Effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer application on Drechslera spp. and Puccinia coronata on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) foliage

In a field experiment nitrogen (N) fertilizer was applied to small plots of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) at rates equivalent to 0, 200, 400 and 600 kg N/ha/yr at each of two levels of potassium (K) 0 and 200 kg K/ha/yr. Plots were cut at 6-week intervals during 1977–79 and dry matter yield was determined. Water-soluble carbohydrate and N content of the foliage were measured at three harvests in 1977. The incidence and severity of Drechslera spp. were assessed at and between harvests; attack by Puccinia coronata was assessed each autumn. Most foliar damage was caused by Drechslera spp. This was increased by N application which also altered the relative proportions of the Drechslera spp. present. K application had no apparent effect on disease incidence. Puccinia coronata was more prevalent on older leaves and on one occasion its incidence was increased by N application.     

Effects of Ascochyta blight caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes on the translocation of carbohydrates and nitrogenous compounds from the leaf and hull to the seed of dried-pea

The effects of Ascochyta blight (caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes ) on changes in dry weight and in water, carbohydrate, nitrogen and free amino acid contents were studied in the leaf, the hull and the seeds on the second fructifer node of pea ( Pisum sativum ). Pea plants were grown in a glasshouse and inoculated with various concentrations of conidia at the beginning of seed filling, with uninoculated plants as controls. Disease induced a premature water loss of hulls and leaves, accelerated seed desiccation and reduced seed weight. Biochemical analyses revealed a decline in the carbohydrate content and a lower nitrogen remobilization in diseased leaves and hulls. Thus, Ascochyta blight alters carbohydrate metabolism, protein remobilization and free amino acid translocation from these organs. Disease also reduced carbohydrate and nitrogen content in seeds and, in case of high disease severity, the carbohydrate/nitrogen ratio in the seeds was also affected (seed protein concentration increased and starch concentration decreased).     

新疆鹰嘴豆不同种植密度对其生长发育产量和品质的影响

以阿瓦提1号为材料,研究新疆地区不同种植密度对鹰嘴豆植株性状、干物质积累量、产量与品质的影响。结果表明,随密度的增加,生育期提前,株高增高,叶面积指数上升,单株干物质积累量减少。单株荚数随着密度增大极显著减少。每荚粒数、粒重等与密度的关系不大。蛋白质含量、亚麻酸含量和廿碳烯酸含量都呈现增加的趋势。种植密度对鹰嘴豆维生素B1和油酸含量的影响不显著。在本试验条件下,以44.5万株/hm2处理的表现最佳,产量达5946.09 kg/hm2,品质较好。     

Effects of nitrogen fertilization and cutting height on the forage yield and feeding value of Eleusine indica in the dry season in Nepal

The objective of this study was to determine the regrowth characteristics, crude protein (CP) content, and feeding value of Eleusine indica grass during the dry season in Nepal. The grass was cultivated using three different levels of N fertilization (0, 50, and 100 kg ha⁻¹) and cutting heights (2, 4, and 6 cm above the ground) in a 3 × 3 factorial design. The forage yield, number of tillers per plant, and CP content of the grass were determined. A digestibility trial was conducted with six local, female Khari goats (15 ± 1.7 kg body weight) in a cross-over design to compare the feeding value of E. indica with local forages. A comparatively higher forage yield, number of tillers per plant, and CP content were obtained with 100 kg N ha⁻¹. However, the forage yield and CP content were not significantly affected by the cutting height. With different levels of N fertilization and cutting heights, the cumulative forage yield in five harvests during the dry season (December to May) ranged from 1.83–3.82 t dry matter ha⁻¹. The digestibility coefficients of the dry matter, CP, crude fiber, and ether extract content of E. indica for goats were 0.54, 0.67, 0.70, and 0.54, respectively. The nutrient digestibility and palatability of E. indica were comparable to that of the mixed local forages. Hence, E. indica in conjunction with a sound N fertilization practise potentially can be utilized as an approach to overcome the problem of green forage scarcity, especially during the dry winter season in regions that have a tropical climate.     

Effect of Iron Excess on Growth of Sisal Plants (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Furcraea hexapetala</Emphasis>)

In order to evaluate the effect of excess iron on the growth of sisal (Furcraea hexapetala) plants, an experiment was carried out in Tunja, Colombia, under greenhouse conditions. The plants were grown in a substrate in which 100, 150, 200 and 300?ppm of Fe were added. Control plants were provided without the addition of iron. The Chlorophyll Content Index, dry matter, and root to shoot ratio were gradually reduced as the Fe content in the substrate increased. Leaf area, relative growth rate, absolute growth rate, leaf area ratio and specific leaf area were significantly reduced with the higher doses of Fe. In addition, dry matter partitioning was altered in relation to the control plants and a lower allocation of dry matter in the roots of plants exposed to the higher Fe content was observed. Sisal plants are moderately tolerant to the excess Fe, however when exposed to 300?ppm of the metal, growth is drastically reduced.     

Effects of Rhynchosporium secalis at specific growth stages on barley grown in a controlled environment

Under controlled environmental conditions, inoculation of barley at five growth stages with Rhynchosporium secalis reduced grain yield by up to 30%. Greater yield losses resulted from inoculations carried out after tillering than from those during or before tillering. Most of the yield loss was due to a reduction in the number of heads per plant. The number of grains per head was reduced only when plants were inoculated at mid- or late-tillering growth stages. The mean weight of individual grains was not reduced significantly by any treatment. Inoculation at stem elongation also resulted in less leaf area and water use, and delayed anthesis. Inoculation affected root dry weight more than shoot dry weight and all inoculations reduced root dry weight at the boot growth stage     

赤霉素GA4+7种子引发处理对玉米光合作用及产量的影响

研究了外源赤霉素处理玉米种子对其光合特性的影响,可为通过外源激素调控玉米生长和种子加工技术开发提供依据。以玉米种子‘郑单958’为材料,设置10、60、120 mg/L 3个质量浓度的GA4+7[m（GA4）:m（GA7）=40:60]进行浸种后回干的引发处理,以常规不处理的种子为对照,测定了大田试验玉米叶片光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数、叶面积及光合产物积累量及光合色素含量。结果表明:GA4+7种子引发处理可提高玉米叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、单株叶面积、干物质积累量以及光合色素含量,同时可降低叶绿素a与叶绿素b比值,有效降低初始荧光（F0）,增大最大荧光（Fm）、PSⅡ的光能转换效率（Fv/Fm）和实际量子效率（F/Fm'）,提高百粒重和籽粒产量,其中以60 mg/L的GA4+7处理（G2）效果最明显。在三叶期、七叶期与拔节期,G2处理玉米的净光合速率分别比对照提高74.3%、42.6%和39.6%（差异显著,P0.05）,单株叶面积分别提高30.9%、48.5%和24.1%（差异显著,P0.05）,干物质积累量分别增加19.6%、46.9%和52.9%（差异显著,P0.05）,总叶绿素含量分别提高21.5%、12.1%和11.1%（差异显著,P0.05）,百粒重和籽粒产量显著高于对照,分别提高6.0%和9.7%（P0.05）。     

Growth,Fiber and Nitrogen Content in Sisal Plants (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Furcraea</Emphasis> sp) Under NaCl Salinity

Soil contains water and nutrients necessary for the development of cultivated plants and serves as a substrate and support in terrestrial ecosystems. For reasons inherent to the nature of soil, salt content can considerably limit the growth of plants. With the implementation of salinity-tolerant crops, saline soils can be transformed into productive and sustainable areas. In Tunja, Colombia, a trial was developed to quantify the changes in growth, water intake, fiber, nitrogen and chlorophyll content in Furcraea hexapetala plants exposed to NaCl saline conditions. Plantlets obtained from bulbs were grown in an aerated nutrient solution under greenhouse conditions. Measurements of 30, 60 or 90?mmol NaCl was added to the nutrient solution and control plants were left without addition of salt. As a consequence of salinity, leaf area, leaf area ratio, water uptake, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, fiber content, dry matter, chlorophyll and nitrogen content in leaves were reduced. The accumulation of dry matter in leaves, stem and roots was especially affected when the plants were exposed to 90?mmol of NaCl. Accumulated dry matter increased in the stems, but reduced in the leaves. These results suggest that plants of Furcraea hexapetala can tolerate up to 60?mmol of NaCl (4.9?dS?m^?1) without substantially affecting the parameters that determine the growth or the fiber content in the leaves.     

Application of plant growth regulators mitigates chlorotic foliar injury by the black pecan aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

BACKGROUND: Black pecan aphid, Melanocallis caryaefoliae (Davis) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), feeding elicits localized chlorotic injury to pecan foliage [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K Koch] and apparent acceleration of leaf senescence and defoliation. The ability of certain plant growth regulators (PGRs) (forchlorfenuron, gibberellic acid and aviglycine) to prevent M. caryaefoliae from triggering pecan leaf chlorosis and senescence‐like processes was evaluated on two dates in both 2006 and 2007. Treatments were applied to orchard foliage and used in laboratory leaf‐disc bioassays to assess possible reduction in aphid‐elicited chlorosis and concomitant effects on aphid mortality and development. RESULTS: Foliage pretreated with forchlorfenuron + gibberellic acid prior to being challenged with aphids resulted in significantly less aphid‐elicited chlorosis than did control or aviglycine‐treated leaf discs. No PGR affected aphid mortality; however, development time was increased by forchlorfenuron + gibberellic acid in 2006 and by aviglycine + gibberellic acid on one date in 2007. CONCLUSION: Certain PGRs possess the potential for usage on pecan to protect foliar canopies from M. caryaefoliae via changes in the susceptibility of the host leaf to senescence‐like factors being introduced by feeding aphids. This protective effect on host foliage and the associated suppressive effect on development of feeding aphids might also be relevant to pest management programs on other aphid–crop systems in which aphid‐elicited chlorosis and senescence‐like processes can limit profitability. Published 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同培肥措施对枸杞园盐化土壤性质及枸杞生长的影响

以宁夏惠农盐化土壤为供试材料,通过盆栽试验,研究了不同有机无机物料配施对枸杞园盐化土壤性质以及对枸杞生长、发育的影响。试验结果表明:有机物料配施化肥与单施有机物料相比,明显促进了枸杞当季新枝萌发、叶片形成、枝条生长和干物质的形成;施用不同有机物料或有机物料配施化肥均能够显著降低土壤容重,提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷的含量;施用不同有机物料明显降低了土壤表层的盐分和pH值;不同物料配施腐殖酸后,明显提高了枸杞对速效养分的吸收利用率。     

Effects of leaf blast on growth and production of a rice crop. 2. Analysis of the reduction in dry matter production,using two models with different complexity

Effects of leaf blast on dry matter production of rice observed in a field experiment were analysed in terms of cumulative radiation interception by green foliage (PARCUM; MJm^?2) and radiation use efficiency (RUE; g dry matter MJ^?1). Leaf blast caused significant reductions in total dry matter production as a result of a decrease in PARCUM and a decrease in RUE. Reductions in radiation interception (RI; MJm^?2d^?1) and RUE were first observed shortly after the introduction of the disease. RI was significantly reduced till maturity. The reduction in RUE disappeared towards maturity, simultaneous with a gradual decline in disease severity.Analysis with a mechanistic model of crop growth showed that previously determined effects of leaf blast on leaf photosynthetic rate and respiration could explain the reduction in RUE during a large part of the growing season. During the first weeks after the onset of the disease the two effects were insufficient to fully explain the observed reduction in RUE. It was hypothesized that the unexplained part of the reduction in RUE in that period was a result of carbohydrate withdrawal by the pathogen for spore production.     

Studies on the mechanism of herbicidal action of N-(Phosphonomethyl) glycine*

Application of N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine or GLY'PHO-SATE to couch grass Pancum repens (L) Beauv. resulted in an intitial increase of the total amino acid content in the plant. which reached a maximum on the 8th day following treatment This was most marked in the rhizomes where the value was about three times that of the control plants. The initial increase fell off rapidly with time and on the 15th day after application the total amino acid content of the treated leaf and rhizome samples was less than the controls Resurgence of rhizome activity was noticeable on about the 48th day (viz. 7 weeks after t he Ist application).     

烟草农艺性状和烟叶化学成分对不同碳氮比有机物料的响应

采用盆栽方法,利用玉米秸秆和芝麻饼肥进行碳氮比的调节,共设置6个碳氮比水平(0,6,20,40,60,90),研究了不同碳氮比的有机物料对烤烟生长发育和化学成分特征的影响。结果表明,土壤碳氮比过高(C/N=90)或过低(C/N=0,6)均抑制烤烟农艺性状的发育,进而减少了根茎叶干物质累积;而土壤碳氮比在20~40时,则可以提高烟叶的叶面积(圆顶期达到600 m2左右),有利于根茎叶干物质的累积(圆顶期叶片干重达到80~95g·株-1)。碳氮比过高的处理(C/N=90)阻碍了烤烟叶片对氮、磷的吸收,降低了中下部烟叶烟碱的含量,但有利于烤烟中下部叶片钾的吸收和累积,最高达31.3 g·kg~(-1),同时提高了钾氯比。烤烟的总糖和还原糖含量基本随土壤碳氮比增加而增加,淀粉含量则呈现相反趋势。综合来看,土壤碳氮比在20~40时,更有利于烤烟农艺性状的发育,同时促进碳氮代谢的协调发展,有利于烤烟主要化学组分的合理分配。     

Systemic effects of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole seed treatments on adult Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in rice

BACKGROUND: Feeding assays using adult rice water weevils and foliage of plants treated as seeds with chlorantraniliprole and thiamethoxam at different rates were conducted to evaluate the systemic adulticidal and feeding effects. Dose–mortality relationships were determined for thiamethoxam seed treatments by combining leaf area lost due to feeding and insecticide residues analyzed by LC/MS/MS. Changes in adulticidal activity of thiamethoxam were also investigated by contrasting adult mortalities at the 5–6‐leaf and tillering stages of rice. RESULTS: Adult weevil mortalities and leaf consumption rates on foliage were affected in thiamethoxam but not in chlorantraniliprole treatments when rice was at the 6–7‐leaf stage. The LD₅₀ for weevils feeding on thiamethoxam‐treated rice at the 2–3‐leaf stage was 447 pg insecticide weevil^?1 (95% CL: 25–830 pg weevil^?1) but was lower (142 pg weevil^?1; 95% CL: 102–180 pg weevil^?1) in experiments with 3–4‐leaf‐stage plants. Mortalities on leaves from 5–6‐leaf‐stage plants were consistently higher than on leaves from tillering plants. Thiamethoxam residues measured by ELISA increased with seed treatment rate and differed between plant stages. CONCLUSION: The LD₅₀ values developed in this study are the first values for leaf‐feeding insects on foliage of plants treated as seeds with thiamethoxam. The attrition of adulticidal activity of thiamethoxam in foliage of older plants may help to explain the reduced effectiveness of seed treatments against rice water larvae that is seen at later stages of rice growth in field studies. The differential activity of these two seed treatments on adults suggests that adult mortality contributes to the field efficacy of thiamethoxam but not to that of chlorantraniliprole. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

分蘖期干旱胁迫对水稻光合特性及产量的影响

采用测坑试验方式,设置3个水分梯度(相对田间持水量80%～85%、70%～75%、60%～65%),以相对田间持水量为90%～100%为对照,通过对滴灌水稻分蘖期进行干旱胁迫,测定不同处理叶绿素含量、光合特性、叶面积指数、分蘖动态、干物质积累量和产量等指标,分析不同干旱胁迫处理对滴灌水稻光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明:轻度和中度胁迫下水稻拔节期叶片总叶绿素含量分别较CK提高4.66%、17.62%,拔节期净光合速率分别较CK提高5.73%、10.98%,生育后期叶面积指数较CK分别提高21.41%、26.49%;轻度和中度干旱胁迫减少了拔节前干物质积累,提高了拔节后干物质积累量,优化干物质积累动态;轻度和中度干旱胁迫有利于控制水稻的分蘖数量,显著提高有效穗数,与CK相比提高了8.05%、23.29%;轻度和中度胁迫下水稻穗粒数和千粒重显著降低,各处理间结实率无显著差异,成穗率显著高于CK,与CK相比3种胁迫下成穗率分别提高了22.83%、32.50%、13.20%;轻度和中度胁迫下产量与CK相比分别增加2.73%、6.08%。滴灌水稻分蘖期水分调控时应考虑利用干旱胁迫的补偿效应,于分蘖期采用轻中度控水措施,有利于滴灌水稻光合作用和产量的提高。     

外源一氧化氮对Na_2CO_3胁迫下南瓜幼苗碳氮代谢的影响

为探讨外源NO对Na_2CO_3胁迫下南瓜幼苗碳氮代谢过程的影响,以银辉2号南瓜品种为材料,采用盆栽法研究了80μmol·L-1SNP对60 mmol·L-1Na_2CO_3胁迫下南瓜幼苗生长、叶绿体色素含量、碳氮代谢相关酶活性及代谢产物量的变化规律。结果表明:Na_2CO_3胁迫12 d,南瓜幼苗地上和地下部分干重、相对生长量、根冠比、Rubisco羧化活力、光合色素含量和氮代谢相关酶活性均不同程度下降;Rubisco氧化活力、游离氨基酸总量和蛋白水解酶活性显著上升。80μmol·L-1SNP外源处理能明显缓解Na_2CO_3胁迫对南瓜幼苗生长及光合作用的抑制,增加了干物质的积累和光合色素的含量。与Na_2CO_3胁迫处理相比,干物质积累量、相对生长量、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素(caro)含量、硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、Rubisco羧化酶、淀粉酶(AMY)活性和可溶性蛋白含量分别提高了26.72%、30.45%、17.69%、46.15%、46.43%、30.70%、38.75%、70.0%、65.37%;Rubisco加氧酶、蛋白水解酶活性和游离氨基酸总量分别降低了18.29%、31.76%、28.57%。外源NO通过促进淀粉酶和Rubisco羧化活性的提高和氧化活性的下降,维持了可溶性总糖含量的稳定;通过增强NR、GS和谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性、抑制蛋白水解酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性,降低叶片中游离氨基酸含量,增加了蛋白质的积累。本研究结论:碱性盐胁迫下,80μmol·L-1的SNP通过增强南瓜幼苗的光合碳代谢,促进了酮酸转化为氨基酸。通过提高氮代谢相关酶NR、GS、GOGAT活性,促使碳流由光合碳代谢转向氮代谢,维持了盐害下南瓜幼苗碳氮代谢的正常进行,增强了南瓜幼苗抵御Na_2CO_3胁迫的能力。     

An excised-leaf inoculation technique for evaluating host-pathogen interactions and quantitative resistance of bermudagrass genotypes to dematiaceous hyphomycetes

ABSTRACT Excised leaves of bermudagrass were inoculated with mycelium of isolates of Bipolaris, Exserohilum, Curvularia, and Drechslera spp. in water agar plates to evaluate differences in susceptibility of leaf tissue, virulence of pathogens, and quantitative resistance of bermudagrass genotypes. Isolates of nine species of pathogens induced similar symptoms of light- to dark-brown necrosis and bordering chlorosis in excised leaves that were not distinct for individual species or genera. Severity of symptoms induced by most isolates increased progressively from younger to older leaves. Within and across leaf positions, numerous significant differences in virulence of isolates within fungal species and between species were observed. Among 40 randomly selected bermudagrass genotypes, a continuous quantitative gradient was observed for mean scores of disease severity in excised leaves inoculated with E. rostratum. Numerous significant differences were observed within this gradient, and severity of symptoms in the most susceptible genotypes was approximately double that in the most resistant. When intact foliage of genotypes from the resistant and susceptible extremes of the gradient was inoculated with spores of E. rostratum, corresponding differences in severity of symptoms and significant (P = 0.05) correlations between results with excised leaves and intact foliage were observed. However, the range of differences in disease severity between genotypes was more narrow in intact foliage than in excised leaves. Results indicate that the excised leaf inoculation technique can be used to evaluate the relative resistance of bermudagrass genotypes to E. rostratum for use in programs to breed for quantitative host resistance.     

Differential nitrogen response to atrazine of susceptible and resistant populations of lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album L.)

Populations of lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album L.) susceptible and resistant to atrazine exhibited a differential response in regard to the concentration of individual and total amino acids (soluble and protein) in the leaf tissue following atrazine treatment of young plants. The two northern- and two southern-susceptible populations from southern Ontario showed a consistent increase in amino acid levels 1 week after treatment with atrazine at 0.5 kg/ha whereas this did not occur with the corresponding resistant populations. Leaf dry weight was decreased by atrazine in the susceptible populations only but the parallel enhancement of amino acid levels in these populations resulted in no significant decrease in the leaf amino acids per plant except for one southern population. Ammonia increased in concentration in the treated susceptible populations, but not in the resistant. Under the experimental conditions examined a degree of inhibition of photosynthesis by atrazine in lamb's-quarters appeared necessary to bring about the “nitrogen effect” resulting in increases in nitrogen compounds.     

Identification and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apple stem grooving virus</Emphasis> causing leaf distortion on pear (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrus pyrifolia</Emphasis>) in Taiwan

A putative virus-induced disease of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia var. Hengshen) showing symptoms of reduced size of foliage and leaf distortion was observed in orchards in central Taiwan in 2004. The sap of symptomatic leaf samples reacted positively to an antiserum against Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV). Two virus cultures, designated as TS1 and TS2, were isolated from symptomatic pears. Flexuous filamentous virions of ∼ 12 × 600 nm were observed in symptomatic pear leaves and purified virus preparations. Results of back inoculation of pear seedlings with TS1 revealed that ASGV was the causal agent of the disease. Sequence analyses of the cloned coat protein (CP) genes of TS1 and TS2 shared 88–92.4% nucleotide and 90.7–97.1% amino acid identities with those of other ASGV isolates available in GenBank. The polyclonal antibody generated against ASGV TS1 has been routinely used for the detection of the ASGV-infection in the imported pear scions for quarantine purpose via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). One of 1,199 samples of pear scions imported from Japan during 2005–2007 was identified as ASGV-positive and the virus was designated as AGJP-22. The CP gene amplified from this AGJP-22 shared 97.9–98.3% amino acid identities to those of the domestic isolates and they were closely related phylogenetically. To date, these data present for the first time conclusive evidence revealing that ASGV is indeed the causal agent of the pear disease displaying symptoms of reduced size of foliage and leaf distortion in Taiwan.     

黄淮海地区夏玉米对干旱和涝渍的生理生态反应

利用黄淮海地区多站点的夏玉米水分控制试验,探讨旱涝对夏玉米发育进程、光合能力、干物质分配、叶面积扩展、产量结构及最终产量的影响,进而分析旱涝对夏玉米生长过程的影响机制。结果表明:干旱减缓了夏玉米营养生长阶段的发育速率,但加快了生殖生长阶段的发育进程,而涝渍对夏玉米发育进程的影响较小;夏玉米全生育期土壤湿度距适宜湿度减小1%,其叶片最大光合速率将下降0.3 mol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),比叶面积上升8×10-6hm~2·kg~(-1);夏玉米全生育期土壤相对湿度下降1%,其地上总干重和穗干重均下降0.55%,而产量将减少155kg·hm~(-2);干旱不仅使玉米灌浆时间变短,而且使叶片光合能力下降;营养生长阶段干旱使干物质更多地分配向茎秆,导致叶面积扩展乏力,生殖生长阶段干旱减少干物质向贮存器官的分配而影响产量构成;尽管干旱使叶片变薄而促进其扩展,但仍不足以减缓干旱的整体负面影响,最终导致玉米减产;而涝渍主要使玉米叶片光合能力下降,并导致干物质向穗的分配减少而减产。