山西省湿地保护问题的思考

湿地是全球三大生态体系之一,具有重要的供给功能、调节功能、支持功能和文化功能。通过分析山西省湿地的现状,找出了山西湿地现存的主要问题,并提出加强山西省湿地保护的措施以及今后湿地生态保护与协调发展的合理建议。     

江西省丰城市药湖湿地生态服务功能评价研究

根据药湖国家湿地公园长期、连续观测数据及多年科研成果,运用能值分析法,从湿地物质产品功能、涵养水源功能、固碳释氧功能、调节气候功能、保护环境功能、生物多样性保护功能、人文功能等七个方面估算了江西省药湖国家湿地公园湿地生态服务功能总价值,结果表明,2014年药湖国家湿地公园湿地生态服务功能总能值3.85×1020sej·a-1,能值货币总价值为353474768元·a-1,平均每公顷价值为138076元·a-1。药湖国家湿地公园湿地生态服务功能价值量大小顺序为:物质产品保护环境涵养水源生物多样性人文功能调节气候固碳释氧。研究结果表明,药湖湿地公园湿地物质产品功能、保护环境功能、涵养水源功能三个功能所占的比重较大,说明药湖动植物资源非常丰富,在保护当地生态环境、涵养水源等方面发挥巨大作用。     

浅谈城市湿地生态功能退化的原因及其恢复与保护

湿地在调节全球气候和维持区域生态平衡以及提供野生动植物的栖息地方面具有重要作用。城市湿地是城市重要的生态基础设施,是城市可持续发展依赖的重要自然系统,具有众多的生态及社会服务功能。本文阐述了城市湿地生态系统的特点,较全面地分析了系统的生态功能、当前城市湿地功能退化的原因,在此基础上提出了恢复和保护的措施。     

宁乡县金洲湖湿地生态服务功能评价

采取本底调查和查阅相关资料以及走访、询问相结合的方法获取相应数据,采用能值分析法,从湿地物质产品功能、涵养水源功能、固碳释氧功能、调节气候功能、保护环境功能、生物多样性保护功能、人文功能等7个方面对湖南省金洲湖国家湿地公园湿地生态服务功能总价值进行估算。结果显示:2014年金洲湖湿地生态服务功能总能值为2.43×1020J,能值货币总价值为223 391 861元;各项生态服务功能价值量大小顺序为,涵养水源保护环境生物多样性保护物质产品人文功能固碳释氧调节气候。该湿地生态系统的保护环境功能、涵养水源功能、生物多样性保护功能所占的比重较大。     

大亚湾区湿地生态空间规划探析

湿地具有涵养水源、调节气候、改善环境、维护生物多样性等多种生态功能，被形容为“地球之肾”。我国湿地保护修复成绩显著，需进一步统筹湿地保护管理，增强湿地生态功能的同时提高湿地生态产品供给能力。本研究针对大亚湾区不同区域湿地资源空间分布特征、湿地类型、结构及特点，结合自然环境与城市管理因素，提出湿地生态空间规划方案，为区域产业布局、资源整合利用和城市发展规划提供科学依据。     

石臼湖湿地生态系统健康评价

湿地是地球上水陆相互作用形成的独特生态系统,对湿地生态系统健康评价,将为生态系统健康诊断和生态修复提供决策依据。充分考虑石臼湖湿地的实际情况,从湿地生态特征,功能整合性和社会经济环境等三方面共选取24项评价指标,建立评价指标体系;分别对石臼湖湿地的生态特征(湿地土壤、植被、水环境质量、生物多样性等)、生态功能(物质生产与生物多样性维持功能、水调节及水质净化功能等)进行了逐项具体分析与评价;然后运用模糊综合评价法及对数模型分别对石臼湖湿地生态系统健康状况进行了综合分析,并对两种评价方法进行了比较分析。最后,在评价分析的基础上,针对石臼湖湿地生态系统存在的问题提出了湿地恢复的对策及恢复方案。     

上杭县湿地分布调查与保护利用的分析研究

指出了湿地与森林、海洋并称为全球三大生态系统,具有维护生态安全、保护生物多样性等功能。人们把湿地称为天然水库和天然物种库。通过开展上杭县域湿地分布调查,旨在深入了解湿地保护的现状,总结和探索加强湿地保护的措施和开发利用的途径,让上杭湿地充分发挥它作为"地球之肾"的调节功能和应有的生态、经济和社会效益。     

基于生态价值理论的北大港湿地价值研究

指出了北大港湿地为人类和生态系统提供了重要的产品和服务功能,但由于人类对其价值认识不足,给湿地的可持续发展造成了一定的影响。结合北大港湿地生态系统的结构和功能,将北大港湿地的价值分为了大气调节价值、气候调节价值、蓄水调节价值等10类,核算了北大港湿地的总价值。计算结果表明:北大港湿地的价值为26.6亿元,其中生态价值占比52.2%。北大港湿地的主导功能为生物多样性保育功能、文化教育功能和生物产品供给功能。水资源匮乏和人类扰动均可能造成北大港湿地生态价值损失,因此开展北大港湿地的可持续发展研究意义重大。     

安徽石龙湖湿地保护与恢复的必要性及对策探究

湿地在调节径流、蓄洪防灾、调节气候、美化环境等方面发挥着极其重要的作用,具有极大的生态功能。石龙湖湿地具有独特的科学价值和较高的保护价值。在全面分析石龙湖湿地的现状和存在的问题的基础上,提出了保护和恢复石龙湖湿地的必要性及具体工程措施。     

工程建设对湿地生态功能影响评价研究——以福建省平潭及闽江口水资源配置工程为例

以福建省平潭及闽江口水资源配置(一闸三线)工程穿越福建省重要湿地塔礁洲湿地公园临时占用湿地为例,根据《环境影响评价技术导则-生态影响》确定本项目生态影响评价等级按三级评价进行,在对评价区湿地资源调查及功能划分的基础上,采用生态机理法及生物多样性评价法,从湿地生态系统、湿地生物多样性、涵养水源、净化水质、蓄洪抗旱、调节气候与游憩教育等七个功能进行分析,并提出生态保护与恢复措施,为闽江河口湿地的保护、管理和修复提供科学依据,同时也为工程建设对湿地生态功能的影响评价工作提供基础。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.