Application of Vertical Greening as a New Model of Expanding Urban Green Spaces

Vertical greening is a new pattern of expanding urban green spaces. Based on the concept of vertical greening, several approaches and available patterns were introduced for the vertical greening of urban spaces. Moreover, the mostly-applied vertical greening plants in China and their value were given to provide a new thought for urban greening.     

Assessing streetscape greenery with deep neural network using Google Street View

The importance of greenery in urban areas has traditionally been discussed from ecological and esthetic perspectives, as well as in public health and social science fields. The recent advancements in empirical studies were enabled by the combination of ‘big data’ of streetscapes and automated image recognition. However, the existing methods of automated image recognition for urban greenery have problems such as the confusion of green artificial objects and the excessive cost of model training. To ameliorate the drawbacks of existing methods, this study proposes to apply a patch-based semantic segmentation method for determining the green view index of certain urban areas by using Google Street View imagery and the ‘chopped picture method’. We expect that our method will contribute to expanding the scope of studies on urban greenery in various fields.     

Ecological Construction of Urban Green Landscape in Chongqing City

The urban green landscape in Chongqing was analyzed from the view of landscape ecology. It was believed that the urban green landscape was developed rapidly in recent years, but there are still some problems existed, including mainly: (1) the structure of green landscape was unreasonable, (2) the quality of green patches was low, and (3) the function of green corridors was incomplete. It is pointed out that in some urban regions there were lack of green patches, furthermore, some patches were isolated from each other due to lack of green corridors. In the last, taking account of the foundational theory about patch and corridor, some aspects for the design of urban green landscape in Chongqing were proposed: connecting the river and road green corridors and increasing the green patches at the ecological strategic points.     

Planning of Urban Public Disaster-prevention Green Spaces: A Case Study of Living Water Park in Chengdu City

Based on disaster-prevention functions of urban public green spaces, necessity and significance of emergency shelters in a city were analyzed. Taking Living Water Park in Chengdu for example, planning of urban public disaster-prevention green spaces was analyzed to further explore planning of urban disaster-prevention green space system and refugee spaces, and provide instructions for the planning and construction of urban disaster-prevention green spaces in China.     

基于生境网络理念的城市绿地系统规划研究——以浙江余姚市中心城区绿地系统规划为例

城市绿地为城市生物多样性保护提供了重要的空间保障,构建和优化城市绿地生境网络对保护城市生物多样性意义重大。根据生境网络的相关理论,阐述了生境网络在绿地系统中的定位和建设的必要性。以余姚市绿地系统规划为例,针对城市空间扩张中导致的景观破碎化、生物栖息地减少等问题,在城市绿地现状评价的基础上,从市域绿地系统规划、中心城区绿地系统规划等不同层次阐述了城市绿地生境网络系统构建的方法和策略,研究结果可为城市规划者进行城市绿地系统规划提供科学的依据与参考。     

基于层次分析法的济南城市绿地系统现状研究

以济南城市绿地系统现状为研究对象,采用层次分析法建立城市绿地系统综合评价体系,利用该体系进行实际评判验证。结果表明：济南城市绿地系统环境效益较好,评价结果为0.5033分。济南市绿化建设取得一定成绩的同时仍存在一些问题与不足,如人均绿地指标偏低、绿地斑块分布不均、城市氧源绿地分布欠佳等。     

Status Quo and Problems of Underground Space Researches

With the intensifying urbanization and the increasing demands for land resources, urban development is gradually expanding into the underground. Rational development and design of underground space can not only improve use efficiency of land, relieve land use pressure, but also facilitate people's living and improve urban environment. Analysis of the status quo and problems of underground space design researches in China, and the directions of future underground space research and development will contribute to the development and design of underground space. On the basis of reviewing research papers in the past decades, the contents of underground space researches were divided into 10 major categories, the current contents of underground space researches in China and existing problems were analyzed, and it was proposed that the future underground space design researches should be based on traditional research contents and methods, use advanced technologies such as information technology, show the interdisciplinary cooperation, pay attention to human feelings, protection and continuation of cultural context, and adhere to green and sustainable development with consistent innovation and progress.     

城市灌木群落小气候效应的时空分布

如何评价城市绿地规划设计的科学性是当前城市生态学、景观生态学和园林生态学的研究热点。现有研究主要着眼于不同类型绿地内部与周围空间小气候的静态分析,而对于绿地对周边环境的生态过程则报道甚少。笔者报道的试验主要以灌木为研究对象,选取太原市几处有代表性的灌木林,利用仪器对植物群落斑块周边温度和湿度在空间和时间的梯度变化进行了测试,以探索城市绿地对其周边环境温湿度的影响的时空分布特征。实验结果表明:植物的叶面蒸腾是绿地产生降温增湿等生态效应的主要原因。绿地对周边空气温湿度的影响随着与绿地距离的增加而递减。其影响力的大小与温度的变化成正相关。该研究揭示了绿地能够有效缓解城市高温的机制和影响格局,丰富了城市小气候环流理论,对城市规划和绿地景观设计都具有一定的指导意义。     

RAGA-PPE模型在城市滨水绿地景观效果评价中的应用

基于人们对城市滨水绿地景观的关注日益加强,本文提出将RAGA-PPE模型（基于加速遗传算法的投影寻踪等级评价模型）应用到城市滨水绿地景观效果的评价中,将多维数据指标转换成低维子空间,通过寻求最优投影方向来计算投影函数值,建立多元数据分类与评价模型,从而根据投影值的大小进行景观评价。以大庆市为研究对象,构建了大庆市滨水绿地景观效果的评价指标体系及等级标准,并对5个城市滨水绿地的景观效果进行评价。评价结果表明：大庆市东风湖的等级值为1.5561,景观效果较好;万宝湖、滨州湖的等级值分别为3.3425和3.3427,景观效果一般;乘风湖的等级值为3.6491,景观效果较差;黎明湖的等级值为4.7159,景观效果差。评价结果与公众主观感觉基本一致,该模型具有较高的评价精度,适用于城市滨水绿地景观效果的分析评价,避免了传统方法存在的不足,为具有模糊、不确定性高维数据的景观综合评价提供了新的思路与方法。     

城市防灾避险绿地系统的构建

城市防灾避险绿地系统构建是城市绿地系统规划的重要内容。宏观上要在城乡总体规划的框架内,在城市抗震防灾等规划的指导下,构建与城市绿地系统规划空间层次相互衔接、逐级控制的防灾避险绿地规划体系;中观上要根据避险时序及空间关系等要素,对避险绿地、绿色疏散通道、隔离缓冲绿带等各级防灾避险绿地进行定量定位的合理布局;微观上要对每一块避险绿地、绿色疏散通道、隔离缓冲绿带进行深入与细化设计,共同构筑结构合理、层次清晰、分布均衡的城市防灾避险绿地体系。     

基于三维绿量的城市绿地生态效益评价综述

绿量是定量化研究城市绿地生态效益的重要指标,它更加准确的反映了植物的冠层结构,并且大大增强了城市绿地建设的科学性和可靠性,为合理配置园林植物、改善绿量结构以及城市绿地规划提供重要依据。因此,三维绿量的研究意义重大。通过对近年来绿量及城市生态效益的研究进展做了阐述,并针对中国今后量化生态效益产生的问题及研究趋势进行了讨论。最后指出完善三维绿量的测算方法、构建城市绿地生态效益评价模型是未来量化生态效益的研究重点。     

城市绿地信息提取的研究进展

为了研究城市绿地信息的提取,笔者综述了国内外近10年的绿地信息提取的研究,发现中低分辨率的影像主要用基于像元的方法,高分辨率的影像主要利用面向对象化的方法。中低分辨率的影像获取成本比高分辨率的影像低。基于像元的方法存在椒盐现象,精度不高,但操作简便。面向对象化的方法操作复杂,但精度高,能满足景观生态学的意义。城市绿地信息的提取还存在不足,不符合城市绿地系统的分类标准,在今后的研究中还需要按照城市绿地系统分类标准提取绿地信息。     

三明市梅列区绿地景观结构分析

为全面了解三明市梅列区绿地分布结构,采用目视解译技术,提取三明市梅列区2007年航空遥感影像绿地信息,并分析其绿地景观格局特征。结果表明：梅列区绿地率为23.58%,绿地斑块密度为147.4776个/hm2,平均分维数为1.5840,蔓延度（或聚集度）为72.7777,绿地多样性指数SHDI为0.9494,均匀度指数SHEI为0.4879。6种绿地类型面积：公共绿地PU＞居住区绿地R＞交通绿地T＞公共建设绿地PC＞防护绿地PR＞农业绿地A。从斑块特征看,梅列区绿地斑块类型以中型斑块为主(45.54%),Ⅱ中型斑块(116.9398 hm2)＞Ⅲ中大型斑块(72.5536 hm2)＞Ⅳ大型斑块(51.9676 hm2)＞Ⅰ小型斑块(15.3127 hm2)。对8个景观破碎化指数进行主成分分析,降维处理后4个主成分的累计方差贡献率达99.782%。不同绿地类型的破碎化水平为R> PC> PR> T> A> PU。从空间关系看,R、A、T、PR斑块较连续、紧凑,而PC和PU斑块相对比较孤立。研究结果旨在为三明市绿地系统规划建设和生态安全格局研究提供参考依据。     

Pattern Change of Urban Green Space in Beijing from 2000 to 2010

With the rapid urbanization in Beijing, the vegetated surfaces have been increasingly replaced by impervious built surfaces. A clear recognition on the changes in green spaces pattern is vital for urban administrators and planners to optimize the urban development areas and define the ecological protection red lines. Based on the SPOT images and field investigation data of urban green spaces within the sixth ring road of Beijing in 2000, 2005 and 2010, the study investigated the dynamic changes of urban green spaces in this area, by means of GIS techniques and landscape ecology methods. The results indicated that green spaces in Beijing have decreased by 207 km2 from 2000 to 2010 at the expense of agricultural lands and waters. Although there has been some increases in urban forests and grasslands, it cannot compensate the rapid decrease of urban green spaces. The land cover types conversion occurred mainly in the areas between the fifth and sixth ring roads while the zones encircled by the fourth ring road had a little change. In addition, landscape metrics such as number of patches(NP) and shape index(SHAPE) increased, but the mean nearest-neighbor distance(MNN), aggregation index(AI) and patch cohesion index(COHESION) decreased during the period of 2000-2010. Also green landscapes became considerably isolated and fragmented. The study disclosed the obvious changes of green space size, composition and layout in urban districts of Beijing City from 2000 to 2010, and highlighted that construction of urban green space should consider not only the geometric or aesthetic effect, but also the increase of vertical green volume and optimization of spatial layout to fully develop the ecological service functions of green spaces.     

Application of Drought-resistant Varieties in Urban Green Spaces

As the connotations of urban green spaces and urban eco-green spaces have been more realized,drought-resistant green spaces have become a unique development trend,and drought-resistant flowers have been more applied in green spaces.This paper summarized characteristics of drought-resistant flowers,foreign and domestic researches in this field,advantages and disadvantages of their application in urban green spaces,and proposed key directions of the future researches.     

基于G2SFCA的兰州主城区公园绿地可达性分析

为了探究兰州市主城区公园绿地分布格局的合理性，本研究借助ArcGIS 平台，采用格网化的高斯两步移动搜索法，分别从供给点和需求点2 个角度对兰州市主城区公园绿地可达性进行分析。结果表明：兰州市主城区公园绿地数量不足且面积较小，空间分布非常不均匀，大部分集中于城关区的黄河两岸，而七里河区、安宁区沙井驿街道、西固区柳泉乡和西柳沟街道、城关区东岗街道公园绿地匮乏。总体来看，当搜索阈值为30 min 时，公园绿地的服务面积可覆盖大部分街道，但15 min 可达性整体较差。分析人口密度与可达性之间的关系发现，多数居民居住于可达性较低的街道，公园绿地的服务总量与人口密度不协调     

合肥市绿地土壤水分入渗性能研究

为探明影响城市绿地土壤水分入渗性能的限制因子,提高城市绿地在雨水径流调蓄中的作用,采用双环入渗法研究了合肥居民区、公园、道路绿化带（市政绿地）和文教区（校园）等不同类型绿地的土壤水分入渗特征及其与质地、容重和空隙度等土壤物理性质之间的关系。结果表明：合肥市不同功能区绿地土壤入渗速率在0~40 min内下降较快,90~100 min后趋于平缓。土壤水分平均入渗速率呈现：公园绿地(2.42×10-5 m/s)>市政绿地(2.10×10-5 m/s)>小区绿地(0.62×10-5 m/s)>校园绿地(0.56×10-5 m/s)的规律。土壤稳定入渗率属于快和较快级别的占21.1%,中等及较慢等级的占78.9%。合肥市绿地土壤黏粒平均含量在37.6%~44.7%之间;土壤容重在1.22~1.68 g/cm3之间,均值均大于1.40 g/cm3;绿地土壤通气孔隙度在9.21%~17.6%之间,其中小区绿地(14.1%)＞市政绿地(13.9%)＞公园绿地(13.7%)＞校园绿地(11.3%)。研究结果为合肥市城区绿地土壤消减城市面源污染设计提供科学依据。     

Planning Overall Landscapes,Building a Garden City:on the Revision of Guangzhou Urban Green Space System Planning

The concept of urban green space system planning was proposed after analyzing the background of compiling Guangzhou green space system planning and current situation of local green spaces,i.e. design landscape pattern of Guangzhou City during urban agglomeration of the Pearl River Delta,and highlight Lingnan cultures(Lingnan refers to south of the Five Ridges) and features of "Flower City"(another name of Guangzhou). Key points of planning are protecting ecological barriers in the north,improving urban garden structure in the center,using wetland reasonably in the south,to maintain integrality and continuity of the landscape pattern.     

Green Infrastructure and Its Inspiration for Urban Green Space System in China

Currently, urban Green Space Systems in China show fragile ecological conditions, the overseas Green Infrastructure is a new idea to construct urban green ecological spaces. Typical Green Infrastructure construction cases in the U. K., such as London greenbelt, park system, green corridor, green chain and Green Grid were studied to analyze problems of China urban Green Space System planning, construction, and management, so as to propose suggestions for improving ecological functions of the urban Green Space System.     

太原市城区不同类型绿化园林植物结构及相似性分析

研究旨在探讨不同类型绿化园林植物的差异与关系,为太原市绿化园林植物的优化配置和城市园林植物群落指标评价体系的建立提供一定的科学依据。采用抽样地调查的方法,以太原市居住区绿地、公园绿地、道路绿地3种类型园林植物为对象,对三者物种的组成、多样性以及相似性进行对比分析。研究表明:居住区绿地的多样性系数整体要高于公园绿地与道路绿地,而道路绿地的各项指标都位于较低水平。说明由于不同类型绿地的功能和需求不同,太原市城区的不同类型的绿化园林植物还是存在着较大差异。