warming in a Mediterranean calcareous shrubland to assess the performance of root-surface phosphatase activities of the dominant shrub Globularia alypum. These enzyme activities were higher in autumn and spring, when the climate conditions were optimal for plant activity, than in summer or winter, when there was either lack of water or cold temperatures. A decrease in soil moisture in drought plots decreased root-surface phosphatase activity (29% in summer and 25% in autumn). The decrease in root-surface phosphatase activity in drought plots coincided with a decrease in P leaf concentrations and P accumulation in aboveground biomass and loss of photosynthetic capacity of some dominant shrub species of this ecosystem, and with a tendency to increase total soil-P. These results suggest that the expected drier conditions in this Mediterranean shrubland in the next decades will slow down the P uptake by plants, thereby, diminishing the P contents in biomass and increasing total P contents in soil in non-available forms and that this can be, in part, attributable to a result of the decrease in root-surface phosphatase activity.     

城市“土壤水库”库容的萎缩及其环境效应

"土壤水库"具有容纳和调节水分的功能,不仅能供给植物生长所需的水分,而且具有防洪减灾的作用。城市土壤的水分储蓄和调节功能对于城市生态环境具有非常重要的作用。城市化造成了大量的封闭地表,使得土壤的功能几乎完全丧失。本文以南京市为例,选择不同压实程度的土壤,根据其饱和含水量、田间持水量和萎蔫点含水量计算土壤的总库容、有效库容、滞洪库容和死库容。结果表明,随着城市土壤压实程度的增加,土壤水库的总库容、有效库容和滞洪库容萎缩也越严重,而死库容却明显增加。城市土壤普遍存在压实现象,使城市土壤疏导和容纳水分的能力减弱,城市里出现瞬时洪涝的几率增加,强度加大。因此,良好的城市环境需要有更多的绿地和良好的土壤条件。     

Interactive Effect of Moisture Levels and Salinity Levels of Soil on the Growth and Ion Relations of Halophyte

Abstract

A pot culture experiment with four levels of soil moisture (40, 55, 70, and 85% of field capacity) and five levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM) in soil was conducted to examine the interactive effect of soil moisture and NaCl on the growth of halophyte Suaeda salsa. Results showed that growth was largest at 55% of field capacity, in the range of 50–100 mM NaCl. However, at 85% of field capacity, it can grow better at higher salinity levels; and at 40% of field capacity, the growth of S. salsa was increased greatly by moderate salinity. Contents of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) in plant tissues increased with the decrease of moisture levels of soil. Potassium (K) concentrations were also increased at low soil moisture. Drought tolerance was increased by moderate NaCl concentrations. It is thus considered that some amounts of Na and Cl are required to absorb water in this plant.     

Guidelines for safe trafficking and cultivation, and resistance–density–moisture relations of three disturbed soils from Alberta

The Atterberg limits and the Proctor compaction test are used by engineers for classifying soils and for predicting stability of building foundations. Field capacity and wilting point (agronomic limits) are used to indicate available water for plant uptake. Few studies have related the engineering criteria to the agronomic ones with regard to compaction hazard for soils. This study investigated the relationships between Atterberg limits, agronomic limits and the critical moisture content (moisture content at Proctor maximum density) for three disturbed soils (sandy loam and clay loam soils from a reclaimed Highvale mine site, and a silt loam soil from a grazing site at Lacombe) of different textures. Relationships between bulk density, moisture content and penetration resistance for these soils were also investigated. For the sandy loam and loam soils, the field capacity was close to the critical moisture content but lower than the plastic limit. Therefore, cultivation of these two soils at moisture contents close to field capacity should be avoided since maximum densification occurs at these moisture contents. Overall, the critical moisture content or field capacity would be a better guide for trafficking of sandy loam and loam textured soils than the Atterberg limits. For the clay loam, field capacity was within the plastic range. Thus trafficking this soil at field capacity would cause severe compaction. In conclusion, either field capacity or plastic limit, whichever is less, can be used as a guide to avoid trafficking at this moisture content and beyond. For the sandy loam and loam soils penetration resistance significantly increased only with increased bulk density (P≤0.05). For the clay loam soil, penetration resistance was positively related to bulk density and negatively related to moisture content.     

Environmental Factors Governing Soil Water Repellency Dynamics in a Pinus Pinaster Plantation in NW Spain

Soil water repellency (SWR) is a dynamic property that changes throughout the year. The objective of this work was to identify the environmental factors governing the temporal patterns in SWR in a pine plantation in northwest Spain with a view of predicting its occurrence and persistence. For this purpose, 24 samples were collected from the soil surface (0–5 cm) at 25 different times over a 1‐year period and analysed for SWR by using water drop penetration time test and soil moisture measurements. Temporal variations in SWR exhibited a well‐defined seasonal pattern. The soil surface was largely wettable from late autumn to early spring and extremely water repellent during summer and early autumn. Repellency persistence was rather variable during spring. There was highly significant correlation between SWR and soil moisture content. The moisture range defining the presence or absence of repellency under field conditions was 22–57%. There were also significant correlations with the target variables (maximum temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation and water balance during variably long antecedent periods), with coefficients that increased with increasing length of the antecedent period considered. The moisture content of soil at the time of sampling and the average maximum temperature for the 28 days before sampling are the best predictors of occurrence of SWR and its persistence in different seasons. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

培肥和耕作措施季节性干旱下对红壤剖面水分变化和产量的影响

为了探讨培肥和耕作措施下红壤旱地的土壤剖面水分变化和产量对季节性干旱的响应规律,本研究在大田试验条件下系统分析了稻草覆盖、有机肥和常免耕对土壤剖面含水量、表层土壤温度及作物产量变化趋势。结果表明,在猪粪施用、常耕和免耕处理的土壤含水率不存在显著差异。而在相同耕作和猪粪条件下,稻草覆盖与否对土壤含水量影响较大,在春玉米和秋玉米季中连续干旱条件下,稻草覆盖处理下0—5,5—10,10—20 cm土壤含水量均高于不覆盖处理,稻草覆盖处理下0—5,5—10,10—20 cm土壤含水量均高于不覆盖处理,春玉米季的增幅分别为27.93%,5.91%,1.41%,秋玉米季分别为15.74%,7.71%,2.59%。同时,稻草覆盖可以显著影响表层土壤的温度变化,在春玉米开花期,0—10 cm和10—20 cm的土壤温度覆盖比不覆盖分别降低了13.92%和2.26%。在秋玉米开花期0—10 cm和10—20 cm的土壤温度覆盖比不覆盖分别降低了0.30%和2.69%。在所有处理中,春玉米和秋玉米季均表现出稻草覆盖+施猪粪+常耕的秸秆和籽粒产量最高。     

Leaching of N,P and glyphosate from two soils after herbicide treatment and incorporation of a ryegrass catch crop

During 2005–2007, studies were carried out in two field experiments in southwest Sweden with separately tile‐drained plots on a sandy soil (three replicates) and on a clay soil (two replicates). The overall aim was to determine the effects of different cropping systems with catch crops on losses of N, P and glyphosate. Different times of glyphosate treatment of undersown ryegrass catch crops were examined in combination with soil tillage in November or spring. Drainage water was sampled continuously in proportion to water flow and analysed for N, P and glyphosate. Catch crops were sampled in late autumn and spring and soil was analysed for mineral N content. The yields of following cereal crops were determined. The importance of keeping the catch crop growing as long as possible in the autumn is demonstrated to decrease the risk of N leaching. During a year with high drainage on the sandy soil, annual N leaching was 26 kg/ha higher for plots with a catch crop killed with glyphosate in late September than for plots with a catch crop, while the difference was very small during 1 yr with less drainage. Having the catch crop in place during October was the most important factor, whereas the time of incorporation of a dead catch crop did not influence N leaching from either of the two soils. However, incorporation of a growing catch crop in spring resulted in decreased crop yields, especially on the clay soil. Soil type affected glyphosate leaching to a larger extent than the experimental treatments. Glyphosate was not leached from the sand at all, while it was found at average concentrations of 0.25 μg/L in drainage water from the clay soil on all sampling occasions. Phosphorus leaching also varied (on average 0.2 and 0.5 kg/ha/yr from the sand and clay, respectively), but was not significantly affected by the different catch crop treatments.     

THE RELATION BETWEEN BULK DENSITY, AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY, AND AIR CAPACITY OF SOILS

The effect of bulk density on moisture content at 50 mb tension in four soils of different textures was studied. The volumetric water content increased linearly with bulk density over a wide range of densities. Depending on texture, a maximum bulk density was reached above which continued compaction decreased the water content. This is shown to be the point at which the air capacity of the soil at this tension approaches zero. Accepting that the gravimetric wilting point depends mainly on texture, the available water capacity varies in a manner similar to the 50 mb water content. If the relationships described are valid in the field, the available water capacity and air capacity may be optimized using cultivation techniques to adjust the bulk density. The available water capacity of coarse-textured droughty soils may be increased by increasing the bulk density provided that the air capacity remains above acceptable lower limits (10–15 per cent). Conversely, the air capacity of compacted soils with large available-water capacities could be increased by reducing the bulk density to a value corresponding to an acceptable available-water capacity. In very compacted soils a decrease in bulk density will benefit both available-water capacity and air capacity.     

柠条锦鸡儿细根表面积密度对土壤水分空间分布的响应

为研究柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)细根与土壤水分的空间关系,以内蒙古农牧交错带10 a生柠条锦鸡儿细根为研究对象,对细根表面积密度与土壤含水率之间的关系进行了初步探讨。分别对柠条锦鸡儿细根和土壤水分的空间分布情况进行研究发现,垂直和水平土层方向各标准地柠条锦鸡儿细根表面积密度与土壤含水率均呈极显著相关,相关系数均大于0.65(P0.01)。经回归分析建立柠条锦鸡儿细根表面积密度与土壤含水率之间的关系模型并对模型进行验证,验证结果发现该模型可以很好地描述两者之间的关系(R~2=0.84,P0.01)。撂荒地土壤含水率比柠条地高71%,研究区柠条地出现至少200 cm的土壤干层,部分土层接近凋萎湿度,柠条生长受阻。研究结果对于干旱区人工柠条林的栽植管理具有重要意义,可为北方农牧交错带生态环境建设及植被恢复提供理论依据。     

Prospects in application of thermal analysis for assessing the total water potential of soils

The theoretically derived dependence of the water vapor density (concentration) in the air on the absolute temperature permitted us to use the information obtained by thermogravimetric method for assessing the total potential of water remaining in colloids after drying at different temperatures. A close correlation and corresponding linear relationship fitting the fundamental physicochemical law by Landau–Derjaguin were observed between the logarithm modulus of the total potential of moisture left in soil colloids after drying at temperatures 27–70° and 70–200°C and their moisture. The total potential of water bound by hydrates and crystalline hydrates of substances in the soils varied in the range from–660 to–2394 J/g water, and that of water bound in soil clay minerals varied in the range from–714 to–2814 J/g water (which corresponds to the total soil water pressure of–7140 to–28140 atm.).