菠菜种子发芽试验

利用不同发芽处理研究菠菜种子的休眠和萌发特性，旨在解决菠菜种子发芽中的困难。结果表明：带果皮的菠菜种子在纸床和沙床上均难以萌发，在土床上的发芽率为85％；而去果皮的种子在纸床、砂床和土床上的发芽率为92％；完整菠菜种子的渗液显著抑制去果皮菠菜种子的萌发；低温处理可以打破休眠，提高种子的发芽率。菠菜果皮结构致密以及果皮内含有的抑制性物质是控制休眠的关键因素。     

层积处理对野慈姑种子萌发的影响

探讨层积处理方法对野慈姑种子萌发的影响,以期为今后以野慈姑种子为萌发材料的相关试验研究与田间防除提供理论依据。试验结果表明：低温层积处理能够提高野慈姑种子的发芽率,处理5～10 d,种子能够发芽,但发芽率低;处理15 d时,种子发芽率大幅度提高,随后提高幅度减小;处理35 d后,种子逐渐达到低温层积处理的最高发芽水平,且与经过自然越冬的种子相比,发芽率无显著差异;处理60 d后种子发芽率不再提高;室温层积处理5～90 d野慈姑种子的发芽率均不高于4．00％,可见室温层积处理不能提高野慈姑种子的萌发率。     

草甘膦影响假高粱种子萌发的试验

经草甘膦4个剂量处理的假高梁种子均有一定的发芽能力，发芽率在3.3％-41.7％，发芽率随着剂量的增大而下降，但在萌发后10天内所有处理的萌发株全部死亡，即发芽死亡率为100％，而未萌发的种子霉烂失去活性；对照种子发芽率为43.3％，发芽死亡率为0。试验结果表明，2000g.a.i/hm^2剂量的草甘膦即可杀死假高梁的幼苗，6000g.a.i/hm^2以上剂量能有效抑制假高梁种子萌发。     

等离子体对种子活力及抗旱性的影响

通过对多种作物干种子进行等离子体处理发芽试验，结果表明，等离子体处理后，种子的萌发力显著提高，种子活力增强；同时发现，不同作物或同一作物不同品种对等离子体的敏感度和耐受性有所不同。此外，等离子体能明显促进种子的抗旱萌发力，在水分胁迫条件下，小麦种子的发芽势和发芽率分别提高23．3％－152．9％和8．3％－54．8％。等离子体处理作物种子有可能发展为一项作物增产新技术。     

反枝苋种子休眠解除方法研究

研究了光照和黑暗两种条件下氢氧化钠（NaoH）、盐酸（HC l）、赤霉素（GA3）和乙烯利（ETH）处理对反枝苋种子萌发的影响。结果表明,氢氧化钠、盐酸、赤霉素和乙烯利浸泡处理均可以明显提高反枝苋种子的发芽率,且随着试剂浓度的提高,发芽率表现出单峰变化曲线,浓度过低或过高均不利于种子的萌发。其中,赤霉素对解除反枝苋种子休眠最有效,且以200 mg/L浸泡处理24 h效果最好,发芽率可达90.8%,比对照提高了52.5百分点。其次为4%NaOH和6%HC l处理1 h,与800 mg/L ETH处理24 h的效果相当,发芽率在70%~75%之间。黑暗条件不利于反枝苋种子的萌发,发芽率略低于光照条件。     

天然油菜素内酯对五种牧草种子发芽和胚根下胚轴伸长的影响

用9个不同浓度的天然油菜素内酯溶液浸种处理5种牧草种子,观测其对种子发芽和胚根下胚轴伸长的影响。结果表明,0.01 mg/L浓度处理使苜蓿种子发芽率比对照提高了32.2%,发芽天数缩短了1.4 d;0.01mg/L处理使鲁梅克斯种子发芽率增加了27.8%,0.05 mg/L处理使其发芽天数提前了0.8 d;0.03 mg/L处理使普那菊苣种子发芽率提高了28.9%,发芽天数缩短了0.3 d;0.4 mg/L处理使串叶松香草种子发芽率增加了26.7%,发芽天数提前了1.2 d;0.03 mg/L处理使小冠花种子发芽率提高了23.3%,0.05 mg/L使其发芽天数缩短了0.9 d。0.05、0.07、0.03、0.4和0.03 mg/L处理对苜蓿、鲁梅克斯、普那菊苣、串叶松香草和小冠花胚根下胚轴伸长的促进效应最为明显。     

野生杏种子对外源赤霉素的生理响应

以甜杏仁和苦杏仁天山野生杏种子为对象,观察赤霉素处理对种子打破休眠的影响、淀粉含量的动态变化、可溶性糖含量以及淀粉酶活性等生理指标。结果表明:赤霉素可以提高天山野杏的发芽率,其中对甜杏仁的作用更显著。种子吸水之后子叶中可溶性糖含量增高,其中苦杏仁的增幅大于甜杏仁,萌发之后2种杏仁可溶性糖含量均迅速下降。野杏干种子有较高的α-和β-淀粉酶活性,萌发种子中α-淀粉酶的活性比未萌发的种子活性高。可溶性糖含量与α-淀粉酶的活性成反比,说明可溶性糖对α-淀粉酶的活性有反馈抑制作用。种子萌发之前具有较高的β-淀粉酶活性,并且未受高浓度可溶性糖的抑制,萌发之后活性显著下降。表明较高的β-淀粉酶活性对野杏种子打破休眠是必要的。     

化学方法解除野慈姑种子休眠研究

HCl、NaOH、Na2CO3、NaCl、赤霉素（GA3）、芸薹素内酯（BR）浸种处理,探讨溶液浓度、浸种时间对野慈姑（Sagittaria trifolia Linn．）种子萌发的影响。结果表明,NaOH溶液浸种处理可以作为快速解除野慈姑种子休眠、提高发芽率的方法,最佳处理为25％NaOH溶液浸种4h,可使野慈姑种子萌发率达73．00％。HCl溶液浸种处理仅能解除部分野慈姑种子的休眠,20％HCl溶液浸种4h野慈姑种子的发芽率最高;为48．33％。Na2CO3、NaCl、GA3、BR溶液浸种处理,野慈姑种子的最高发芽率分别仅为10．33％、9．33％、11．33％、9．67％,不能用于解除野慈姑种子的休眠。     

保水剂包衣对柠条种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

使用5种保水剂（A、B、C、D、E）做为添加剂,研究了在干旱条件下,5种保水剂丸化包衣对柠条种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：不同水分条件对柠条种子发芽率有显著影响,不同保水剂吸水倍数差异显著;保水剂可以显著提高种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数及幼苗生长量,促进程度与保水剂吸水倍数呈正相关;使用保水剂包衣后,萌发中种子的电导率、丙二醛（MDA）含量、过氧化氢（H2O2）含量、脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶（POD）活性明显低于对照组。综合实验结果,5种保水剂包衣处理效果依次为: D>E>B>A>C。     

十字花科杂草种子的破眠研究

对我国农田常见的7种十字花科杂草破眠研究表明，400－600mg/kg浓度的赤霉酸溶液处理24h,能有效打破诸葛菜、风花菜、遏蓝菜、碎米蔼和Han菜种子的休眠，5种杂草的发芽率由对照的0－16％提高到36.3%－80.67%。机械破皮加赤霉酸处理，能有效打破播娘蒿种子的休眠，发芽率提高到43.97%。机械破皮后用GA3处理，种子萌发时再进行变温处理，能大幅度提高蔼菜种子的发芽率，发芽率可提高到71.67%。     

Induced Resistance as a Mechanism of Biological Control by Lysobacter enzymogenes Strain C3

ABSTRACT Induced resistance was found to be a mechanism for biological control of leaf spot, caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) using the bacterium Lysobacter enzymogenes strain C3. Resistance elicited by C3 suppressed germination of B. sorokiniana conidia on the phylloplane in addition to reducing the severity of leaf spot. The pathogen-inhibitory effect could be separated from antibiosis by using heat-inactivated cells of C3 that retained no antifungal activity. Application of live or heat-killed cells to tall fescue leaves resulted only in localized resistance confined to the treated leaf, whereas treatment of roots resulted in systemic resistance expressed in the foliage. The effects of foliar and root applications of C3 were long lasting, as evidenced by suppression of conidial germination and leaf spot development even when pathogen inoculation was delayed 15 days after bacterial treatment. When C3 population levels and germination of pathogen conidia was examined on leaf segments, germination percentage was reduced on all segments from C3-treated leaves compared with segments from non-treated leaves, but no dose-response relationship typical of antagonism was found. Induced resistance by C3 was not host or pathogen specific; foliar application of heat-killed C3 cells controlled B. sorokiniana on wheat and also was effective in reducing the severity of brown patch, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, on tall fescue. Treatments of tall fescue foliage or roots with C3 resulted in significantly elevated peroxidase activity compared with the control.     

An antibiotic complex from Lysobacter enzymogenes strain C3: antimicrobial activity and role in plant disease control

Lysobacter enzymogenes C3 is a bacterial biological control agent that exhibits antagonism against multiple fungal pathogens. Its antifungal activity was attributed in part to lytic enzymes. In this study, a heat-stable antifungal factor (HSAF), an antibiotic complex consisting of dihydromaltophilin and structurally related macrocyclic lactams, was found to be responsible for antagonism by C3 against fungi and oomycetes in culture. HSAF in purified form exhibited inhibitory activity against a wide range of fungal and oomycetes species in vitro, inhibiting spore germination, and disrupting hyphal polarity in sensitive fungi. When applied to tall fescue leaves as a partially-purified extract, HSAF at 25 mug/ml and higher inhibited germination of conidia of Bipolaris sorokiniana compared with the control. Although application of HSAF at 12.5 mug/ml did not reduce the incidence of conidial germination, it inhibited appressorium formation and suppressed Bipolaris leaf spot development. Two mutant strains of C3 (K19 and DeltaNRPS) that were disrupted in different domains in the hybrid polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene for HSAF biosynthesis and had lost the ability to produce HSAF were compared with the wild-type strain for biological control efficacy against Bipolaris leaf spot on tall fescue and Fusarium head blight, caused by Fusarium graminearum, on wheat. Both mutant strains exhibited decreased capacity to reduce the incidence and severity of Bipolaris leaf spot compared with C3. In contrast, the mutant strains were as efficacious as the wild-type strain in reducing the severity of Fusarium head blight. Thus, HSAF appears to be a mechanism for biological control by strain C3 against some, but not all, plant pathogenic fungi.     

The Role of Chitinase Production by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Strain C3 in Biological Control of Bipolaris sorokiniana

ABSTRACT The role of chitinase production by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain C3 in biological control of leaf spot on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The filtrate of a broth culture of C3, with chitin as the carbon source, was separated into fractions. A high molecular-weight fraction (>8 kDa) was chitinolytic and more inhibitory than a low-molecular-weight, nonchitinolytic fraction to conidial germination and hyphal growth by B. sorokiniana and to leaf spot development. A protein fraction derived by ammonium sulfate precipitation and a chitinase fraction purified by chitin affinity chromatography also were chitinolytic and highly antifungal. The chitinolytic fractions caused swelling and vacuolation of conidia and discoloration, malformation, and degradation of germ tubes. When boiled, the chitinolytic fractions lost chitinase activity along with most of the antifungal properties. Two chitinase-deficient and two chitinase-reduced mutants of C3 were compared with the wild-type strain for inhibition of germination of B. sorokiniana conidia on tall fescue leaves and for suppression of leaf spot development in vivo. The mutants exhibited reduced antifungal activity and biocontrol efficacy, but did not lose all biocontrol activity. An aqueous extract of leaves colonized by wild-type C3 had higher chitinase activity than that of noncolonized leaves and was inhibitory to conidial germination. The addition of chitin to leaves along with the wild-type strain increased both chitinase and antifungal activity. The chitinase activity level of extracts from leaves colonized by a chitinase-deficient mutant of C3, with and without added chitin, was no higher than the background, and the extracts lacked antifungal activity. Chitinolysis appears to be one mechanism of biological control by strain C3, and it functions in concert with other mechanisms.     

不同钠盐胁迫对高冰草种子萌发的影响

通过对高冰草种子在不同钠盐(NaCl、NaHCO3、Na2CO3)溶液中萌发情况的研究,旨在探明高冰草种子在不同盐胁迫下的萌发特性。结果表明:碱性盐(NaHCO3、Na2CO3)胁迫较中性盐(NaCl)胁迫显著降低了高冰草的发芽率。高冰草种子在NaCl浓度150mmol/L、NaHCO3浓度100mmol/L和Na2CO3浓度50mmol/L时萌发受到明显抑制。不同钠盐胁迫下高冰草种子胚根和胚芽的受抑制大小顺序为,中性盐NaCl胁迫:胚根<胚芽;碱性盐NaHCO3和Na2CO3胁迫:胚根>胚芽。     

浇水施肥对华北驼绒藜生长及种子生产影响初探

浇水、施肥 (尿素 )、喷 KH2 PO4 和喷丰产素及其不同组合对华北驼绒藜种子的发芽率和发芽速度没有显著的影响。施肥 (尿素 )可以明显提高华北驼绒藜种子的产量     

EFFECTS OF ANNUAL DRESSINGS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON WILD OAT INFESTATIONS

Nitrogen fertilizer in three forms, urea, sulphate of ammonia and calcium ammonium nitrate, was applied at three rates, 26, 52 and 104 kg N/ha, early (January) and late (May) during land preparation for three consecutive barley crops, to determine the effect of fertilization on wild oat populations. On the fertilized areas there was significantly greater germination of wild oats prior to sowing than on the unfertilized areas, with calcium ammonium nitrate and sulphate of ammonia tending to be more effective in stimulating germination than urea. Despite the destruction of these heavy populations of wild oat seedlings by cultivation prior to sowing, in-crop infestations of the weed were still heavy. Late-applied nitrogen by comparison with the early application tended to produce greater numbers of wild oat panicles in the crop, particularly at the lower fertilizer rates. The overall effect after three annual dressings of nitrogen was one of greatly increased wild oat seed reserves in the soil. These had increased five-fold in no-nitrogen plots, six-fold in early-fertilized plots and eight-fold in late-fertilized plots. It was concluded that annual dressings of nitrogen fertilizer on winter cereals in wild-oat-infested areas led to an increase in the population of the weed. Some suggestions are made as to why nitrogen fertilizer stimulated wild oats to germinate, and the overall results are discussed in the light of the agricultural situation of the Darling Downs.     

氮磷营养对覆膜春玉米产量和品质的影响

对不同品种玉米在春覆膜及不同氮磷肥施用量条件下产量和籽粒主要品质变化的研究结果表明:氮肥和品种是影响玉米产量和籽粒品质的主要因素;在覆膜和露地栽培方式下,增施氮肥,玉米籽粒中蛋白质分别含量增加0.63%~0.87%、0.71%~0.75%,淀粉含量分别减少0.78%~1.74%、0.54%~1.02%;覆膜可增大不同品种玉米籽粒容重5.8~24.5g/L,增加籽粒淀粉含量0.32%~2.69%,降低籽粒中蛋白质含量0.29%~1.63%;施肥和覆膜对玉米籽粒脂肪和赖氨酸含量的影响较小。增施氮磷肥,能够明显提高玉米单产;春季覆膜栽培提高玉米单产777.00~2851.50kg/hm2。     

Biological Control of Bipolaris sorokiniana on Tall Fescue by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Strain C3

ABSTRACT Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain C3 was evaluated for control of leaf spot on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana. In growth chamber experiments, C3 inhibited conidial germination on leaf surfaces and reduced lesion frequency and percent diseased leaf area compared with nontreated controls. The amount of leaf spot suppression was related to the C3 dose applied. The highest dose tested, 10(9) CFU/ml, prevented nearly all B. sorokiniana conidia from germinating on treated leaf surfaces and provided nearly complete suppression of lesion development. When colloidal chitin was added to C3 cell suspensions of 10(7) or 10(8) CFU/ml, biocontrol efficacy was significantly increased over C3 applied alone, whereas addition of chitin to a C3 cell suspension of 10(9) CFU/ml had no effect. In field experiments, application of C3 to tall fescue turf resulted in significant reductions in infection frequency and disease severity compared with nontreated controls. Strain C3 applied at 10(9) CFU/ml was more effective than C3 applied at 10(7) CFU/ml, and amendment of the lower dose with colloidal chitin enhanced its efficacy. Populations sizes of C3 established on foliage in a growth chamber and in the field were directly related to dose applied. Chitin amendments did not affect C3 population size.     

Effects of Different Effective Microorganism and Nitrogen Fertilization Doses On Seed Yield and Quality of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Plants

As in Turkey, pepper is among the most widely produced and consumed plant species worldwide. Plant nutrients and fertilization programs have significant effects on seed yield and quality of peppers. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of effective microorganism (EM) treatments and nitrogen fertilization on seed yield and quality parameters of peppers. Kandil Dolma and Yalova Çorbac? pepper cultivars commonly grown in Turkey were used as the plant material of the experiments. Three different EM treatments (0, 2 and 3?L da^?1 EM) with and without N fertilizer were used. The greatest seed yield of both cultivars (68.57?kg da^?1 in Kandil Dolma and 94.90?kg da^?1 in Yalova Çorbac?) were obtained from 3?L EM?+?2.60?kg da ^?1 N treatments. EM treatments increased germination ratio of Yalova Çorbac?, but the differences in mean germination times were not found to be significant. Germination index, an indicator of seed performance, increased with EM treatments in both cultivars.

     

Influence of nitrogen on competition between cereals and their natural weed populations

The effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and density of natural weed populations in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated in the absence of herbicide. An increased level of applied nitrogen did not enhance: weed germination, tended to decrease the total weed biomass and had a differential effect upon the biomass of individual weed species in both wheat and barky. In competition with barley, Chenopodium album L. and Lamium spp. had lower nitrogen optima than the crop, while Urtica urens L. had a higher nitrogen optimum. In competition with wheat, Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Lamium spp. and Veronica spp. had lower nitrogen optima than the crop. The systematic changes in nitrogen effect with time were analysed by fitting orthogonal polynomials to the growth and density curves. The methodology could be recommended for other studies in which time or other systematic factors are included, as it supplies information which a traditional analysis of variance cannot provide. Since seed production is positively correlated with biomass, so nitrogen level affects seed production and, hence, the seed pool and future weed population, suggesting that fertilizer usage can be exploited in an integrated programme of crop: weed management. A trend towards lower N fertilizer application owing to concerns about the environment willfavour most of the weed species investigated in these experiments and change the composition of weed populations.