Effects of Short‐Term High Temperature on Photosynthesis and Photosystem II Performance in Sorghum

Gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence transient were examined in leaves of sorghum at high temperatures. No changes were found in photosynthetic rate (Pn) and photosystem II (PS II) performance index on absorption base (PI(abs)) at 40 °C for 1 h. But transpiration rate was enhanced significantly, which served as a self‐protection response for dissipating heat. The Pn decreased significantly at 40 °C for 3 h, and the decrease became greater at 45 °C. Decrease in Pn mainly resulted from stomatal limitation at 40 °C for 3 h, whereas it was due to non‐stomatal limitation at 45 °C. Decline in PS II function indicated by the significant decrease in PI(abs), trapped energy flux and electron transport flux were responsible for the decrease in Pn at 45 °C. PS II reaction centre and oxygen‐evolving complex in the donor side were not affected at high temperatures, but electron transport in the acceptor side was sensitive to high temperature. The PS II function recovered completely 1 day after high temperature stress even as high as 45 °C, which is favourable for sorghum to meet the challenge of global warming. However, Pn did not completely recover possibly due to heat‐induced irreversible damage to CO₂ fixation process.     

低温胁迫下高粱幼苗对外源脯氨酸的响应

以冷敏高粱晋303为试验材料,幼苗三叶期用不同浓度的脯氨酸处理后, 2~4℃低温胁迫,测定相关生理指标,探讨外源脯氨酸处理对高粱幼苗耐冷性的影响。结果表明,外源脯氨酸处理可以提高低温胁迫下高粱叶片SOD、POD的活性,分别在3 mmol·L^-1和5 mmol·L^-1浓度脯氨酸的处理提高幅度最大。外源脯氨酸处理能降低低温胁迫下高粱叶片MDA的含量,以5 mmol·L^-1脯氨酸的处理效果最好。外源脯氨酸处理对叶片可溶性糖含量的增加也有作用,在本试验脯氨酸浓度设置范围内,可溶性糖含量随处理浓度的增加而增加。外源脯氨酸处理可以维持高粱幼苗中较高的叶绿素含量,喷施5 mmol·L^-1浓度脯氨酸时幼叶叶绿素含量最高。说明外源脯氨酸处理可有效缓解低温胁迫对高粱幼苗的伤害,提高幼苗的耐冷能力。     

甜高粱叶绿素荧光特性对生物有机液体混合肥的响应

为揭示生物有机液体混合肥对陕北农牧交错区青贮饲草作物光合作用的影响,以甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor L.)为研究对象,通过盆栽控制试验,设置4种浓度的生物活性水(BMW)(B1、B2、B3和B4,分别为稀释600、400、200和100倍的BMW溶液)和3种浓度的Aidoora溶液(A1、A2和A3,分别为稀释1000、500和300倍的Aidoora溶液)的生物有机液体肥处理,测定比较了不同生物有机液体混合肥下甜高粱叶片叶绿素荧光特性。结果表明:在大多数单一液体肥和混合液体肥下,适宜浓度水平的BMW和Aidoora溶液均能显著提高甜高粱幼苗叶片的PSⅡ最大光量子效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和表观光合电子传递速率(ETR),并降低了其非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ),且以有机液体混合肥的促进作用更显著,这说明施加生物有机液体肥后均能提高其叶片PSⅡ光化学效率和光合电子传递速率,而降低了非辐射性热能量耗散。综上分析表明,B2A2相对于其他BMW和Aidoora混合液体肥有利于促进甜高粱幼苗叶片PSⅡ光化学活性。     

不同小麦种光合作用对光、温、CO2及水分胁迫的反应

本文以三个典型的小麦种为材料，对其部分生理生态特性进行了研究。结果表明野生一粒小麦及节节麦的光饱和点都在１０５０μＥｍ＾－２ｓ＾－１左右，而普通小麦中国春的光饱和点为８５０μＥｍ＾－２ｓ＾－１左右。饱和光强下野生一粒小麦和节节麦的光合速率分别比中国春高３６．３％和２７．２％。光合作用最适温度野生一粒小麦和节节麦均在３５℃左右，较普通小麦中国春高（中国春为３０℃左右）。在１００至３００ｐｐｍＣＯ２浓     

不同耐盐高粱品种全生育期对盐胁迫的响应

为探究土壤盐胁迫对不同生育时期(拔节期、开花期、成熟期)高粱植株生长及生理特性的影响,在4个盐处理水平(CK:0 g/kg,S3:3 g/kg,S5:5 g/kg,S7:7 g/kg)种植2个耐盐性不同的高粱品种高粱蔗(耐盐)和河农16(盐敏感),比较了2个品种在不同盐处理水平下、不同生育时期植株形态、根系形态、叶片光合特性及抗氧化酶活性的差异。研究结果表明:随盐胁迫程度增加,2个品种的抗氧化酶活性和叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)先升高后降低,抗氧化酶活性在S3处理或S5处理下达到最大值,且该最大值与对照间存在显著差异。2个高粱品种的丙二醛(MDA)含量,随盐处理浓度的增大而升高,在S7处理下显著高于对照,同一处理下耐盐品种高粱蔗的抗氧化酶活性高于盐敏感品种河农16,但丙二醛含量低于盐敏感品种。2个品种的光合能力受到盐胁迫的显著影响,在拔节期,S7处理显著降低了高粱蔗的Pn值,而2个品种的胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)在S7处理下均高于对照。盐胁迫下高粱地上和地下部分生长都受到影响,2个品种的基部茎粗、总根长、根面积、根尖数和分支数在S3处理下达到最大值,基部节长、株高、总根...     

Salt Tolerance is Associated with Differences in Ion Accumulation,Biomass Allocation and Photosynthesis in Cowpea Cultivars

Cowpea is widely cultivated in arid and semi‐arid regions of the world where salinity is a major environmental stress that limits crop productivity. The effects of moderate salinity on growth and photosynthesis were examined during the vegetative phase of two cowpea cultivars previously classified as salt‐tolerant (Pitiúba) and salt‐sensitive (TVu). Two salt treatments (0 and 75 mm NaCl) were applied to 10‐day‐old plants grown in nutrient solution for 24 days. Salt stress caused decreases (59 % in Pitiúba and 72 % in TVu) in biomass accumulation at the end of the experiment. Photosynthetic rates per unit leaf mass, but not per unit leaf area, were remarkably impaired, particularly in TVu. This response was unlikely to have resulted from stomatal or photochemical constraints. Differences in salt tolerance between cultivars were unrelated to (i) variant patterns of Cl^? and K⁺ tissue concentration, (ii) contrasting leaf water relations, or (iii) changes in relative growth rate and net assimilation rate. The relative advantage of Pitiúba over TVu under salt stress was primarily associated with (i) restricted Na⁺ accumulation in leaves paralleling an absolute increase in Na⁺ concentration in roots at early stages of salt treatment and (ii) improved leaf area (resulting from a larger leaf area ratio coupled with a larger leaf mass fraction and larger specific leaf area) and photosynthetic rates per unit leaf mass. Overall, these responses would allow greater whole‐plant carbon gain, thus contributing to a better agronomic performance of salt‐tolerant cowpea cultivars in salinity‐prone regions.     

3个苦荞品种对盐胁迫的生理响应及耐受性评价

为研究不同苦荞品种对盐胁迫的生理响应及耐受性,以3个苦荞品种野鸡苦荞、宁苦2号和湖南苦荞7-2为材料,采用盆栽试验,分别用0、50、100、150mmol/L NaCl溶液处理,通过观察和测定幼苗叶片形态特征、幼苗生长指标和生理生化指标,采用隶属函数分析法对不同苦荞品种耐盐性进行综合评价。结果显示,在盐胁迫下3个苦荞品种叶片出现失水皱缩和黄化腐烂的症状,以高浓度伤害最明显;随NaCl浓度的升高,3个苦荞品种的鲜重、干重、株高、茎粗和根长均表现出下降趋势;叶绿素、丙二醛含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性呈先上升后下降趋势,以100mmol/L处理最高,过氧化物酶活性和相对电导率呈上升趋势,以150mmol/L处理最高;根系活力呈下降趋势,以150mmol/L处理最低。经过隶属函数分析及综合评价,3个苦荞品种耐盐性表现为宁苦2号>湖南苦荞7-2>野鸡苦荞。     

不同生态型芸芥响应盐胁迫的有机物质初步研究

为了探明有机渗透调节剂在耐盐性中的作用,本研究以芸芥耐盐生态型和不耐盐生态型为试材,测定了盐胁迫下芸芥叶片可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量等。结果表明,渗透势和可溶性蛋白含量在两种生态型间均无明显差异;叶片渗透势和有机渗透调节剂之间没有呈现一致性的变化趋势;不同盐胁迫下,耐盐生态型较不耐盐生态型含有较多的脯氨酸,而在高盐胁迫下,在耐盐生态型中还检测到了高浓度的可溶性糖和游离氨基酸。随着盐浓度的升高,耐盐生态型中可溶性蛋白的总量缓慢增加,但当盐浓度大于200 mmol L_-1时,可溶性蛋白的含量下降。这些结果初步证明,脯氨酸、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸在盐胁迫应答中起关键作用,可作为选择耐盐芸芥的标准。     

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Hexaploid and Tetraploid Wheat to Drought Stress

An experiment was conducted to investigate the physiological and biochemical responses of two hexaploids viz., C 306 (water stress tolerant) and Hira (water stress susceptible), and two tetraploids, HW 24 (Triticum dicoccum) and A 9‐30‐1 (Triticum durum) wheat genotypes to water stress under pot culture condition. Water stress was imposed for a uniform period of 10 days at 50, 60 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) and observations were recorded at 60, 70 and 80 DAS. Total dry matter and plant height were recorded at harvest. Water stress caused a decline in relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll and carotenoid content, membrane stability and nitrate reductase activity and increased accumulation of proline at all stages and abscisic acid (ABA) at 80 DAS in all the genotypes. Both the tetraploids showed a lower reduction in RWC and highest ABA accumulation under water stress. Among the hexaploids Hira showed the most decline in RWC and the lowest ABA accumulation. The tetraploids also showed comparatively higher carotenoid content and membrane stability, closely followed by C 306, while Hira showed the minimum response under water stress. Nitrate reductase activity and chlorophyll content under irrigated conditions were highest in Hira but under water stress the lowest per cent decline was observed in C 306, followed by HW 24, A 9‐30‐1, and Hira. Proline accumulation under water stress conditions was highest in hexaploids C 306 and Hira and lowest in tetraploids HW 24 and A 9‐30‐1. Tetraploids HW 24, followed by A 9‐30‐1 maintained higher plant height and total dry matter (TDM) under water stress and also showed a lower per cent decline under stress than hexaploids C 306 and Hira. From the results it is clear that proline accumulation did not contribute to better drought tolerance of tetraploids than hexaploids. It is also apparent that water stress tolerance is the result of the cumulative action of various physiological processes, and all the parameters/processes may not be positively associated with the drought tolerance of a particular tolerant genotype.     

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Cowpea Genotypes to Water Stress Under Glasshouse and Field Conditions

Five cowpea genotypes, Gorom local (Go), KVX61‐1 (KV), Mouride (Mo), Bambey 21 (B21) and TN88‐63 (TN), differing in their susceptibility to water stress, were studied under glasshouse and field conditions, to determine their physiological, biochemical and agronomic responses to water deficit at flowering stage. Effect of water deficit on leaf water potential (ψ_l), canopy temperature, gaseous exchange, leaf proline content, total protein and starch contents, maximal quantum yield (ϕp₀) and yield components was examined. Water deficit significantly increased the canopy temperature and the proline content of the five genotypes while ψ_l, gaseous exchanges, ϕp₀ and starch content decreased significantly. Yield components, with the exception of seed number per pod, of the five genotypes, were also significantly affected. Under glasshouse and field conditions, the results showed that stomatal closure is the common strategy used by the five genotypes to avoid dehydration. Go, Mo and TN tolerated water stress better than B21 and KV. Furthermore, Go and Mo recovered more rapidly after rewatering than B21 and KV. These latter genotypes are revealed to be sensitive with low recovery capacity. The results suggest that the maintenance of net photosynthesis and solute accumulation seem to be traits conferring water stress tolerance in Go, Mo and TN. These traits and recovery capacity could be valuable selection criteria for higher yields under water deficit conditions.     

Growth and Physiological Responses of Quinoa to Drought and Temperature Stress

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), traditionally called the mother of grains, has the potential to grow under high temperatures and drought, tolerating levels regarded as stresses in other crop species. A pot experiment was conducted in a climate chamber to investigate the potential of quinoa tolerance to increasing drought and temperature. Quinoa plants were subjected to three irrigation and two temperature regimes. At low temperature, the day/night climate chamber temperature was maintained at 18/8 °C and 25/20 °C for high temperature throughout the treatment period. The irrigation treatments were full irrigation (FI), deficit irrigation (DI) and alternate root‐zone drying (ARD). FI plants were irrigated daily to the level of the pot's water‐holding capacity. In DI and ARD, 70 % water of FI was applied either to the whole pot or to one side of the pot alternating, respectively. The results indicated that plant height and shoot dry weight significantly decreased by ARD and DI compared to FI treatment both at low and at high temperatures. However, plants in ARD treatment showed significantly higher plant height and shoot dry weight compared to DI especially at higher temperature, which is linked to increased xylem ion content. Higher quinoa plant growth in ARD was associated with increase in water‐use efficiency (WUE_i) due to higher abscisic acid concentration and higher nutrient contents compared to DI. From results, it can be concluded that quinoa plant growth is favoured by high temperature (25/20 °C) and ARD is an effective irrigation strategy to increase WUE in drought prone areas.     

Genotypic Variability in Biomass Protein and Nucleic Acids in Four Linum Species to Sodicity Stress

Differences in gas exchange parameters i.e. carbon exchange rate (CER), transpiration (Tr), water vapor conductance (g) were investigated, under a controlled environment, in a semi-dwarf (SD) Triticum aestivum line, its tall (TL) near isoline and the Payne (PA) variety characterized by small leaves. The plants were maintained in: (a) optimal substrate moisture condition (CTR); (b) salinized by watering with a 0.12 m NaCl solution (SLT); (c) water stressed by withholding waterings during a period of six days (STR); (d) stressed and salinized during the same period and with the same saline solution (S + S). CER and Tr were negatively affected by the stresses; SLT and S + S treatments had a higher WUE compared to their respective controls CTR and STR.
SD line had a better performance in terms of CER and WUE, particularly when water and salt stresses interacted. Leaf anatomy and assimilation/internal CO₂ concentration curves contributed to explaining the SD performance.     

马铃薯适应低磷胁迫的生理生化效应

以马铃薯两个栽培种大西洋和新大坪为材料,采用基本Hoagland营养液和60%磷浓度(0.05996 μmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理,研究了低磷胁迫效应对马铃薯植株生长、保护酶活性和叶绿素含量影响.结果表明,60%磷胁迫对马铃薯地上部分生长具有抑制作用,能促进新大坪侧根生长和根冠比增加,而大西洋在根系生长和...     

耐盐性不同水稻品种根系对盐胁迫的响应差异及其机理研究

为阐明耐盐性不同的水稻品种根系和产量对盐胁迫的响应及其生理特性,以4个耐盐水稻品种和2个盐敏感水稻品种为材料,设置4个不同的盐浓度处理(0.0、1.0、2.0和2.5g/kg)。结果表明,与盐敏感水稻品种相比,耐盐水稻品种能够耐受更高浓度的盐胁迫(2.5g/kg),且减产幅度较小。耐盐水稻品种具有较高的产量,得益于其较高的总颖花量和结实率,且总颖花量对产量的影响最大。与盐敏感水稻品种相比,在分蘖中期、穗分化期和抽穗后15d,耐盐水稻品种在盐胁迫下具有更大的根系总吸收表面积和活跃吸收表面积,更高的根系氧化力,更有优势的根长、根直径和根表面积,较低的过氧化氢含量,较高的脱落酸含量以及更强的固定Na⁺的能力。上述结果表明,分蘖中期、穗分化期和抽穗后15d根系生理性状和形态性状差异会影响水稻产量构成因素中的总颖花量和结实率,进而影响产量,且根干重与根长对总颖花量和结实率的影响最大。这也证实了较发达的根系是水稻具有较强耐盐性的生理基础。耐盐水稻良好的根系生理和形态性状是获得高产的基础。该研究结果对水稻耐盐生理机制研究与水稻耐盐育种有借鉴意义。     

Effects of Salt Stress on Some Physiological and Photosynthetic Parameters at Three Different Temperatures in Six Soya Bean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Cultivars

The effect of NaCl (?0.1, ?0.4 and ?0.7 MPa) on some physiological parameters in six 23‐day‐old soya bean cultivars (Glycine max L. Merr. namely A 3935, CX‐415, Mitchell, Nazl?can, SA 88 and Türksoy) at 25, 30 and 35 °C was investigated. Salt stress treatments caused a decline in the K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, plant height, fresh and dry biomass of the shoot and an increase in the relative leakage ratio and the contents of proline and Na⁺ at all temperatures. Effects of salt stress and temperature on Chl content, Chl a/b ratio (antenna size) and qN (heat dissipation in the antenna) varied greatly between cultivars and treatments; however, in all cases approximately the same qP value was observed. It indicates that the plants were able to maintain the balance between excitation pressure and electron transport activity. Pigment content and the quantum efficiency of photosystem II exhibited significant differences that depended on the cultivar, the salt concentration and temperature. The cultivars were relatively insensitive to salt stress at 30 °C however they were very sensitive both at 25 and 35 °C. Of the cultivars tested CX‐415 and SA 88 were the best performers at 25 °C compared with SA 88 and Türksoy at 35 °C.     

盐胁迫下玉米苗期农艺性状和脯氨酸含量变化的研究

玉米是重要的粮食和饲料作物,但在盐碱地上很难获得高产,盐胁迫是最主要的限制因子。研究玉米在盐胁迫下的性状表现,建立玉米耐盐筛选的技术指标体系,对耐盐机理及分子育种研究有重要意义。本研究采用室内沙培盆栽的方法,对3个不同玉米自交系进行苗期的NaCl梯度胁迫处理,对出苗时间、苗高、地上部鲜重,根系鲜重及游离脯氨酸含量等性状进行考察,分析各性状与盐胁迫处理浓度之间的相关关系。结果表明,3个不同品种中,黄早四和TL94B的耐盐性相对较强,87-1的耐盐性相对较弱;100￣120mM为玉米盐胁迫筛选的下限临界浓度,200￣220mM为玉米盐胁迫筛选的上限临界浓度;出苗时间、苗高、地上部鲜重、根系鲜重、脯氨酸含量等指标与盐浓度的相关性均达到P<0.01的极显著水平,都可作为玉米的耐盐性鉴定的依据;研究还发现,游离脯氨酸含量随盐胁迫浓度升高而升高,但盐浓度超过临界上限后,脯氨酸含量反而下降。     

转2-Cys Prx基因烟草抗氧化酶和PSII电子传递对盐和光胁迫的响应

以转2-Cys Peroxiredoxins (2-Cys Prx)基因的烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)为材料,非转基因烟草为对照,调查盐和光胁迫对转基因烟草幼苗叶片抗氧化酶和叶绿素荧光特性的影响,揭示2-Cys Prx基因在植物抗逆方面的功能。结果表明,弱光(200 μmol m^–2 s^–1)下,随着盐浓度增大,转基因烟草和对照的SOD活性皆增加,APX活性变化不大,H₂O₂含量稍有升高;强光(1000 μmol m^–2 s^–1)下,随着盐浓度增大,转基因烟草SOD活性增强,APX活性下降,H₂O₂含量增加缓慢,而对照的H₂O₂含量迅速升高,转基因烟草叶片的PSII电子传递速率(ETR)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和实际光化学效率(Ф_PSII)均高于对照,而且PSII电子受体侧的受抑制程度明显低于对照。结果暗示在强光和盐胁迫使APX活性降低的情况下,2-Cys Prx可有效清除细胞中过量H₂O₂,增强光合电子传递链的稳定性,特别是PSII电子受体侧的电子传递,有效减轻盐和高光胁迫引起的PSII光抑制。     

杂交稻幼苗期对低温胁迫的生理反应

研究了常规低温敏感型杂交稻汕优63和超高产杂交稻两优培九幼苗期对低温胁迫的抗性，处理低温为10℃，以常温25℃处理为对照。结果表明，随低温处理时间的延长，水稻幼苗叶片叶绿素含量逐渐下降、类囊体膜PSⅠ、PSⅡ活性明显下降，类囊体膜的室温吸收光谱、发射光谱也明显下降。低温使两优培九的O₂^．- 产生速率和MDA含量下降，而汕优63却出现相反的结果；同时，SOD的活性与对照相比两品种都有所提高，而CAT活性则是两优培九高于对照，汕优63低于对照。这些指标的变化幅度都是汕优63较明显。低温处理后，两品种的可溶性蛋白含量都上升，但两优培九增幅较汕优63高。SDS-PAGE表明低温处理后，可溶性蛋白条带增多，但类囊体膜蛋白条带没有明显的增加。对照组中，除了PSⅠ和PSⅡ活性外，其余各项指标都是汕优63较两优培九高，意味着幼苗期的两优培九光合功能虽不如汕优63高，但其对低温的抗性较汕优63强。     

杉木幼苗光合及叶绿素荧光特征对氮沉降的短期响应

为了探究模拟氮沉降条件下杉木幼苗光合及叶绿素荧光特征变化规律,从光合生理的角度探讨不同季节杉木幼苗对氮沉降的短期响应。选取杉木幼苗为实验对象,模拟氮沉降实验,设置4个处理水平对照(N0)、低氮(N30:30 kg/(hm²·a)、中氮(N60:60 kg/(hm²·a)、高氮(N90:90 kg/(hm²·a)。结果表明：添加氮以后,杉木幼苗的净光合速率(Pn),初始荧光产量(F₀)、最大荧光产量(F_m)、最大PSII光能转换效率(F_v/F_m)、PSII潜在活性(F_v/F₀)显著降低,水分利用率(Wue)显著增高(P<0.05)。随着氮沉降水平的增加,气孔导度(Gs)与蒸腾速率(Tr)呈现先升高后下降趋势,水分利用率呈现先下降后升高趋势。在中氮和高氮处理下,F_v/F_m、F_v/F₀值显著降低(P<...     

钠盐胁迫对甜高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长的探究

为探讨甜高粱种子在不同钠盐胁迫下的萌发特性,本研究以‘辽甜1号’甜高粱种子为材料,采用不同浓度钠盐(NaCl,Na HCO3,Na2SO4及其复合钠盐)溶液进行处理,分析比较甜高粱种子萌发阶段对不同钠盐胁迫的响应特性。结果表明,随着盐浓度的增加,总体上甜高粱种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数等萌发指标呈现逐渐降低趋势,不同浓度的钠盐胁迫均显著抑制甜高粱种子的干物质转移和早期幼苗的生长(p<0.05),对幼根的抑制高于幼芽。主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,PC1主要包含芽干重、根干重、根长、活力指数,代表"生长综合因子"(85.87%),PC2主要包含发芽率、发芽势、发芽速度,代表"速率综合因子"(8.36%)。二者共同解释12个萌发指标的94.23%的信息。运用隶属函数法评价不同浓度钠盐胁迫下甜高粱种子的毒害作用,在Na+浓度相同的条件下,不同组成钠盐对甜高粱种子萌发的抑制程度高低为NaHCO3>复合钠盐>NaCl>Na2SO4。